In male athletes from different sports, isokinetic knee extensor, and in orienteers also plantar flexor peak torque (PT), contractional work (CW) and integrated surface electromyograms (iEMG) were analysed. Single contraction PT, CW and iEMG in sprinters and marathon runners were signi­ficantly correlated to the cross-sectional area (CSA) of m. quadriceps, and to the Type II fibre area of m. vastus lateralis. When correcting PT, CW and iEMG for CSA of m. quadriceps, such correlations were found only for Type IIA fibre area at 180° s~1. Elec- tromyographically, m. vastus lateralis (biopsied muscle) was representative for m. quadriceps. Calculated optimal mean power (CW s~1) and electrical efficacy (CW/iEMG) approximated for sprinters 450° s-1 and for marathon runners 270° s~1, i.e. velocities at or above the upper limit of the dynamometers. In orienteers, plantar flexor PT increased during winter training, but decreased during competitive season. Knee extensor PT increased over the whole year. At 30 and 60° s~1 only knee extensor PT was negatively associated with the running velocity at onset of blood lactate accu­mulation (VOBLA)- Changes in VOBLA during winter period were negatively associated with changes in knee extensor PT at 180° s~1. During competitive season, changes in Vobla were negatively associated with the ratio quality : quantity running. In ice hockey players PT varied non-systematically with training and games. The biopsy specimens of marathon runners showed irregular fibre shapes, an in­creased amount of connective tissue and central fibre nuclei, indicating an early strain disease or functional adaptation to extreme demands. During repetitive contractions in sprinters and marathon runners, fatigue, i.e. slope of decline in CW, was significantly associated with the Type II fibre area of m. vastus lateralis. For knee extensors of sprinters, ice hockey players and orienteers, a steep de­crease in CW/iEMG was observed. In contrast, knee extensors of marathon runners and plantar flexors of orienteers showed an almost unaltered CW/iEMG throughout the test. The knee extensor endurance level (CW/iEMG) was significantly correlated to the maximal oxygen uptake. In orienteers, an increase in endurance level of both tested muscle groups during winter training parallelled an increase in VOBLA and V02obla- In hockey players, fatigue and endurance pattern (CW and CW/iEMG) changed non-systematically with training and games. In conclusion, isokinetic measurements and iEMG reflect the structural properties of the knee extensor muscles in sprinters and marathon runners. The demonstrated characteristics and changes in leg muscle function in different groups of athletes apparently reflect varying demands from different sports activities. / <p>S. 1-31: sammanfattning, s. 33-84: 6 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Thesis (Ph. D.)-- State University of New York at Binghamton, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Department of Systems Science and Industrial Engineering, 2009.

Improved life expectancy is a triumph of modern medicine. However, today’s senior citizens are predicted to soon consume 75% of the available health-care resources. Identifying new strategies to promote a healthy ageing process has thus become a priority. In contribution to the research field of healthy ageing this thesis is focused on the health and gut function of older adults. Paper I explored ‘optimal functionality’; a new approach to put the older adult’s own perspectives on health in focus. According to the results a plethora of factors related to the body, the self and the external environment needs to be considered in order to create a comprehensive understanding of the health experience in old age. Paper II characterised senior orienteering athletes as a new model of healthy ageing, due to their significantly better percived health as compared to other free-living older adults; in particular they report better gut health. As the gut is important to health maintenance and immune function paper III explored inflammation and oxidative stress in senior orienteering athletes, and older adults with gut problems, generally finding low levels in both groups. Subsequently, Paper IV investigated the health status of free-living older adults in Örebro County and also reports the results from a randomised controlled trial evaluating the effect of a probiotic supplement on self-reported health and gut symptoms. Two-thirds of the included older adults reported gut problems, however, the probiotic intervention failed to show any effects. This thesis provides additional perspectives on older adults health and gut function, by concluding that 1) optimal functionality may be a useful concept to map areas of importance to the older adult’s health experience, 2) senior orienteers may be regarded as a suitable model to study healthy ageing, 3) the prevalence of gut problems among the general population of Swedish older adults is high, but was not improved by probiotic supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri.

