Les exploitations mixtes d'agriculture-élevage sont le pilier des systèmes agricoles des pays en développement. Dans les hauts plateaux de Madagascar, les exploitations familiales d'agriculture-élevage sont basées sur l'association riz et élevage bovin. Les bovins ont un rôle central dans l'économie et la reconnaissance sociale de ces exploitations malgaches. Cependant ces exploitations sont souvent confrontées à des problèmes de faibles productivités liés à la dégradation de la fertilité des sols et à un accès limité aux intrants. Dans ce contexte, les exploitants doivent gérer les ressources végétales pour trouver un compromis entre alimentation humaine, alimentation animale et retours aux sols. Certaines pratiques de gestion des biomasses peuvent aggraver les phénomènes de dégradation de la fertilité des sols et remettre alors en cause la durabilité des exploitations. L'objectif de cette thèse est de montrer que la diversité des pratiques de gestion des biomasses au sein des exploitations familiales d'agriculture-élevage des hauts plateaux de Madagascar conditionne la durabilité des systèmes en termes de fertilité des sols, de recyclage des éléments nutritifs, de revenus et de sécurité alimentaire. Pour cela, il a été nécessaire de : i) caractériser au préalable la diversité des exploitations familiales d'agriculture-élevage du Vakinankaratra et de comprendre le fonctionnement de ces exploitations mixtes ; ii) étudier les effets des pratiques de gestion des parcelles sur la variabilité de la fertilité des sols des exploitations ; iii) évaluer la durabilité des exploitations d'agriculture-élevage et tester l'impact d'améliorations des pratiques d'alimentation animale, de gestion des effluents et de fertilisation sur la durabilité des exploitation. Quatre exploitations d'agriculture-élevage du Vakinankaratra, sélectionnées à dires d'experts, ont été enquêtées par immersion. Une étude typologique des exploitations d'agriculture-élevage du Vakinankaratra a été effectuée. Des prélèvements de sol ont été effectués pour l'ensemble des parcelles des quatre exploitations d'agriculture-élevage étudiées. Un outil de calcul des flux d'azote au sein des exploitations a été élaboré, puis a été associé aux matrices du Network Analysis afin de générer des indicateurs environnementaux, sociaux et économiques. Cet outil a été utilisé pour simuler les options d'améliorations des pratiques d'alimentation animale, de gestion des effluents et de fertilisation.L'étude typologique a identifié six types d'exploitations d'agriculture-élevage au Vakinankaratra. L'étude du fonctionnement des exploitations sélectionnées a mis en évidence d'une grande diversité des pratiques d'alimentation des animaux, de gestion des effluents d'élevage et de fertilisation. Une hétérogénéité de la fertilité des sols induite par les pratiques de gestion des parcelles a été révélée. Pour les quatre exploitations étudiées, l'amélioration des pratiques d'alimentation du troupeau bovin laitier associée à l'amélioration des pratiques de gestion des effluents d'élevage a permis d'améliorer la durabilité environnementale (efficience azotée globale, recyclage de l'azote, bilan azoté du sol), économique (marge brute agricole) et sociale (autosuffisance alimentaire).Ce travail a permis de caractériser la diversité des exploitations d'agriculture-élevage du Vakinankaratra, la diversité des pratiques et leurs effets sur la fertilité du/des sol. Cette étude s'est avérée être une approche intéressante pour évaluer des options d'amélioration de la durabilité des exploitations d'agriculture-élevage dans un contexte peu documenté. / Mixed crop-livestock systems constitute the backbone of agriculture in developing countries. In highlands of Madagascar, crop–livestock systems are based on rice and cattle. Cattle play a major role in the economy and the social recognition of these smallholder farms. Smallholder farms used to face with low crop productivity related to soil fertility degradation and to low access to inputs. In this context, smallholders have to manage plant resources in order to find a trade-off between food, feed and soil returns. Some biomass management may increase soil fertility degradation and then compromise farms sustainability.The objective of this thesis is to show that the diversity of biomass management on smallholder crop–livestock systems of highlands of Madagascar determines the sustainability of farming systems in terms of soil fertility, nutrients recycling, incomes and food security. For this, it was necessary to: i) characterize the diversity of crop-livestock systems in the region of Vakinankaratra and understand how smallholder farms are managed; ii) study the effects of soil management on the soil variability; iii) assess the farms sustainability and explore improvements of feeding, manure management and fertilization.Four crop-livestock farms of the Vakinankaratra (selected with local experts) were surveyed using participant observation methodology. A typology of crop-livestock farms was performed. Topsoil samples were collected in all plots of the four cases studies. A nitrogen flows calculating tool was developed and has been associated with Network Analysis matrices to generate environmental, social and economic indicators. This tool was used to simulate improvements in feeding, manure management and fertilization.The typology identified six farm types of crop-livestock systems in the Vakinankaratra. The farms study revealed a great diversity of animal feeding practices, manure management and fertilization. Heterogeneity of soil fertility induced by farmer management was shown. For the four case studies, improved feeding practices on dairy combined with improved manure management have increased environmental (farm nitrogen efficiency, nitrogen recycling, soil nitrogen balance), economic (agricultural gross margin) and social (food self-sufficiency) sustainability.This study characterized the diversity of crop-livestock farms of the Vakinankaratra, the diversity of practices and their effects on soil fertility. It proved to be an interesting approach to explore options for improving sustainability of crop-livestock farms in context of data scarcity.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the largest pool of organic carbon in aquatic systems and an important component of the global carbon cycle. Large amounts of DOM are decomposed within lakes, resulting in fluxes of CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere. Therefore, there is a considerable interest in understanding the controls of DOM decomposition in freshwaters. There is evidence that in lakes intrinsic controls related to DOM composition are of primary importance, yet our knowledge about molecular drivers of DOM degradation is limited. This thesis addresses the link between chemical composition and reactivity of lake DOM by applying an experimental approach, molecular-level DOM characterization, and kinetic modeling of DOM decay. The first study shows that photoinduced transformations and partial removal of colored aromatic components of DOM have profound effects on DOM degradation kinetics, mediated by the shifts in the relative share of rapidly and slowly degrading DOM fractions. Two following studies estimate exponential decay coefficients for each individual molecular formula identified within bulk DOM. A continuous distribution of exponential decay coefficients is found within bulk DOM, which directly corroborates the central and previously empirically untested assumption behind the reactivity continuum model of DOM decay. Further, individual decay rates are evaluated in connection to specific molecular properties. On average, highly unsaturated and phenolic compounds appear to be more persistent than compounds with higher aromatic content (plant polyphenols and polycondensed aromatics), and aliphatic compounds demonstrate the highest decay rates. The reactivity of aromatics additionally increases with increasing nominal oxidation state of carbon. Molecular analysis further indicates that increasing reactivity of DOM after UV exposure is caused by disintegration of supramolecular complexes. Study IV shows that changes in relative proportion of terrestrial versus algal DOM control degradability of DOM through seasons. Under ice, when algal-derived DOM is maximally depleted, DOM degradation potential converges to similarly low levels, regardless of lake type (productive or humic), and bacterial respiration primarily relies on terrestrial carbon. This suggests a general pattern of baseline metabolism across boreal lakes. I conclude that DOM is a dynamic reactivity continuum and a tight link exists between DOM behavior and compositional properties.

