Epithelial ovarian cancer frequently metastasizes to the omentum, a process that requires pro-angiogenic activation of local microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) by tumour-secreted factors. We have previously shown that ovarian cancer cells secrete factors, other than vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), with possible roles in metastatic angiogenesis including the lysosomal proteases cathepsin L (CathL) and cathepsin D (CathD), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7). However, the mechanisms by which these factors may contribute to omental endothelial angiogenic changes are unknown. Therefore the aims of this thesis were a) to examine disease relevant human omental microvascular endothelial cell (HOMEC) proliferation, migration and angiogenesis tube-formation induced by CathL, CathD and IGFBP7; b) to investigate whether CathL and CathD act via a proteolytic or non-proteolytic mechanism; c) to identify activated downstream intracellular signalling cascades in HOMECs and their activation in proliferation and migration; and finally d) to identify activated cell surface receptors by these factors. CathL, CathD and IGFBP7 significantly induced proliferation and migration in HOMECs, with CathL and CathD acting in a non-proteolytic manner. Proteome-profiler and ELISA data identified increased phosphorylation of the ERK1/2 and AKT (protein kinase B) pathways in HOMECs in response to these factors. CathL induced HOMEC proliferation and migration via the ERK1/2 pathway, whereas, although CathD-induced proliferation was mediated by activation of ERK1/2, its migratory effect was dependent on both ERK1/2 and AKT pathways. Interestingly, CathL induced secretion of galectin-1 (Gal1) from HOMECs which in turn significantly induced HOMEC proliferation via ERK1/2. However, none of the ERK1/2 or AKT pathways was observed to be active in Gal1-induced HOMEC migration. Interestingly, Gal1-induced proliferation and migration were significantly inhibited by L-glucose, suggesting a role for a receptor with extracellular sugar moieties. IGFBP7-induced migration was shown to be mediated via activation of the ERK1/2 pathway only. CathL, Gal1 and IGFBP7 significantly induced angiogenesis tube-formation in HOMECs which was not observed in CathD-treated cells. Receptor tyrosine kinase array revealed activation of Tie-1 and VEGF receptor type 2 (VEGFR2) in CathL and IGFBP7-treated HOMECs respectively. In conclusion, all CathL, CathD, Gal1 and IGFBP7 have the potential to act as proangiogenic factors in the metastasis of ovarian cancer to the omentum. These in vitro data suggest all four factors activate intracellular pathways which are involved in well-known angiogenesis models.

Cancer, which is characterised by aggressiveness and increased capacity for metastatic spread still requires basic researchers and clinicians to direct enormous efforts toward the development of novel therapeutic targets. Potential novel targets can be identified and exploited in combination with currently existing therapeutic approaches to improve their efficacy and overcome treatment resistance of tumour cells, protecting the patient from recurrence. To achieve this, different strategies and techniques can be proposed to identify the most promising candidate molecules for further exploitation as therapeutic targets. Human epidermal growth factor receptors (HERs) and NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) are regulators of cellular proliferation and determinants of cancer initiation and progression. NRF2 and HERs confer cancers with resistance to several therapeutic agents. Nevertheless, there is limited understanding of the regulation of HER expression and activation, and the link between NRF2 and HER signalling pathways. This research has demonstrated that pharmacological activation of NRF2 by tert-butyl hydroquinone (tBHQ) upregulates the expression of HER family receptors, HER1 and HER4, elevates phospho protein kinase B (pAKT) levels, and enhances the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Pharmacological inhibition using retinoic acid (RA) and bexarotene and genetic inhibition using small interfering RNA (siRNA), did the opposite. Further, tBHQ caused transcriptional induction of HER1 and HER4 with different levels of expression, while siRNA-mediated knockdown of NRF2 prevented this and further caused transcriptional repression. A panel of potent NRF2 inhibitors were screened with the hope of finding the most potent for further investigation. Bexarotene was found to be the most potent and was used either alone, or in combination with lapatinib or erlotinib. The use of these drugs in combination with bexarotene resulted in the repression of HER1, HER2, HER3 and HER4 expression, inhibition of NRF2, elevation of ROS, depletion of glutathione and enhanced cytotoxicity in PEO1, OVCAR3, SKOV3 and MCF7-AREc32 cell lines. This explained the crosstalk mechanism between HER receptor family and NRF2 and the role of NRF2 in drug resistance and as a relevant anti-cancer target which opens up novel avenues of targeting HER receptor kinase family and NRF2 pathways for improving cancer therapy.

