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6 pp. / The plant nursery business is complex and requires knowledge about the technical aspects of growing plants and managing a business. This publication is an introduction for those interested in starting their own wholesale nursery business. Different types of production systems - container and field production- are discussed as well as the types of plants typically grown in Southwest nurseries. Starting a business involves many decisions that will culminate in the development of a business plan. Resources for new producers include national, regional, and local trade organizations. A worksheet with questions is included to help future operators consider whether they want to start a new wholesale production nursery. Publication AZ1393 Revised 07/2017. Originally published 2006

Growing landscape trees in containers is a common practice in the nursery industry. In the southeastern United States, pine bark is often used as a container substrate, and two common amendments to pine bark are lime and micronutrients. In this study, three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of these amendments on the growth of a wide range of landscape tree species grown in pine bark. In the first experiment, nine species of landscape trees [Acer palmatum (Japanese maple), Acer saccharum (sugar maple), Cercis canadensis (redbud), Cornus florida (flowering dogwood), Cornus kousa (kousa dogwood), Koelreuteria paniculata (golden-rain tree), Magnolia x soulangiana (magnolia), Nyssa sylvatica (blackgum), and Quercus palustris (pin oak)] were grown from seed in two pine barks: pH 4.7 (low) and 5.1 (high). Preplant amendment treatments to each pine bark (Pinus taeda) were: with or without dolomitic limestone (3.57 kg.m-3) and with or without micronutrients (0.9 kg.m-3, Micromax™). The same experiment was repeated using Koelreuteria paniculata and Quercus palustris, the same lime and micronutrient treatments, and two pine barks: pH 5.1 (low) and 5.8 (high). In both experiments, micronutrients increased shoot dry mass and height for all species, while lime decreased shoot dry mass and height for all species. Effect of bark type in the first experiment was variable, while shoot dry mass and height were highest in the low pH bark when the experiment was repeated. Substrate solution element concentrations increased when micronutrients were added, decreased when lime was added, and in general, concentrations were higher in low pH bark than in high pH bark. In the third experiment, Koelreuteria paniculata was grown from seed in pine bark amended with 0, 1.2, 2.4, or 3.6 kg.m-3 dolomitic limestone and 0 or 0.9 kg.m-3 micronutrients (Micromax™). Initial pH for each lime rate was 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5, respectively. Adding micronutrients increased shoot dry mass and height. Lime increased growth only at the 1.2 kg.m-3 rate. In general, substrate solution element concentrations increased when micronutrients were added and decreased when lime was added. In all three experiments, adding micronutrients was necessary regardless of pine bark pH, while adding lime was not necessary. / Master of Science

Im Zeitraum von 2008 bis 2011 wurden jährlich über 140 Stauden sowie weitere 120 Staudenarten aus Zwiebeln und Knollen als Schnittblume aus dem Freiland getestet. Ergebnis ist ein 77 Arten umfassendes Sortiment von Stauden mit guten Anbaueigenschaften und Stielqualitäten, die für den zeitigen Absatz bis Ende Juni empfohlen werden. Das Empfehlungssortiment an Schnittstauden aus Zwiebeln und Knollen umfasst 73 Kulturen. Die vorgestellten »Pillnitzer Wochensträuße« verdeutlichen die vielfältigen Möglichkeiten, ab Mitte April ohne Verfrühungsmaßnahmen Schnittblumen von Stauden im Freiland zu erzeugen. Beispielrechnungen zeigen, dass sich mit Schnittstauden im Freilandanbau gute Erlöse erzielen lassen. Investitionen und Energiekosten fallen nicht an bzw. sind gering.