Les forêts tropicales constituent le principal réservoir de biodiversité et de carbone (C). Cependant, la plupart des forêts tropicales, en particulier les forêts de Bornéo en Asie du Sud-Est, subissent une pression intense et sont menacées par des activités anthropiques telles que l'exploitation forestière, l'industrie minière l’agriculture et la conversion en plantations industrielles. En 2010, la superficie des forêts de production de Bornéo était de 26,8 millions d’ha (environ 36% de la superficie totale de l’île, dont 18 millions ha (environ 24%) déjà exploités. Par conséquent, les forêts de production occupent donc une place importante à Bornéo et jouent un rôle essentiel dans la compensation des biens fournis et la maintenance des services écosystémiques, tels que la conservation du C et de la biodiversité.L’exploitation sélective réduit la biomasse aérienne et souterraine par l’élimination de quelques grands arbres, et augmente les stocks de bois mort par des dommages collatéraux. En créant des trouées dans la canopée, le microclimat dans les sous-étages et au sol change localement et accélèrent la décomposition de la litière et de la matière organique. L'importance des dégâts, de l'ouverture de la canopée et de la rapidité du rétablissement du C s'est avéré principalement liée à l'intensité de l'exploitation forestière. Cependant, les évaluations empiriques de l'effet à long terme de l'intensité de l'exploitation forestière sur l'équilibre du C dans les forêts de production restent rares.La présente thèse se concentre principalement sur l'évaluation de l'effet à long terme de l'intensité de l'exploitation forestière sur la séquestration de carbone dans une forêt à Diptérocarpées de Nord Bornéo (District de Malinau, Kalimantan Nord) exploitée en 1999/2000. Cinq principaux réservoirs de C, à savoir le C aérien dans les arbres vivants (AGC), le C souterrain dans les arbres vivants (BGC), le bois mort, la litière et le C organique du sol (SOC) ont été estimés le long d’un gradient d'intensité d'exploitation (0-57% de la biomasse perdue).Nos résultats ont montré que les stocks totaux de C, 16 ans après l'exploitation, variaient de 218 à 554 Mg C ha-1 avec une moyenne de 314 Mg C ha-1. Une différence de 95 Mg C ha-1 a été observée entre une faible intensité d'exploitation forestière (<2,1% de la biomasse initiale perdue) et une intensité d'exploitation élevée (>19%). La plus grande partie du C (environ 77%) était présente dans les arbres vivants, suivie par les stocks du sol (15%), les stocks de bois mort (6%) et une fraction mineure des stocks de litière (1%). L'empreinte de l'intensité de l'exploitation forestière était encore détectable 16 ans après l'exploitation et a été le principal facteur expliquant la réduction des AGC>20, BGC>20, du bois mort et des stocks de C et une augmentation du bois mort. L'intensité de l'exploitation expliquait à elle seule 61%, 63%, 38% et 48% des variations des AGC>20, BGC>20, du bois mort et des stocks de C totaux, respectivement. L'intensité de l'abattage a également réduit considérablement les stocks de SOC dans la couche supérieure de 30 cm. Pour l'ensemble des stocks de SOC (0-100 cm), l'influence de l'intensité de l'exploitation était encore perceptible, en conjonction avec d'autres variables.Nos résultats quantifient l'effet à long terme de l'exploitation forestière sur les stocks de C forestier, en particulier sur les AGC et les bois morts. L'intensité élevée de l'exploitation forestière (réduction de 50% de la biomasse initiale) a réduit les stocks totaux de C de 27%. La récupération de l'AGC était plus faible dans les parcelles d'intensité d'exploitation forestière élevée, ce qui suggère une résilience plus faible de la forêt à l'exploitation forestière. Par conséquent, une intensité d'exploitation forestière inférieure à 20%, devrait être envisagé afin de limiter l'effet à long terme sur les AGC et le bois mort. / Tropical forests are a major reservoir of biodiversity and carbon (C), playing a pivotal role in global ecosystem function and climate regulation. However, most of the tropical forests, especially Bornean forests in Southeast Asia, are under intense pressure and threatened by anthropogenic activities such as logging, mining industry, agriculture and conversion to industrial plantation. In 2010, the area of production forests in Borneo was 26.8 million ha (approx. 36% of the total land area of Borneo) including 18 million ha (approx. 24%) of logged forests. Production forests are thus emerging as a dominant land-use, playing a crucial role in trading-off provision of goods and maintenance of ecosystem services, such as C and biodiversity retention.Selective logging is known to reduce both above- and below-ground biomass through the removal of a few large trees, while increasing deadwood stocks through collateral damages. By creating large gaps in the canopy, microclimates in the understory and on the forest floor change locally speeding up the decomposition of litter and organic matter. The extent of incidental damages, canopy openness, as well as the speed of C recovery, was shown to be primarily related to logging intensity. However, empirical evaluations of the long-term effect of logging intensity on C balance in production forests remain rare.The present thesis aims to assess the long-term effect of logging intensity on C sequestration in a north Bornean Dipterocarp forests (Malinau District, North Kalimantan) logged in 1999/2000. Five main C pools, namely above-ground (AGC) and below-ground (BGC) carbon in living trees, deadwood, litter, and soil organic carbon (SOC) were estimated along a logging intensity gradient (ranging from 0 to 57% of initial biomass removed).Our result showed that total C stocks 16 years after logging, ranged from 218-554 Mg C ha-1 with an average of 314 Mg C ha-1. A difference of 95 Mg C ha-1 was found between low logging intensity (<2.1% of initial biomass lost) and high logging intensity (>19%). Most C (approx. 77%) was found in living trees, followed by soil (15%), deadwood (6%), and a minor fraction in litter (1%). The imprint of logging intensity was still detectable 16 years after logging, and logging intensity thus was the main driver explaining the reduction of AGC>20, BGC>20, deadwood, and total C stocks and an increase in deadwood. Solely, logging intensity explained 61%, 63%, 38%, and 48% of variations of AGC>20, BGC>20, deadwood, and total C stocks, respectively. Logging intensity also significantly reduced SOC stocks in the upper 30 cm layer. For total SOC stocks (0-100 cm), the negative influence of logging intensity was still perceptible, being significant in conjunction with other variables.Our results quantify the long-term effect of logging on forest C stocks, especially on AGC and deadwood. High logging intensity (50% reduction of initial biomass) reduced total C stocks by 27%. AGC recovery was lower in high logging intensity plots, suggesting lowered forest resilience to logging. Our study showed that maintaining logging intensity, below 20% of the initial biomass, limit the long-term effect of logging on AGC and deadwood stocks.