Tidigare studier på elitorienterare har framför allt fokuserat på skadeförekomst och skadeområde. Studier på riskfaktorer och psykologiska faktorer i samband med skadeförekomst är bristfälligt studerat. Därför var syftet med denna studie att undersöka om det finns samband mellan demografiska, psykologiska eller fysiska faktorer och allvarlighetsgraden av skador hos elitorienterare. Denna studie använde redan insamlade data från en tidigare genomförd RCT-studie. I studien deltog 62 personer varav 32 män och 30 kvinnor. Datan som analyserades var bestod av demografiskdata, frågeformulär om upplevd stress och fysiska tester. Frågeformulären som användes var Hassles and Uplifts Scale och Perceived Stress Scale. De fysiska testerna var tåhävningstest och hopptest i kvadrat. För att bedöma allvarlighetsgraden av skador fick deltagarna fylla i Oslo Sport Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire under varannan vecka i 14 veckor. I analysen användes linjära regressionsanalyser, men residualerna bedömdes inte var normalfördelade och därför genomfördes även icke-parametriska tester som sedan jämfördes med de linjära regressionsanalyserna. I den multipla linjära regressionsanalysen noterades ett samband mellan allvarlighetsgraden av skador och för två variabler, men som inte kunde bekräftades av de icke-parametriska testerna vid jämförelsen. Denna studie kunde därför inte konstatera någon riskfaktor för skador hos elitorienterare. Detta överensstämmer inte med tidigare studier på liknande idrotter, som har konstaterat att en tidigare skada och stress är riskfaktorer för skador. Studier med större antal deltagare och längre uppföljningsperiod behövs för att kunna identifiera riskfaktorer för skador hos elitorienterare innan några slutsatser kan dras. / Previous studies on elite orienteers have been focusing on injury occurrence and location of injuries. Studies on risk factors and psychological relationship to injuries are limited. The purpose of this study where to evaluate if there are correlation between demographic, psychological or physical factors and severity score of injuries in elite orienteers. The study used already collected data from an RCT-study. The study involved 62 participants, of whom 32 were men and 30 women. Base measurements were collected from demographic data, stress questionaries and physical tests. The questionnaires that were used were Hassles and Uplifts Scale and Perceived Stress Scale. The physical tests consisted of heel- rise test and square jump test. To evaluate injuries the Oslo Sport Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire were performed every second week for 14 weeks. The analysis was performed with linear regression, but the residuals were not normally distributed and therefore non-parametric statistics were also performed and was compared with the linear regressions. In the multiple linear regression, a relationship was identified between the severity score of injuries and two variables, but which could not be confirmed by the non-parametric statistics. Therefore, no risk factor for injuries in elite orienteers could be established. This result is not corresponding with previous studies on similar sports, who have established that previous injury and stress are risk factors. Before conclusions can be drawn more studies with larger numbers of participants and longer follow-up period are needed before risk factors for injuries in elite orienteers can be identified.

Today orienteering competitions use digital sensors to collect the punches from each runner. This is done by a chip that the runner carries and punches at each control where a sensor is placed. This data is then collected and processed by a computer program to calculate the results. Since the orienteering competitions often occur in areas without common infrastructures, it requires the organisers to build their own for power and network. This thesis set out to investigate if it is possible to build a system where the data could be read, processed and presented without these locally built infrastructures. Furthermore, it investigates how much power the system would require. To test this a Raspberry Pi computer is used, where an orienteering sensor alongside a 4G modem is connected. On the Raspberry Pi a program is built for reading the data via an API communicating with the sensor. Then through mobile network the reserved data is sent to a result calculation server. These results are then presented on a website in order of best time. The energy consumption is measured through the amount of current the device uses. It was discovered that the device’s peak current was 798 mA which leads to that for a standard competition time of 8 hours a battery with the capacity of 6384 mA·h would be required. / Idag använder orienteringstävlingar digitala sensorer för att registrera stämplingar för de tävlande. Det görs med ett chip som löparen har med sig och stämplar i sensorer vid varje kontroll. Detta data läses sedan av och processas av ett datorprogram för att kalkylera ett resultat. Eftersom orienteringstävlingar ofta sker i områden utan allmän infrastruktur, krävs det att arrangören bygger upp egen infrastruktur för elektricitet och nätverk. Den här avhandlingen avser att undersöka om det är möjligt att bygga ett system där datat inhämtas, processas och presenteras utan att behöva bygga upp denna lokala infrastruktur. Vidare är syftet att undersöka hur mycket energi ett sådant system kräver. För att göra detta används en Raspberry Pi dator med en orienteringssensor och ett 4G modem. På Raspberry Pi:en skapas ett program vilket läser ut orienteringschipets data via ett API som kommunicerar med sensorn, och skickar via mobilt nätverk datat till en resultatberäkningsserver. Dessa resultat presenteras sedan på en webbsida. Den krävda batterikapaciteten beräknas utifrån hur mycket ström Raspberry Pi:en använder. Undersökningen visade att datorns maximala strömförbrukning var 798 mA vilket leder till att den krävda batterikapaciteten för att klara en tävlingsdag på 8 timmar är 6384 mA·h.