Orientador: Lilian Beatriz Penteado Zaidan / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T07:49:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_VanessaReboucasdos_D.pdf: 832172 bytes, checksum: fd8402411397a7ed317acd370f3b06a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O mercado mundial da floricultura tem incentivado a introdução e produção de novas plantas tropicais, cujas formas inusitadas, exuberantes e coloridas têm alto potencial ornamental. No Brasil, o cultivo para a produção de flores tropicais vem aumentando, graças às condições ambientais favoráveis, à disponibilidade de terras, água e energia, além da mão de obra relativamente barata, que incidem diretamente na qualidade do produto e possibilitam custos competitivos nos mercados externos. Porém, existem limitações para a expansão de produtos novos, dentre elas, a falta de informação quanto às condições de cultivo intensivo de espécies potenciais e a sua conservação em condições tropicais. As espécies do gênero Costus (Costaceae) vêm despertando grande interesse ornamental devido às suas inflorescências que apresentam beleza e exoticidade. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar o crescimento, a propagação, a floração e os carboidratos de reserva em plantas de Costus arabicus L. cultivadas sob condições de casa de vegetação, com vistas a oferecer conhecimento fisiológico e informações técnicas para o cultivo dessa espécie como planta ornamental. Plantas de C. arabicus foram transplantadas para vasos e mantidas sob condições de casa de vegetação. As plantas foram submetidas a tratamentos fotoperiódicos de 8, 12, 16 e 20 h, avaliando-se o crescimento vegetativo (brotações, hastes, altura e número de folhas) e a floração. Para o estudo da propagação vegetativa, os rizomas de C. arabicus foram divididos em suas regiões distal, mediana e proximal e cultivados em diferentes épocas: plantio realizado em julho (inverno), com as plantas matrizes em estádio prévio à floração; plantio realizado em novembro (primavera), com as plantas matrizes em floração; e plantio realizado em março (outono), com as plantas matrizes em estádio vegetativo. A floração foi avaliada pelo aparecimento de botão floral, pela fase de desenvolvimento da inflorescência, número de flores desenvolvidas e tempo decorrido da antese até a senescência da flor. Foram realizadas análises de amido e carboidratos solúveis (açúcares totais e redutores) do rizoma e foram registradas a massa fresca (MF) e a massa seca (MS) da parte aérea e do rizoma e calculada a razão MF/MS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. As médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas segundo Tukey com 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados indicaram que as variáveis de crescimento analisadas foram influenciadas pelo fotoperíodo e favorecidas por dias longos. De modo geral, a capacidade propagativa do rizoma independe da região utilizada, porém a região proximal favoreceu a formação de brotos, principalmente no verão. Plantas de C. arabicus têm ciclo de desenvolvimento anual, com uma fase de crescimento vegetativo, latência no crescimento na época do inverno e floração entre novembro e abril. Botões florais foram observados em todos os tratamentos fotoperiódicos e, portanto, a indução floral não foi uma resposta qualitativa a esse fator ambiental. Contudo, a resposta de floração, com base nos diversos aspectos avaliados foi favorecida no fotoperíodo de 16 h e em termos quantitativos, fotoperíodo de 8 h foi desfavorável para a floração. A melhor época de plantio visando à floração foi no mês de julho, pois o processo de floração ocorreu após apenas quatro meses de cultivo das plantas, quando comparadas com as plantas obtidas de rizomas cultivados em novembro e março, que levaram aproximadamente 12 e 8 meses, respectivamente, para florescer. O amido foi considerado o principal carboidrato de reserva do rizoma e foi hidrolisado durante o processo de floração, enquanto os açúcares totais foram utilizados como fonte primária de energia para a brotação dos rizomas de plantas de C. arabicus. Os resultados obtidos do crescimento, propagação vegetativa e floração permitem que as plantas de C. arabicus possam ser aproveitadas como plantas ornamentais, visto que suas características morfológicas, como a filotaxia em espiral, a inflorescência esverdeada, as flores brancas com labelo róseo, são aspectos interessantes para o mercado da floricultura. / Abstract: The world market for floriculture is encouraging the introduction and production of new tropical plants, with their unusual forms, exuberant and colorful, with high ornamental potential. In Brazil, the cultivation for production of tropical flowers are increasing due to, favourable environmental factors, availability of land, water, energy and relatively cheap labour which reflects directly on the quality of the products and offers competitive costs in foreign markets. But there are limitations to the expansion of new products, including the misinformation about the conditions of intensive cultivation of new plant species and their potential conservation in tropical conditions. The species of the genus Costus (Costaceae) are attracting great interest because of their ornamental flowers with high beauty and exoticity. The objective of this work was to study propagation, growth, flowering and the reserve compounds in plants of Costus arabicus L. growing under glasshouse conditions, aiming to offer technical information and physiological knowledge for the cultivation of this species as an ornamental plant. Plants of C. arabicus were transplanted to pots and kept under the conditions of a greenhouse. The plants were subjected to photoperiodic treatments of 8, 12, 16 and 20 h. Vegetative growth (shoots, stems, height and number of leaves) and flowering were evaluated. For vegetative propagation, rhizomes of C. arabicus were divided in their distal, middle and proximal regions and were grown in different seasons: planting held in July (winter), when the plants were in a stage prior to flowering; planting held in November (spring), when the plants were flowering and planting held in March (autumn), when the plant were in vegetative stage. Flowering was assessed by the appearance of floral buds, the developmental stage of the inflorescence, the number of flowers developed and elapsed time from anthesis to senescence of the flower. Analysis of soluble starch and carbohydrates (total and reducing carbohydrates) of rhizome were performed. Fresh mass (FM) and dry matter (DM) of the shoot and the rhizome were recorded to calculate the ratio FM/DM. The experimental design was a completely randomized. The averages were compared according to Tukey at 5% probability. The results indicated that the growth of variables analyzed were influenced by photoperiod and favored by long days. In general, the ability of the rhizome to propagate not depends on the region used, but the proximal region favored vegetative growth development, formation of shoots, the development of rods, plant height and number of leaves, mainly on summer. Plants of C. arabicus have annual cycle of development, with a phase of vegetative growth, followed by latency of winter season and flowering between November and April. Floral buds were observed in all photoperiodic treatments, and therefore floral induction was not a qualitative response to this environmental factor. However, the response of flowering, based on the various aspects assessed was favored in the photoperiod of 16 h in quantitative terms, photoperiod of 8 h was unfavorable for flowering. The best season for flowering was when planting is in July, because the process of flowering occurred after only four months of cultivation of the plants, when compared with the plants obtained from rhizomes, cultivated in November and March, which brought about 12 and 8 months, respectively, to flower. Starch was considered the main carbohydrate reserve of rhizome and noted that it was hydrolyzed during the process of flowering, while the total sugar were used as a primary energy source for the sprouting of the rhizomes. The results of growth, vegetative propagation and flowering allow the plants of C. arabicus can be used as ornamental plants since its morphological characteristics, such as spiral phytolaxy, the green inflorescence, and the white flowers with pink labelo, are interesting aspects to the market for floriculture. / Doutorado / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