Die Ergebnisse aus den beiden Dauerfeldversuchen verdeutlichen, dass die mineralische N Düngung wie erwartet den größten Einfluss auf die Höhe der THG Emissionen hat. Die höchsten THG Minderungspotenziale zeigten sich folglich in der Reduktion der mineralischen N Düngung, insbesondere wenn die N Düngung oberhalb des standortspezifischen Ertragsoptimums liegt. Die Anpassung der Fruchtfolge kann zur Erhöhung der Bodenkohlenstoff-Vorräte beitragen und letztendlich die THG Emissionen mindern, allerdings bedarf diese These weiterer Untersuchungen. Die Ergebnisse haben weiterhin gezeigt, dass mit dem Aufbau organischer Bodensubstanz durch Stalldung erhebliche Potenziale zur THG-Minderung verbunden sind. Je nach methodischem Ansatz zur Berücksichtigung von Bodenkohlenstoff-Veränderungen ergaben sich allerdings große Unterschiede in den THG-Bilanzen und letztendlich auch in den ermittelten THG-Minderungspotenzialen. Die Entwicklung eines einheitlichen wissenschaftlichen Verfahrens zur Berücksichtigung von Bodenkohlenstoff-Veränderungen wird deshalb empfohlen. Die Ergebnisse aus der Fallstudie haben gezeigt, dass die THG Minderung in der landwirtschaftlichen Praxis eine Veränderung der Ackerflächenverhältnisse erfordert. In diesem Zusammenhang ist der Anbau emissionsintensiver Fruchtarten mit einer intensiven mineralischen N Düngung wie beispielsweise Winterraps zu reduzieren und durch den Anbau emissionsarmer Fruchtarten zu ersetzen. Im untersuchten landwirtschaftlichen Betrieb erwiesen sich Mais mit organischer N Düngung sowie der Anbau von Leguminosen als besonders emissionsarm. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte darüber hinaus gezeigt werden, dass ein positiver Beitrag der ackerbaulichen Bodennutzung zur THG Minderung nicht zwangsläufig mit höheren Kosten für den Landwirtschaftsbetrieb verbunden sein muss, wenn bei der betriebswirtschaftlichen Optimierung die THG Emissionen angebauter Fruchtarten berücksichtigt werden. / The aim of this study was to analyze the potential for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in different land use systems on sandy soils in the Brandenburg region in Germany, based on two long-term field experiments at Thyrow and Groß Kreutz and an on farm case study. The calculations of the GHG balances are based on the LCA standard and the German emission report guidelines. There is currently no scientific consensus on how soil organic carbon changes are to be included in GHG balances. Therefore, different approaches to include soil organic carbon changes in GHG calculations from long-term field experiments were examined. The results of the long-term field experiments showed that mineral nitrogen fertilization had the greatest influence on GHG emissions. The reduction of mineral nitrogen fertilization consequently showed the biggest GHG reduction potential especially if nitrogen fertilization was above the local level. The adaptation of crop rotations may increase soil organic carbon content and thereby mitigate GHG emissions, but this hypothesis requires further research. An increase of soil organic carbon stocks by organic fertilization was shown for the use of farmyard manure. Although this had a high GHG reduction potential, there were large differences between the analytical approaches. This highlights the need to develop standardized scientific methods for assessing GHG emissions from cropping systems. The results of the case study showed that changing the proportions of different crop species can be used for GHG reduction. In particular, the reduction of crops with high mineral nitrogen demand, e.g. oilseed rape, and the substitution with crops having low GHG emissions is recommended. Maize, receiving high rates of organic fertilizer, as well as legumes showed low GHG emissions on the evaluated farm. Furthermore, this study elaborates the potential economic benefit for agricultural enterprises with regards to the correlation of GHG reduction and an optimized crop rotation.