Survival rates in cancers have improved vastly over the years. However, some survival rates remain extremely low, as is the case for ovarian and lung cancer. The lack of robust and reliable biomarkers is strongly reflected in the absence of pre-screening programs, and as such, most patients in these cancer types are diagnosed only in advanced stages, leaving few treatment options. Moreover, relapse and resistance to therapies adds to the complexities of treating these diseases, even in the era of targeted drug development. Research has shown the presence of cancer material, in the form of circulating cancer cells (CTCs) and genomic material in the blood of patients, opening the possibility of 'liquid biopsies'. Liquid biopsies allow sampling of the disease to provide phenotypic and genomic data on the cancer in real-time and on a routine basis. Moreover, they overcome obstacles currently faced by conventional tissue biopsies. In this work we evaluate the use of a novel CTC imaging flow-cytometry platform, and report the ability to characterise and quantify these cells in blood samples. Moreover, we report significantly higher levels of CTCs in cancer patients compared to controls, and found them to be associated with a poorer prognosis. In particular, in lung cancer we observe these findings even in the early stages, suggesting a potential diagnostic use for this assay. We detect a similar trend in when analysing the ctDNA and suggest the possibility of using this technique with a prognostic value in the advanced setting. We also report on the analysis of existing microarray data by use of unique gene regulatory networks to identify biomarkers of interest. RAD51AP1 was identified by this process. Clinical validation revealed an over-expression of this gene in both tissue and blood of ovarian and lung cancers. Moreover, the gene over-expression was associated with a poor overall survival. Functional analysis in vitro revealed silencing RAD51AP1 suppressed tumour growth, in addition, various tumorigenic proteins were down-regulated, whilst apoptotic and immune genes were up-regulated. These results suggest a role for RAD51AP1 as a potential therapeutic target. In this study, we also demonstrate the ability to further exploit tumour genomic material in the blood by means of RNAseq, cancer panels, and CNI scoring to identify novel markers, that play an important role in disease genesis and evolution. RNAseq analysis identified XIST as a gene up-regulated in the blood and tissue of lung cancers. The ovarian cancer panels revealed 2 unique gene signatures in the ovarian cancer patients. With the CNI analyses also highlighting chromosomal aberrations from plasma analysis of cancer patients. Collectively, the use of all these techniques and exploitation of available blood based biomarkers could see significant improvements to survival rates in these, currently devastating diseases.

Le cancer du sein est le cancer le plus fréquent et la première cause de mortalité par cancer chez la femme dans le monde [1]. De nombreux facteurs participent au développement de cette maladie et les gènes BRCA1 et BRCA2 sont particulièrement impliqués. En effet, des mutations dans ces deux oncosuppresseurs sont responsables de 5 à 10% des cancers du sein héréditaires [2]. De plus, une baisse de leur expression est retrouvée dans un grand nombre de cancers du sein sporadiques [3]. Les mutations héréditaires des gènes BRCA1 et BRCA2 sont également à l’origine de cancers de l’ovaire [4]. Ce cancer est beaucoup moins fréquent que le cancer du sein, mais il est associé à un mauvais pronostic. En plus de ces facteurs génétiques, des facteurs hormonaux semblent également intervenir dans les processus de carcinogenèse mammaire et ovarienne, mais aussi des facteurs environnementaux et plus particulièrement l’alimentation. En effet, la consommation de soja, fréquente dans certaines régions de l’Asie serait responsable d’une diminution du risque de développer un cancer du sein dans les pays Asiatiques par rapport aux pays Occidentaux. Ce sont les phyto-oestrogènes contenus dans le soja qui agiraient, grâce à leur similarité de structure avec le 17-β-oestradiol de la femme [5]. Les phyto-oestrogènes du soja pourraient également agir sur le développement du cancer de l’ovaire puisque celui-ci est un cancer oestrogéno-dépendant, comme le cancer du sein. L’équipe Nutrition et Cancer du Département d’Oncogénétique du Centre Jean Perrin étudie les effets potentiellement préventifs des phyto-oestrogènes du soja dans le processus de cancérogenèse. Une première étude, menée au sein de l’équipe, a montré que l’expression des gènes BRCA1 et BRCA2 dans la glande mammaire pouvait être modulée par la consommation de soja chez des rates ovariectomisées [6]. Aussi, des études transcriptomiques, ont