Darbo objektas: orientavimosi sporto varžybų kokybės gerinimas. Darbo tikslas: nustatyti orientavimosi sporto varžybų kokybės spragas. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Išnagrinėti sporto organizacijos sampratą. 2. Apibrėžti sportinių varžybų organizavimo ypatumus. 3. Atskleisti orientavimosi sporto varžybų organizavimo ir formavimo etapus. 4. Nustatyti orientavimosi sporto varžybų dalyvių masiškumą kintant metams. 5. Atskleisti orientavimosi sporto varžybų organizavimo kokybę. Tyrimo metodai: 1. Mokslinės literatūros analizė; 2. Dokumentų turinio analizė; 3. Anketinė apklausa; 4. Aprašomoji statistika. Rezultatai, išvados, pasiūlymai Šiuolaikinės sporto organizacijos neatsilieka nuo verslo organizacijų, jos sugeba pritaikyti naujausius verslo modelius, technologijas, strateginio valdymo metodus. Gerai organizuotos ir sistemingai vykdomos varžybos turi turėti išliekamąją vertę, bet tik gerai organizuotos varžybos bus naudingos atletams bei teiks malonumą žiūrovams. Orientavimosi sporto varžybų organizavimo ištakos siejamos, nuo turistinių sąskrydžių, kuriuo metu, jų dalyviai, kaip laisvalaikio praleidimo formą įtraukdavo šį sportą. Atlikus tyrimą buvo nustatyta, kad dauguma apklaustųjų yra nusivylę šio sporto organizavimo kokybe. Tačiau paskutiniųjų metų statistiniai duomenys rodo, jog dalyvių masiškumas auga. Atsižvelgus į tyrimo gautus rezultatus galima teigti, jog orientavimosi sporto organizavime yra trūkumu ir juos reiktu gerinti. Tyrimas atskleidžia, kad Lietuvoje trūksta... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The object of the work: orienteering race quality improvement The aim of the work: determine the quality of orienteering event quality gaps. The goals of the work: 1. To examine the concept of sports organizations. 2. To define the specific organization of sporting events. 3. To reveal of orienteering events organizing and formation stages. 4. To estimate orienteering sports participants in a competition with the changing years. 5. To reveal of orienteering events organizing quality. Methods of survey: 1. Analysis of scientific literature; 2. Content analysis of documents: 3. Questionnaire; 4. Descriptive statistics. Modern sports organizations keeping pace with business organizations, they are able to adapt the latest business models, technologies and strategic management. Well organized and systematic race has to have lasting value, but only well-organized race will be useful for athletes and provide enjoyment to the audience. Orienteering race organizing origins are going back to the tourist hiking time. In that time participants include this sport as a leisure form. The investigation found out that most of the respondents are disappointed with the quality of organization of sport. But last year, statistics show that the massification of participants grows. Based on the study results suggest that orienteering is a lack of organization and they should be improved. The study reveals that orienteering organized in Lithuania has weaknesses in a high-level competition, which... [to full text]

Le problème de tournées de véhicules (Vehicle Routing Problem - VRP) est un problème d'optimisation combinatoire utilisé généralement pour modéliser et résoudre des différents problèmes rencontrés dans les systèmes logistiques et de transport. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'étude et la résolution d'une classe de problèmes du VRP appelée les problèmes de courses d'orientation (Team Orienteering Problem - TOP). Dans cette catégorie de problèmes, il est a priori impossible de visiter tous les clients en raison de ressources limitées. On associe plutôt un profit à chaque client qui représente sa valeur. Ce profit est collecté lorsque le client est visité par l'un des véhicules disponibles. L'objectif est donc de sélectionner un sous ensemble de clients à servir tout en maximisant le profit total collecté. Dans un premier temps, nous avons introduit une nouvelle généralisation pour le TOP que nous avons appelé le Clustered TOP ou CluTOP. Dans cette variante, les clients sont regroupés en sous-ensembles appelés clusters auxquels nous associons des profits. Pour résoudre cette variante, nous avons proposé un schéma exact basé sur l'approche des plans sécants avec des inégalités valides supplémentaires et des pré-traitements. Nous avons également conçu une méthode heuristique basée sur l'approche order first-cluster second. Cette heuristique hybride combine une heuristique de type Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search qui explore l'espace des solutions et une procédure de découpage qui explore l'espace de recherche des tours géants. De plus, la procédure de découpage est renforcée par une recherche locale afin de mieux explorer l'espace de recherche. Le deuxième problème traité dans ce travail s'appelle le Synchronized Team Orienteering