Os tratamentos convencionais de efluentes em geral não são eficientes para a degradação de compostos persistentes como os fármacos. Neste trabalho, estuda-se o tratamento de soluções aquosas contendo o antibiótico ciprofloxacina (CIP) por meio de processo oxidativo avançado baseado em ozônio. Para tanto, foram realizados experimentos em semi-batelada com recirculação de líquido em um reator (coluna de bolhas) com escoamento gás-líquido em contracorrente. Amostras de líquido foram retiradas e analisadas para medida das concentrações de CIP e de carbono orgânico total (COT); a concentração de ozônio no gás foi medida por espectrofotometria UV-vis. Estudaram-se os efeitos das seguintes variáveis quanto à degradação de CIP, por meio de um planejamento Doehlert: concentração de ozônio à entrada do reator (8-25 mgO3 L-1), pH (3,5-10,5) e concentração inicial de CIP (5-26 mg L-1). Avaliaram-se as seguintes variáveis dependentes por meio da análise de superfícies de resposta: variação de concentração de CIP em 2 minutos; taxa inicial de degradação de CIP e variação de concentração de COT em 30 minutos. Os resultados indicaram total degradação de ciprofloxacina em menos de 15 minutos, tanto por via direta, com ataque por ozônio molecular em meio ácido, como por via indireta, com ataque por radicais hidroxila em meio básico. Os compostos resultantes da degradação da CIP mostraram-se recalcitrantes, obtendo-se maiores remoções de COT após 30 minutos apenas em meio básico ou neutro (máximo de 72,8% para pH=7, [O3]=24,9 mgO3 L-1 e [CIP]0=15,8 mg L-1). Apesar da persistência dos compostos orgânicos remanescentes, os ensaios respirométricos sugeriram que os produtos de degradação são menos tóxicos que o composto de partida, com menor inibição da atividade microbiana. No conjunto, os resultados do trabalho indicam que o processo de ozonização pode ser aplicado para pré-tratamento de efluentes aquosos contendo ciprofloxacina em baixas concentrações, podendo ser associado a processos de tratamento biológico em ETEs antes do descarte. / Conventional wastewater treatment processes are not generally efficient for the degradation of persistent substances like pharmaceutical compounds. In this work, the treatment of aqueous solutions containing the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) by means of the ozone-based advanced oxidation process is studied. With this aim, experiments were carried out in semi-batch mode with liquid circulation in a bubble column reactor with gas-liquid counter flow. Liquid samples were analyzed for CIP and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations; ozone concentration in the gas was measured by UVvisible spectrophotometry. The effects of the following variables on CIP degradation were studied according to a Doehlert experimental design: inlet ozone concentration (8 to 25 mgO3 L-1), pH (3.5 to 10.5), initial CIP concentration (5 to 26 mg L-1). The following dependent variables were investigated by response surface analysis: variation in CIP concentration after 2 minutes; CIP initial degradation rate and variation in TOC concentration after 30 minutes. The results showed total degradation of ciprofloxacin in less than 15 minutes either by direct reaction with molecular ozone in acidic medium, or by indirect attack of hydroxyl radicals in alkaline medium. Compounds resulting from CIP degradation showed to be recalcitrant, yielding larger TOC removals after 30 minutes only in alkaline or neutral medium (maximum of 72.8% for pH=7, [O3]=24.9 mgO3 L-1, and [CIP]0=15.8 mg L-1). Despite the persistence of remaining organic compounds, respirometric assays suggested that degradation products are less toxic than the parent compound, exhibiting lower inhibition of microbial activity. Overall, the results indicate that the ozonation process can be used in the pre-treatment of aqueous effluents containing ciprofloxacin in low concentrations, and could be associated with biological treatment processes in wastewater treatment plants prior to final disposal.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ademir Oliveira Ferreira.pdf: 1294842 bytes, checksum: 8d7036f6aefa0cf3c549b0c63029e109 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-13 / Decrease in soil organic carbon (SOC) content of the surface layer into deeper layers indicates the occurrence of the stratification in the profile due to continuous C addition of crop residues enriching the soil surface layer. The objective of this study was: in Chapter 3 the relationship of stratification (RE) of C of the soil organic matter (SOM) pools can be an indicator of C sequestration in no-tillage soils? In the chapter 4 the tensile strength of aggregates is affected by the C content of Pedosequence of Latosol with medium and clay texture? in Chapter 5 which is the C balance and the amount of crop residue needed to maintain a stable C balance in a Latosol with a medium and clay texture? The experimental design was a completely randomized 2x2x2 factorial with 12 treatments. Treatments consisted of: a) an Oxisol (Red Latosol) with medium and clayey texture, b) two soil sampling periods (T1 and T2) with one year interval between them, and c) two soil sampling depths (0-5 and 5-20 cm). The soil attributes assessed were: the separation of water stable aggregates classes (19-8, 8-4, 4-2, 2-1, 1-0,5 and 05-0,25 mm), particulate organic carbon (POC), total particulate nitrogen (TPN) in the aggregate classes. Also was determined total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (NT) in the whole sample and in the aggregates sizes classes and tensile strength of aggregates. The relationship of stratification was calculated by dividing the TOC and TN values of 0-5 cm layer by the values of the same attributes of 5-20 cm layer. The C sequestration rate and the stratification ratio changes were calculated by the difference between the T2 values minus T1. The tensile strength was measured in soil aggregates and assessed in 1920 aggregates for each sampling time. Also TOC and NT content were measured in aggregates. The aggregates greater than 8 mm represented more than 70 of the total mass in both the clay and in sandy soil. The relationship of stratification ratio (0-5:5-20 cm) of SOC, TN, POC and TPN soil indicated the improvement of the surface layer. A significant linear relationship between the SR and C sequestration rate in both textural classes showed an increase in C sequestration and was more evident in LV with medium texture. The increase in TOC content resulted in decreased tensile strength (TS) of the aggregates and was more evident in the 0-5 cm layer. The TS showed inverse relationship with the soil density and was higher in the LV medium texture. The rate of sequestration of C was 0.86 for the LV with medium texture and 0.76 Mg ha-1 for the clay texture and to maintain the stable balance of C is required an input of 8.6 Mg ha-1 of crop residues. The results presented confirm the hypothesis of SR to be a sensitive indicator for the rate of carbon sequestration in no-tillage soil. Key-words: Carbon stock, Carbon balance, Carbon sequestration, Soil management systems, particulate organic carbon, particulate nitrogen. / A redução no conteúdo de carbono (C) da camada superficial em direção as camadas mais profundas do solo indica a formação da estratificação no perfil devido à adição contínua de C pelos resíduos orgânicos resultando no enriquecendo a camada superficial do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os seguintes assuntos: a) a relação de estratificação (RE) de C dos compartimentos da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) pode ser um indicador do seqüestro de C no sistema plantio direto. b) a resistência tênsil dos gregados pode ser afetada pelo conteúdo de C em Pedossequencia de Latossolo com textura média e argilosa. c) o balanço de C e a quantidade de resíduos culturais necessária para manter o equilíbrio estável de C em um Latossolo com textura média e argilosa. O delineamento experimental foi um fatorial 2x2x2 inteiramente casualizado com 12 tratamentos. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de: a) um Latossolo Vermelho com textura média e argilosa, duas épocas de amostragem do solo (E1 e E2) com um ano de intervalo entre si e duas profundidades de amostragem (0-5 e 5-20 cm). Os atributos avaliados foram: a separação das classes de agregados do tamisamento úmido (19-8, 8-4, 4-2, 2-1, 1-0,5 e 05-0,25 mm), o carbono orgânico particulado (COP), o nitrogênio total particulado (NTP) nas classes de agregado, o C orgânico total (COT) e o nitrogênio total (NT) na amostra integral e nas classes de agregados e a resistência tênsil dos agregados. A relação de estratificação (RE) foi calculada dividindo-se o valor de COT e NT da camada de 0-5 cm pelo valor na camada 5-20 cm. A taxa de seqüestro de C e a variação da relação de estratificação foram calculadas através da diferença (D) entre os valores da E2 menos o da E1. A resistência tênsil (RT) do solo foi avaliada em 1920 agregados de cada época de coleta, determinando-se, também o conteúdo de COT e NT. A classe de agregado > 8 mm representou mais de 70% da massa dos agregados tanto na textura argilosa como na arenosa. Da mesma forma, o conteúdo de COT e NT foram maiores na classe de agregado > do que 4 mm comparado as demais classes nas duas classes texturais. A relação de estratificação 5:5-20 cm) de COT, NT, COP e NTP do solo indicou a melhoria da qualidade do solo da camada superficial. A relação linear e significativa entre o DRE com a taxa de seqüestro de carbono nas duas classes texturais mostrou o aumento no seqüestro de C e foi mais evidente no LV com textura média. O incremento do conteúdo de COT resultou na diminuição da resistência tênsil (RT) dos agregados e foi mais evidente na camada de 0-5 cm. A RT apresentou relação inversa com a densidade do solo e foi superior no LV textura média. A taxa de seqüestro de C foi de 0,86 para o LV textura média e 0,76 Mg ha-1 para o textura argilosa e para manter o equilíbrio estável de C é necessário o aporte de 8,6 Mg ha-1 de resíduos culturais. Os resultados apresentados confirmaram a hipótese da RE ser um indicador sensível para a taxa de seqüestro de carbono no solo em um sistema sob plantio direto consolidado.

As águas superficiais da Amazônia, que englobam, dentre outros, rios das mais variadas ordens, desde pequenos igarapés, até o rio Amazonas, um dos maiores do mundo, são um componente importante do funcionamento deste ecossistema de escala continental. Um paradigma acerca dos sistemas fluviais é que estes integram os processos que ocorrem em suas bacias de drenagem e, portanto, alterações na cobertura vegetal e nos usos da terra, podem interferir diretamente nos parâmetros físicos e químicos dos compartimentos aquáticos. Algumas áreas da Amazônia, como o estado de Rondônia, por exemplo, têm sofrido alterações substanciais nas suas bacias de drenagem e as conseqüências destas nos sistemas fluviais ainda são pouco compreendidas. Sabe-se que a conversão de florestas em pastagens, o tipo de alteração mais comum nos ecossistema de Rondônia, resulta na compactação dos solos e no aumento da erosão. Ao mesmo tempo, diversos estudos têm demonstrado que os sedimentos em suspensão, carreados nos rios, podem ser importantes fontes de carbono e outros nutrientes limitantes para o metabolismo aquático. Com base nestas premissas, este estudo visou avaliar a importância dos sedimentos em suspensão grossos (maiores que 63 µm) e finos (menores que 63 µm e maiores 0,1 µm) no metabolismo de alguns rios de Rondônia, sob diversas coberturas e usos da terra. Para tal, as concentrações destes sedimentos foram artificialmente aumentadas em amostras incubadas no escuro, nas quais os consumos de oxigênio indicaram as taxas respiratórias. No caso dos sedimentos em suspensão finos, observaram-se aumentos nas taxas respiratórias em praticamente todos os casos nos quais suas concentrações foram aumentadas. Os sedimentos em suspensão grossos, por outro lado, somente favorecem aumentos nas taxas respiratórias nos períodos de maiores precipitações. Estes resultados relacionam-se com a composição dos sedimentos. Sedimentos em suspensão finos, por sua maior capacidade de adsorver substâncias orgânicas e nutrientes, constituem uma fonte permanente de substrato para o metabolismo aquático. Sedimentos em suspensão grossos, por outro lado, somente carreiam fração substancial de material orgânico durante o período de maiores precipitações, quando os solos são “lavados" pelas enxurradas. Apesar destas diferenças no papel relativo destas duas frações do material particulado no metabolismo destes rios, fica evidente que o aumento da erosão pode acarretar mudanças significativas no metabolismo dos sistemas fluviais da Amazônia. / Amazonian surface waters, encompassing rivers of distinct orders, from small streams to one of the largest of the world, the Amazon, are important components of the functioning of this continental-scale ecosystem. A paradigm about fluvial systems is that they integrate the processes that occur at their watersheds and, therefore, changes in land use/cover may directly interfere on physical and chemical parameters of the aquatic compartments. In some areas of the Amazon, such as in the state of Rondonia, for example, the landscape has been significantly altered, and the consequences of these changes are still poorly understood. It is well know that the conversion of forests into pastures, a common type of land use change in Rondonia, can cause the compactation of soils and increased erosion rates. At the same time, several studies have demonstrated that suspended sediments can be important sources of carbon and other nutrients to river metabolism. Based on those assumptions, this study aimed the evaluation of the importance of coarse (larger than 63 µm) and fine (smaller than 63 µm and larger than 0,1 µm) suspended sediments on the metabolism of some rivers of Rondonia. This assessment was made through incubations in the dark of samples enriched in sediments, in which the consumption of oxygen indicated respiration rates. In the case of fine suspended sediments, most incubated samples showed increased respiration rates as a result of the concentration of these particles. Coarse suspended sediments, on another side, only favor the increase in respiration rates during the high water period. These results are related to the composition of these sediments. Fine suspended sediments constitute a constant substract for the aquatic metabolism, as a result of their larger surface area and capacity for absorving organic substances and nutrients. Coarse sediments, however, only favor respiration during the high water period, when overland flow carries organic debris from land into the water systems. Although these two fractions of suspended sediments have different relative roles in the metabolism of rivers, it becomes evident from this data that increasing the erosion in the Amazon may affect significantly the metabolism of fluvial systems in this region.

Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet SIMED fédérant les activités de modélisation à l'échelle méditerranéenne, et plus globalement dans le programme MERMEX qui vise à étudier les cycles biogéochimiques en mer Méditerranée et leurs évolutions futures. L'étape préliminaire a été de coupler la plateforme de modélisation hydrodynamique (NEMO) à celle de modélisation biogéochimique mécaniste (Eco3M), afin de réaliser une simulation (2000-2012) utilisant les sorties hydrodynamiques de la configuration NEMO-MED12 pour forcer le modèle biogéochimique Eco3M-MED. Les nombreuses comparaisons menées dans cette thèse (chlorophylle, sels nutritifs, production primaire, etc.) ont aidé à s'assurer de la capacité du modèle à reproduire les principales caractéristiques biogéochimiques de la Méditerranée. Ce travail a permis de généraliser le rôle majeur joué par le carbone organique dissous dans la pompe biologique à l'échelle de la mer Méditerranée. Les résultats montrent que la production de carbone organique particulaire est restreinte aux régions de forte dynamique physique, tandis que l'accumulation de carbone organique dissous dans les eaux de surface est commune à la plupart des régions du bassin. Ce dernier processus s'est avéré dépendant des contenus cellulaires du phytoplancton et des bactéries hétérotrophes. Finalement d'après le modèle, la fraction dissoute du carbone organique contribuerait à hauteur d'environ 64 % à l'exportation dans le bassin Ouest, et de 90 % dans le bassin Est. Le bassin Est -en dépit de sa plus forte oligotrophie- s'avère participer à près de 60 % à l'exportation de carbone organique en mer Méditerranée. / This work is part of the SIMED project which is dedicated to basin-scale modeling of the Mediterranean Sea. It also belongs to the MERMEX program which aims at studying biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea and their evolution. The first step of this work was to couple the hydrodynamic modeling platform (NEMO) to the mechanistic biogeochemical modeling platform (Eco3M). We ran a simulation (2000-2012) using the hydrodynamic outputs from NEMO-MED12 configuration to force the biogeochamical model Eco3M-MED. The model evaluation was conducted using numerous field measurements (chlorophyll, nutrients, primary production, etc.). The simulation strengthens and extends to the whole basin the prominent role of dissolved organic carbon in the biological carbon pump in the whole Mediterranean Sea. A comprehensive analysis of organic carbon (particulate and dissolved) production processes production was performed. Results reveal that particulate organic carbon production is restricted to the highly dynamic areas, whereas dissolved organic carbon accumulation in the surface layers is a common process in much areas of the basin. This latter process appeared to dependant on the cellular contents of phytoplancton and heterotrophic bacteria, themselved being controled by low phosphate availability. Finally, the dissolved organic carbon contribution to carbon export is around 64 % in the Western basin, and up to 90 % in the Eastern basin. When taking into account the dissolved fraction, total organic carbon export in the Eastern basin -despite its higher oligotrophy- exceeds the one in the Western basin (60% against 40 %).

La concentration de Carbone organique de sol (COS) et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) ne sont pas uniformes à travers l’espace, mais se regroupent en “hotspots” dans des endroits spécifiques. Ces différences s’expliquent principalement par les activités anthropiques telles que la gestion agricole. 40-50% de la surface de la Terre est utilisé par l’agriculture, par exemple les terres cultivées, les prairies gérées et cultures permanentes, y compris l’agro-foresterie et de bio-cultures énergétiques. En outre, 62% du carbone globale est COS, et le sol conserve plus que 3 fois plus de C que l’atmosphère. Ainsi, la séquestration du carbone dans les sols agricoles joue un rôle potentiellement important dans l’augmentation de stockage de COS et l’atténuation des GES, et il y a un intérêt considérable pour comprendre les effets de la gestion agricole sur le COS et les flux de GES aux prairies et terres cultivées, afin de mieux évaluer l’incertitude et la vulnérabilité des réservoirs de COS. Afin de découvrir les pratiques de gestion agricole qui contribuent à la séquestration efficace et durable du carbone aux terres agricoles en Europe, il est essentiel de simuler les stocks futurs de carbone terrestriel et les budgets de GES par rapport aux systèmes de gestion agricole variés sur les grands écosystèmes européens. Dans ce contexte, la modélisation est une méthode utile, et la modélisation a déjà été utilisée dans beaucoup d’études. Cependant beaucoup de résultats de la modélisation n’ont pas encore été validés avec les données mesurées sur l’horizon long-terme, et d’ailleurs d’autres études ont constaté un fort impact de l’initialisation du modèle sur le résultat du modèle. Néanmoins, la variabilité des prévisions annuelles et décennales concernant le C et le GES en Europe dépendent des résultats du modèle. Par conséquence, il est important de trouver la meilleure méthode d’initialisation des modèles pour obtenir des résultats des modèles fiables, notamment pour les modèles d’écosystèmes dits “process-based”. Au cours des dernières années, Zimmermann et al. (2007) a réussit à initialiser le modèle de Rothamsted carbone (RothC) en utilisant une méthode (physique et chimique) de fractionation des sols. Pour cette raison, j’ai fait l’hypothèse que les données COS détaillées seraient utiles pour initialiser des modèles d’écosystème, et que cette hypothèse doit être testée avec les modèles différents par rapport aux gestions agricoles différentes. Les buts de cette thèse sont les suivants: i) évaluation des influences des gestions agricoles sur le stockage de COS, en utilisant des approches expérimentales et des approches de modélisation; et ii) déterminer la meilleur méthode d’initialisation des modèles. (...) / Soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are not uniform across the landscape, but assemble in “hotspots” in specific areas. These differences are mainly driven by human-induced activities such as agricultural management. 40-50% of the Earth’s land surface is under agricultural land-use, for instance cropland, managed grassland and permanent crops including agro-forestry and bio-energy crops. Furthermore, 62% of the global soil C stock is SOC and the soil stores more than 3 times more C than the atmosphere. Thus, C sequestration in agricultural soil has a potentially important role in increasing SOC storage and GHG mitigation, and there is considerable interest in understanding the effects of agricultural management on SOC and GHG fluxes in both grasslands and croplands, in order to better assess the uncertainty and vulnerability of terrestrial SOC reservoirs. For the sake of discovering the agricultural management practices relating to the effective and sustainable C sequestration in agricultural lands in Europe, simulating future terrestrial C stocks and GHG budgets under varied agricultural management systems in major European ecosystems is essential. Using models is a useful method with the purpose of this and abundant studies have carried out. However, many model results have not been validated with reliable observed long-term data, while other studies have reported a strong impact of model initialisation on model result. Nevertheless, predictions of annual to decadal variability in the European terrestrial C and GHG ressources largely rely on model results. Consequently, finding the most appropriate and comprehensive model initialisation method for obtaining reliable model simulations became important, especially for process-based ecosystem models. In recent years, Zimmermann et al. (2007) have succeed in initialising the Rothamsted Carbon model (RothC) using a physical and chemical soil fractionation method. For that reason, we hypothesised that measured detailed SOC data would be useful to initialise ecosystem models, and this hypothesis should be tested for different process-based models and agricultural land-use and management. (...)