montré que les conséquences de l’inactivation des oncosuppresseurs BRCA1 et BRCA2 par l’utilisation d’un petit ARN interférent dans les cellules mammaires pouvaient être contrées par un traitement avec les phyto-oestrogènes du soja [7, 8]. Suite à l’émergence de travaux montrant des effets des phyto-oestrogènes du soja sur la méthylation de l’ADN, et la présence de méthylation dans le promoteur des gènes BRCA1 et BRCA2 dans les cancers sporadiques du sein, nous avons voulu voir si les phyto-oestrogènes du soja pourraient agir directement sur la méthylation de ces deux oncosuppresseurs, que nous avons au préalable mis en évidence dans les cancers du sein et de l’ovaire. / Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide [1]. Many factors contribute to the development of this disease and the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are particularly involved. Indeed, mutations in these two oncosuppressors are responsible for 5 to 10% of hereditary breast cancers [2]. In addition, a decrease in their expression is found in a large number of sporadic breast cancers [3]. Hereditary mutations of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are also at the origin of ovarian cancers [4]. This cancer is much less common than breast cancer, but it is associated with a poor prognosis. In addition to these genetic factors, hormonal factors also seem to be involved in the processes of breast and ovarian carcinogenesis, but also environmental factors and more particularly food. Soybean consumption, which is common in some parts of Asia, is thought to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer in Asian countries compared to Western countries. It is the phytoestrogens contained in soy that act, thanks to their similarity of structure with the 17-β-estradiol of the woman [5]. Soy phytoestrogens may also affect the development of ovarian cancer since it is an estrogen-dependent cancer, such as breast cancer. The Nutrition and Cancer team of the Department of Oncogenetics at the Jean Perrin Center is studying the potentially preventative effects of soy phytoestrogens in the carcinogenesis process. A first study, conducted within the team, showed that the expression of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in the mammary gland could be modulated by the consumption of soy in ovariectomized rats [6]. Also, transcriptomic studies have shown that the consequences of the inactivation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 oncosuppressors by the use of a small interfering RNA in mammary cells could be countered by treatment with soy phytoestrogens [7, 8]. Following the emergence of studies showing the effects of soy phytoestrogens on DNA methylation, and the presence of methylation in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene promoter in sporadic breast cancers, we wanted to see if the soy phytoestrogens could directly affect the methylation of these two oncosuppressors, which we have previously identified in breast and ovarian cancers.

by Yang Lei. / Publication date from spine. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-126). / Acknowledgement --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Abbreviations --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.4 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.41 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.58 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.86 / References --- p.110 / Appendix --- p.120 / Publications --- p.125 / Illustrations --- p.127

O câncer de mama (CM) é o segundo tipo de câncer mais comum no mundo. Sabe-se que a maior incidência de CM ocorre nas mulheres pós-menopausa, entretanto é crescente o número de mulheres jovens acometidas por esta doença. O tratamento do CM pode incluir: quimioterapia, radioterapia e/ou hormonioterapia. A quimioterapia, por se ser um tratamento sistêmico, pode causar importantes efeitos colaterais, entre eles a falência ovariana induzida por quimioterapia (FOIQ). As principais consequências da FOIQ são a infertilidade, além de complicações tardias relacionadas à diminuição do estrogênio, como a osteoporose e doenças cardiovasculares. O regime quimioterápico TC, adota a associação do docetaxel com a ciclofosfamida, como uma opção por fármacos que resultem numa taxa de sobrevida livre do câncer, e menores efeitos colaterais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos tardios no ovário causados pelo tratamento com a associação dos quimioterápicos docetaxel e ciclofosfamida (TC), em modelo animal com ratos Wistar. Para verificar o sinergismo desses quimioterápicos e assim analisar o efeito da administração conjunta, ratos Wistar fêmeas foram divididos em dois grupos: um grupo controle e um grupo que recebeu quimioterapia (TC). Os animais