Problem with Time Windows (STOPTW). Cette variante avait été initialement proposée afin de modéliser des scénarios liés à la protection des infrastructures stratégiques menacées par l'avancée des feux de forêts. En plus des contraintes de fenêtres de temps et des visites synchronisées, cette variante considère le cas d'une flotte de véhicules hétérogène. Pour résoudre ce problème, nous avons proposé une méthode heuristique basée sur l'approche GRASP×ILS qui est parvenue à dominer la seule approche existante dans la littérature. La dernière variante du TOP abordée dans cette thèse s'appelle le Set Orienteering Problem (SOP). Les clients dans cette variante sont regroupés en sous-ensembles appelés clusters. Un profit est associé à chaque groupe qui n'est obtenu que si au moins un client est desservi par le véhicule disponible. Nous avons proposé une méthode de coupes avec deux procédures de séparation pour séparer les contraintes d'élimination des sous-tours. Nous avons également proposé un algorithme Mémétique avec une procédure de découpage optimale calculée à l'aide de la programmation dynamique. / The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is a family of Combinatorial Optimization Problems generally used to solve different issues related to transportation systems and logistics. In this thesis, we focused our attention on a variant of the VRP called the Team Orienteering Problem (TOP). In this family of problems, it is a priory impossible to visit all the customers due to travel time limitation on vehicles. Instead, a profit is associated with each customer to represent its value and it is collected once the customer is visited by one of the available vehicles. The objective function is then to maximize the total collected profit with respect to the maximum travel time. Firstly, we introduced a new generalization for the TOP that we called the Clustered TOP (CluTOP). In this variant, the customers are grouped into subsets called clusters to which we associate profits. To solve this variant, we proposed an exact scheme based on the cutting plane approach with additional valid inequalities and pre-processing techniques. We also designed a heuristic method based on the order first-cluster second approach for the CluTOP. This Hybrid Heuristic combines between an ANLS heuristic that explores the solutions space and a splitting procedure that explores the giant tours search space. In addition, the splitting procedure is enhanced by local search procedure in order to enhance its coverage of search space. The second problem treated in this work is called the Synchronized Team Orienteering Problem with Time Windows (STOPTW). This variant was initially proposed in order to model scenarios related to asset protection during escaped wildfires. It considers the case of a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles along with time windows and synchronized visits. To solve this problem, we proposed a heuristic method based on the GRASP×ILS approach that led to a very outstanding results compared to the literature. The last variant of the TOP tackled in this thesis called the Set Orienteering Problem (SOP). Customers in this variant are grouped into subsets called clusters. Each cluster is associated with a profit which is gained if at least one customer is served by the single available vehicle. We proposed a Branch-and-Cut with two separation procedures to separate subtours elimination constraints. We also proposed a Memetic Algorithm with an optimal splitting procedure based on dynamic programming.

Title: Teaching of orienteering at primary school Author: Bc. Zuzana Procházková Department: Department of Physical Education Supervisor: PhDr. PaedDr. Ladislav Kašpar, Ph.D. Objectives: The aim of this diploma work is to chart the teaching of orienteering at primary schools in Prague and to use a questionnaire-based approach to determine whether orienteering is included within the school curriculum and if so, then how. The secondary objective is to draw up a draft of methods for teaching orienteering. Methods: Data collection was performed using a questionnaire-based approach. The questionnaire was evaluated in the graphs and tables. The method for the secondary objective is a detailed study of the literature and results of the questionnaire. Results: Thirty four physical education teachers participated in the research study. Sixteen teachers include orienteering within their teaching curriculum. The frequency of orienteering teaching is mostly 1-3 times a year. A half of the teachers teach orienteering in PE lessons. More than half of the teachers included orienteering as a part of school trips and courses. Most of them use specialised orienteering maps. All the teachers require that their pupils know how to orientate a map based on the terrain. Keywords: Running, map, compass, terrain,...