<p>Ово истраживање има за циљ да процени резерве органског угљеника у земљишту и представи његову просторну дистрибуцију у земљиштима Републике Србије, као и да утврди зависност садржаја органског угљеника у земљишту од типа земљишта, температуре, падавина, надморске висине, начина коришћења земљишта и морфогенетских карактеристика рељефа. Резерве органског угљеника у земљишту процењене су за слој 0-30 cm и 0-100 cm дубине на основу резултата из базе података уз коришћење педолошке карте и карте коришћења земљишта. За потребе утврђивања зависности садржаја органског угљеника и типа земљишта педолошка карта Србије је прилагођена WRB класификацији и садржи 15.437 полигона. Примењена методологија за процену резерве органског угљеника за дату дубину је базирана на сумирању резерве органског угљеника по слојевима земљишта која се добија на основу запреминске масе, вредности садржаја органског угљеника и дебљине слоја. Прорачун је урађен за сваки профил посебно, затим је урађена калкулација за сваку референтну групу земљишта на основу резултата средњих вредности садржаја органског угљеника до 30 cm и 100 cm дубине за главне референтне групе и њихових површина. На основу површина референтних група земљишта, површине Републике Србије и вредности садржаја за сваку референтну групу, добијене су укупне резерве органског угљеника до 30 cm дубине које износе 0,71 Pg. Резултати анализе резерве органског угљеника до 100 cm дубине показују вредност 1,16 Pg.<br />На основу Corine Land Cover (CLC) базе података за 2006. годину издвојене су површине главних категорија начина коришћења земљишта. На основу резултата средњих вредности садржаја органског угљеника до 30 и 100 cm дубине и површине коју заузима Corine Land Cover категорија начина коришћења земљишта израчуната је укупна вредност резерве органског угљеника за пољопривредна земљишта, шуме и полуприродна подручја и вештачке површине.<br />Резултати показују да су резерве органског угљеника у оквиру категорије пољопривредних површина 303,22 x 1012g (Tg) до 30 cm дубине и 600,25 x 1012g (Tg) до 100 cm дубине. Категорије шуме и полуприродна подручја имају резерве од основних климатских елемената температуре и падавина и надморске висине показује да постоји средње јака до јака статистичка зависност у оквиру испитивања реализованих до 30 и 100 cm дубине.</p><p>органског угљеника 345,26 x 1012g (Tg) угљеника до 30 cm и 457,55 x 1012g (Tg) до 100 cm дубине. Резултати показују вредности резерве органског угљеника у категорији вештачке површине која углавном обухватају локалитете у оквиру зелених урбаних подручја и рекреационих површина 19,21 x 1012g (Tg) до 30 cm и 41,50 x 1012g (Tg) до 100 cm дубине.<br />Анализа садржаја резерве органског угљеника према начину коришћења земљишта показује да су вредности садржаја органског угљеника веће у шумама и полуприродним подручјима у односу на пољопривредне површине и то за 40,71 % до 30 cm, односно за 11,43 % до 100 cm дубине. Прорачун губитка резерве органског угљеника у земљишту на подручјима где је извршена пренамена пољопривредних површина, шума и полуприродних подручја у урбано земљиште, без категорије зелена урбана подручја, у периоду 1990-2006. године показује укупну вредности од 0,92 Mt С, односно 1,49 Mt С за дубинe до 30 cm, односно до 100 cm.<br />Утврђивање статистичке зависности садржаја органског угљеника у земљиштуод основних климатских елемената температуре и падавина и надморске висине показује да постоји средње јака до јака статистичка зависност у оквиру испитивања реализованих до 30 и 100 cm дубине.</p><p>Прорачун садржаја резерве органског угљеника у земљишту у зависности од морфометријских карактеристика рељефа показујe да резерва садржаја органског угљеника у земљишту расте са порастом надморске висине. Највеће средње вредности садржаја измерене су на терену који обухвата планине са надморским висинама од 1.000-2.000 m и који обухвата 11,5 % територије Републике Србије</p> / <p>Ovo istraživanje ima za cilj da proceni rezerve organskog ugljenika u zemljištu i predstavi njegovu prostornu distribuciju u zemljištima Republike Srbije, kao i da utvrdi zavisnost sadržaja organskog ugljenika u zemljištu od tipa zemljišta, temperature, padavina, nadmorske visine, načina korišćenja zemljišta i morfogenetskih karakteristika reljefa. Rezerve organskog ugljenika u zemljištu procenjene su za sloj 0-30 cm i 0-100 cm dubine na osnovu rezultata iz baze podataka uz korišćenje pedološke karte i karte korišćenja zemljišta. Za potrebe utvrđivanja zavisnosti sadržaja organskog ugljenika i tipa zemljišta pedološka karta Srbije je prilagođena WRB klasifikaciji i sadrži 15.437 poligona. Primenjena metodologija za procenu rezerve organskog ugljenika za datu dubinu je bazirana na sumiranju rezerve organskog ugljenika po slojevima zemljišta koja se dobija na osnovu zapreminske mase, vrednosti sadržaja organskog ugljenika i debljine sloja. Proračun je urađen za svaki profil posebno, zatim je urađena kalkulacija za svaku referentnu grupu zemljišta na osnovu rezultata srednjih vrednosti sadržaja organskog ugljenika do 30 cm i 100 cm dubine za glavne referentne grupe i njihovih površina. Na osnovu površina referentnih grupa zemljišta, površine Republike Srbije i vrednosti sadržaja za svaku referentnu grupu, dobijene su ukupne rezerve organskog ugljenika do 30 cm dubine koje iznose 0,71 Pg. Rezultati analize rezerve organskog ugljenika do 100 cm dubine pokazuju vrednost 1,16 Pg.