foram submetidos a eutanasia cinco meses após o fim do tratamento, e foram recolhidos o plasma e os ovários. Foram observadas alterações importantes. O nível de estradiol no plasma foi significativamente reduzido no grupo de TC em comparação com o grupo controle. Além disso, o número de núcleos apoptóticos foi maior no grupo TC. O papel da resposta inflamatória no desenvolvimento da lesão ovariana foi também investigado, e notou-se um aumento do número de mastócitos, e aumento da expressão de Fator de Necrose Tumoral-α (TNF-α) no grupo TC. O envolvimento de fibrose nesse processo, foi também investigado. Os resultados mostraram que níveis de expressão de Fator de Crescimento Tumoral-β1 (TGF-β1), Colágeno Tipo I (Col-I) e Colágeno Tipo III (Col-III) estavam maiores no grupo TC em comparação com o grupo de controle. A análise ultraestrutural revelou a presença de feixes de colágeno no grupo tratado, e mostrou que a arquitetura do tecido do ovário estava mais desorganizada neste grupo comparado ao grupo controle. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que a combinação de ciclofosfamida e docetaxel, um recente regime quimioterápico proposto para o tratamento do CM, pode levar a importantes alterações no ovário. O processo inflamatório, desencadeado pela administração dos quimioterápicos, estimula a apoptose e liberação de TGF-β no estroma ovariano, que induz a produção de matriz extracelular e subsequente, substituição do tecido sadio por tecido fibrótico. A principal consequência deste processo é a diminuição, ou perda, da função ovariana, levando à menopausa precoce e possível infertilidade. É importante compreender os mecanismos envolvidos na infertilidade provocada pelo regime TC, a fim de estudar novos métodos que evitem este efeito indesejável em mulheres submetidas a tratamento do CM. / Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer worldwide. It is known that the highest incidence of BC occurs in postmenopausal women, however an increasing number of young women have been affected by this disease. CM treatment may include: chemotherapy, radiotherapy and/or hormonotherapy. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment that can cause significant side effects, including the ovarian failure induced by chemotherapy (CIOF). The main consequences of CIOF are infertility, and late complications related to the reduction of estrogen, such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. The chemotherapy regimen TC, adopts the combination of docetaxel with cyclophosphamide as an option by drugs that result in rate of survival free cancer, and fewer side effects. This study aimed to determine the late effects in the ovary caused by the treatment with the combination of two chemotherapy agents: docetaxel and cyclophosphamide (TC), using an animal model with Wistar rats. To check the synergism of these chemotherapy agents and thus analyze the effect of co-administration, Wistar female rats were divided into two groups: a control group and a TC group. They were subjected to euthanasia five months after the end of treatment, and their plasma and ovaries were collected. Important alterations were noted. The plasma estradiol level was significantly reduced in the TC group compared with the control group. Additionally, the number of apoptotic nuclei was higher in the TC group. The role of the inflammatory response in the development of ovarian damage was investigated, and we found an increased number of mast cells and increased expression of Tumor necrosis fator-α (TNF-α) in the TC group. The involvement of fibrosis was also investigated. The results showed that the TC group had increased expression levels of Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), Collagen Type I (col-I) and Collagen Type III (col-III) compared with the control group. Ultrastructural analysis revealed the presence of collagen bundles in the treated group and showed that the ovarian tissue architecture was more disorganized in this group than in the control group. The results of this study indicate that the combination of cyclophosphamide and docetaxel, a recent proposed chemotherapy regimen for the treatment of CM can lead to significant changes in the ovary. The inflammatory process, triggered by the administration of chemotherapy, stimulates apoptosis and release of TGF- β1 in ovarian stroma, which induces extracellular matrix production, and subsequent, replacement of healthy tissue by fibrous tissue. The main consequence of this process is the reduction or loss of ovarian function, leading to early menopause and possible infertility. It is important to understand the mechanisms involved in the infertility provoked by the TC treatment, in order to study new methods which avoid this undesirable effect on women submitted to BC treatment.