Am Standort Dresden-Pillnitz wurde von 2009 bis 2011 an neuen Lösungen für eine programmierte Produktion von Pelargonien und Poinsettien geforscht. Ziel war eine verbesserte Nutzung der Steuerungstechnik in den Gewächshäusern für eine energiesparende, umweltfreundliche und sichere Produktion. Mit speziellen Softwarebausteinen auf dem Bedienungs-PC der Gewächshäuser lassen sich 10 bis 20 Prozent Heizenergie und damit CO2-Emissionen einsparen. Weitere Bausteine überwachen die reale Wärme- und Lichtentwicklung und nehmen automatische Anpassungen an die Jahreswitterung vor. Eine mengenbilanzierte Düngung sichert die bedarfsgerechte Nährstoffversorgung für die geplante Pflanzengröße. Die neuen Lösungen verringern den Kontroll- und Bedienaufwand und erhöhen die Kultursicherheit. Für Pelargonien und Poinsettien werden spezielle Kombinationen von Programmbausteinen empfohlen.

An Zierpflanzen im Gewächshaus wurden mengenbilanzierte Düngungsverfahren getestet. Die Düngegaben erfolgten in Wochenportionen per Hand, mit Dosiergeräten, per Düngecomputer oder als Depotdünger. In die Versuche wurden Pelargonien, Sommertopfkulturen im Gewächshaus, Poinsettien und Cyclamen einbezogen. Wochenportionen können nur bei einheitlichen Anbausätzen je Bewässerungseinheit realisiert werden. Der Kostenaufwand bei Depotdünger beträgt das Dreifache gegenüber einer Bewässerungsdüngung. Allerdings sind die Düngeverluste geringer. Mit einer mengenbilanzierten Düngung lassen sich Über- und Unterversorgung der Pflanzen vermeiden.

Im Zeitraum von 2008 bis 2011 wurden jährlich über 140 Stauden sowie weitere 120 Staudenarten aus Zwiebeln und Knollen als Schnittblume aus dem Freiland getestet. Ergebnis ist ein 77 Arten umfassendes Sortiment von Stauden mit guten Anbaueigenschaften und Stielqualitäten, die für den zeitigen Absatz bis Ende Juni empfohlen werden. Das Empfehlungssortiment an Schnittstauden aus Zwiebeln und Knollen umfasst 73 Kulturen. Die vorgestellten »Pillnitzer Wochensträuße« verdeutlichen die vielfältigen Möglichkeiten, ab Mitte April ohne Verfrühungsmaßnahmen Schnittblumen von Stauden im Freiland zu erzeugen. Beispielrechnungen zeigen, dass sich mit Schnittstauden im Freilandanbau gute Erlöse erzielen lassen. Investitionen und Energiekosten fallen nicht an bzw. sind gering.