<br />Na osnovu Corine Land Cover (CLC) baze podataka za 2006. godinu izdvojene su površine glavnih kategorija načina korišćenja zemljišta. Na osnovu rezultata srednjih vrednosti sadržaja organskog ugljenika do 30 i 100 cm dubine i površine koju zauzima Corine Land Cover kategorija načina korišćenja zemljišta izračunata je ukupna vrednost rezerve organskog ugljenika za poljoprivredna zemljišta, šume i poluprirodna područja i veštačke površine.<br />Rezultati pokazuju da su rezerve organskog ugljenika u okviru kategorije poljoprivrednih površina 303,22 x 1012g (Tg) do 30 cm dubine i 600,25 x 1012g (Tg) do 100 cm dubine. Kategorije šume i poluprirodna područja imaju rezerve od osnovnih klimatskih elemenata temperature i padavina i nadmorske visine pokazuje da postoji srednje jaka do jaka statistička zavisnost u okviru ispitivanja realizovanih do 30 i 100 cm dubine.</p><p>organskog ugljenika 345,26 x 1012g (Tg) ugljenika do 30 cm i 457,55 x 1012g (Tg) do 100 cm dubine. Rezultati pokazuju vrednosti rezerve organskog ugljenika u kategoriji veštačke površine koja uglavnom obuhvataju lokalitete u okviru zelenih urbanih područja i rekreacionih površina 19,21 x 1012g (Tg) do 30 cm i 41,50 x 1012g (Tg) do 100 cm dubine.<br />Analiza sadržaja rezerve organskog ugljenika prema načinu korišćenja zemljišta pokazuje da su vrednosti sadržaja organskog ugljenika veće u šumama i poluprirodnim područjima u odnosu na poljoprivredne površine i to za 40,71 % do 30 cm, odnosno za 11,43 % do 100 cm dubine. Proračun gubitka rezerve organskog ugljenika u zemljištu na područjima gde je izvršena prenamena poljoprivrednih površina, šuma i poluprirodnih područja u urbano zemljište, bez kategorije zelena urbana područja, u periodu 1990-2006. godine pokazuje ukupnu vrednosti od 0,92 Mt S, odnosno 1,49 Mt S za dubine do 30 cm, odnosno do 100 cm.<br />Utvrđivanje statističke zavisnosti sadržaja organskog ugljenika u zemljištuod osnovnih klimatskih elemenata temperature i padavina i nadmorske visine pokazuje da postoji srednje jaka do jaka statistička zavisnost u okviru ispitivanja realizovanih do 30 i 100 cm dubine.</p><p>Proračun sadržaja rezerve organskog ugljenika u zemljištu u zavisnosti od morfometrijskih karakteristika reljefa pokazuje da rezerva sadržaja organskog ugljenika u zemljištu raste sa porastom nadmorske visine. Najveće srednje vrednosti sadržaja izmerene su na terenu koji obuhvata planine sa nadmorskim visinama od 1.000-2.000 m i koji obuhvata 11,5 % teritorije Republike Srbije</p> / <p>The aim of this study was to quantify current SOC stocks and present the spatial distribution of organic carbon (SOC) in the soils of Republic of Serbia. The relation of SOC content to soil type, temperature, precipitation, altitude, land use and topography was investigated. Organic carbon stocks were estimated for soil layers 0-30 cm and 0-100 cm based on the results from a database and using soil and land use maps.<br />To establish the relationship between organic carbon content and soil type, a soil map of Serbia was adapted to the WRB classification and divided into 15,437 polygons (map units). The methodology for SOC stocks estimation was based on bulk density, organic carbon content and thickness of the analyzed soil layers. We calculated the values for each reference soil group based on mean values of SOC at 0-30 and 0-100 cm in the main reference groups and their areas. Based on the size of the reference groups, total area of Republic of Serbia, and the SOC values for each reference group, we calculated the total SOC stocks. The obtained values for the soil layers 0-30 cm and 0-100 cm amounted to 0,71 Pg and 1,16 Pg respectively.<br />Using Corine Land Cover (CLC) database for 2006, we defined areas of the major categories of land use. Based on the obtained mean values of organic carbon content at 0-30 and 0-100 cm and the areas indicated by Corine Land Cover categories of land use, we calculated the organic carbon stocks in agricultural land, forest land, semi-natural areas, and artificial areas. The results showed that the organic carbon stocks in the category of agricultural land were 303.22 x 1012 g (Tg) and 600.25 x 1012 g (Tg) at 0-30 cm and 0-100 cm, respectively. In the category of forests and semi-natural areas, the organic carbon stocks were 345.26 x 1012 g (Tg) and 457.55 x 1012 g (Tg) at 0-30 cm and 0-100 cm, respectively. In the category of artificial areas, which mainly included sites within urban green areas and recreational areas, the organic carbon stocks were 19.21 x 1012 g (Tg) and 41.50 x 1012 g (Tg) at 0-30 cm and 0-100 cm, respectively. The map of organic carbon distribution depending on land use method indicated that organic carbon stocks were higher in forests and semi-natural areas than in agricultural land, up to 40.71% and 11.43% at 0-30 cm and 0-100 cm, respectively.<br />SOC loss amount to 0,92 Mt С at 0-30 cm layer and 1,49 Mt С at 0-100 cm layer in the period 1990-2006 as a results of conversion from agricultural land, forestland and semi-natural areas to artificial areas.<br />For soil layers 0-30 and 0-100 cm, a medium to strong statistical relationship between temperature, precipitation and altitude and amount of organic carbon in soil is indicated. The soil organic carbon density was significantly affected by altitude. SOC content increased with increasing altitude.<br />The highest mean values of organic carbon content were found in the mountainous areas within the elevation of 1000-2000 m, which covers 11,5 % of the territory of the Republic of Serbia.</p>