Title: Teaching of orienteering at primary school Author: Bc. Zuzana Procházková Department: Department of Physical Education Supervisor: PaedDr. Ivan Přibyl Objectives: The aim of this study is to present orienteering to pupils of primary school. Examine the effect of orienteering on pupils. Introduce history and the rules of orienteering, the system of competitions and the organization of trainings. Familiarize the reader with the other orienteering sports. Present developmental psychology of children aged 11 to 15. To put orienteering in curriculum for primary school. Methods: The method of questioning was used. We also organized the orienteering race for children. The results were evaluated into spreadsheets, graph and commentary was also used. Results: There are pupils from primary school in this research. Pupils are 11-16 years old. Most of the pupils knew about orienteering before this research. Most pupils ran between 15-20 minutes for one kilometre in the race. Fifteen pupils from 95 didn't find the control point. Pupils felt good after the race. Half from them want to participate orienteering race again. Keywords: Running, map, compass, terrain, orienteering, spare time, puberty

Orientavimosi sporto žemėlapis – tai detalus spalvotas topografinis žemėlapis, sudarytas laikantis International Specification for Orienteering Maps ( ISOM2000) reikalavimų. Lietuvos orientavimosi sporto žemėlapių istorija siekia 1965 metus. Tačiau apie jų padėtį Lietuvoje, sudarymo metodikas ir subtilybes nebuvo analizuota, tirta ar aprašyta. Tyrimo tikslas – orientavimosi sporto žemėlapių sudarymo analizė. Šiam tikslui pasiekti buvo naudoti analizės, palyginimo, modeliavimo, apibendrinimo moksliniai metodai. Išanalizavus esamus orientavimosi sporto žemėlapius, pastebėta, kad daugiausiai žemėlapių yra sudarinėjama Vilniaus, Kauno, Utenos, Alytaus ir Klaipėdos apskrityse. Tam įtakos turi reljefo formos, miškingumas, vietovės sudėtingumas. Taip pat nustatyta, kad smulkesnio mastelio žemėlapių (M 1:15000) populiarumas ir poreikis mažėja, o stambesnio (M 1:10000 ir M 1:5000) - didėja. Atlikus sutartinių ženklų analizę, pastebėta, kad OS žemėlapių sudarymui yra naudojama daug ženklų ir specifinių simbolių. Sudarant naujus ar atnaujinant jau padarytus senus orientavimosi sporto žemėlapius naudojama įvairi kartografinė medžiaga, ortofotonuotraukos. Išanalizavus pagrindines Lietuvos georeferencinių duomenų bazes, nustatyta, kad taikant KDB10LT Midi lygį kartu su ORT10LT būtų pasiekiama aukščiausio lygio žemėlapių sudarymo kokybė. O ortofotonuotraukas galima būtų naudoti kaip ortofotožemėlapį jaunųjų orientavimosi sportininkų varžybose, treniruotėse, ar net sukurti naują varžybų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Orienteering sport map is detailed colored topographic map which is made bearing International Specification for Orienteering Maps (ISOM2000) demands. Lithuanian orienteering sport‘s maps history reaches 1965 year. However, there weren‘t analyzed, examined or described their positions, refinements or making methods. Research’s point is orienteering sport’s maps making analysis. Analysis, comparisons, patterning and summation scientific methods were used to reach that point. When orienteering sport’s maps were analyzed, there was noticed that most maps are making in Vilnius, Kaunas, Utena, Alytus and Klaipeda’s regions. It caused by relief’s shapes, wooded places, difficulty of terrain. Also it was ascertained that requirement and popularity of minute scale map’s (scale 1:15000) is decreasing and large-scale maps (scale 1:10000 and 1:5000) increasing. After arbitrary signs analysis were noticed that to make OS maps are used much signs and specific symbols. There are used miscellaneous cartographic materials, ortophotopictures to make new or renew old OS maps. When there was analyzed main Lithuanian georeferentic data bases it was noticed that top quality of map making will be reached then there will be used KDB10LT Midi standards with ORT10LT. Ortophotopictures would be able to use as ortophotomap in junior sportsmen orienteering competitions, training, or even to make new kind of competition.