Le pronostic des cancers ovariens reste sombre, en particulier en raison du retard diagnostic. Les traitements actuels associent une chirurgie de cytoréduction complète à l'administration de chimiothérapie à base de sels de platine. Les métastases viscérales sont rares dans cette pathologie, et la maladie est longtemps localisée à la cavité péritonéale. Pour cette raison, une attention particulière est portée au traitement des métastases péritonéales. Il est admis en effet que le facteur principal de réduction des récidives est l'absence de résidu tumoral en fin d'intervention. Malgré les progrès et la standardisation des techniques chirurgicales, la chirurgie de cytoréduction macroscopiquement complète, associée à une chimiothérapie efficace, ne prévient pas la survenue des récidives qui concerneront 60% des femmes en rémission à l’issu de ce traitement.Parmi les hypothèses expliquant ce taux élevé de récidive, l’existence d’une maladie microscopique résiduelle à l’issu de la chirurgie est évoquée. Le traitement de cette maladie microscopique représente un nouveau défi à relever pour les oncologues médicaux et les chirurgiens, et de nouvelles stratégies sont à développer dans ce domaine.Notre objectif est de réaliser la destruction ciblée par thérapie photodynamique (PDT) des métastases péritonéales microscopiques qui sont ignorées lors de la chirurgie. Nous espérons ainsi diminuer l’incidence des récidives locales qui concernent la majorité des patientes. Pour apporter la preuve de l’efficacité de cette stratégie innovante, un ciblage thérapeutique est indispensable car le développement de la PDT dans cette indication est limité par la mauvaise tolérance des tissus sains.Nous présentons ici les résultats précliniques obtenus in vitro et in vivo pour l’évaluation de photosensibilisateurs couplés à l’acide folique (PS1 et PS2) et ainsi dirigés vers le récepteur au folate, récepteur membranaire spécifique des cancers épithéliaux de l’ovaire (CEO).Nous avons travaillé sur des lignées cellulaires murine (NuTu-19) et humaines (SKOV-3, OVCAR-3) de CEO et sur un modèle animal de carcinose péritonéale. Après validation du modèle animal pour l'évaluation de molécule couplée à l'acide folique, nous avons montré la bonne spécificité du PS1 pour sa cible tumorale, meilleure que celle rapportée pour les autres photosensibilisateurs utilisés dans cette indication. Les lignées cellulaires émettent une fluorescence détectable après mise en culture dans un milieu enrichi en PS ce qui indique leur capacité à incorporer la molécule d’intérêt. Cette fluorescence a été détectée par spectrofluorimétrie (PS1 et PS2) et en photodiagnostic (PS2) in vivo au niveau des métastases péritonéales. La PDT permet d'obtenir la mort cellulaire des cellules humaines in vitro avec une excellente efficacité. Les premières données précliniques obtenues in vitro sur lignées humaines indiquent que la PDT utilisant un photosensibilisateur couplé à l'acide folique pourrait avoir des applications en immunothérapie.Un photosensibilisateur spécifique pourrait autoriser le développement d'une technique de PDT sure et efficace et jouer ainsi un rôle dans le traitement et la prévention des récidives péritonéales des cancers épithéliaux de l'ovaire. / Ovarian cancer’s prognosis remains dire after primary therapy. The standard of care remains debulking surgery in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy. This consists of either primary debulking surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy or neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval debulking surgery, depending on FIGO stage and predictive factors concerning residual macroscopic disease after surgery. Recurrence rate is disappointingly high as 60-80% of women with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) considered in remission will develop recurrent disease within five years. Special attention to undetected peritoneal metastases and residual tumorous cells during surgery is necessary as they are the main predictive factors of recurrences.An option to improve the completion of cytoreductive surgery is using photodynamic therapy (PDT) to induce necrosis of micrometastases. A limit of this technique is the toxicity induced by the low photosensitizer (PS) specificity for tumor tissue if the light cannot be specifically applied. This would be the case in advanced ovarian cancer. To solve this problem, a solution is the design of selective PS, that is to say PS coupled to a unit that target over-expressed receptors on tumor cells. Approximately, 72-100% of ovarian carcinoma overexpress Folate Receptor α (FRα) in particular the serous carcinoma. FRα is absent in most of the healthy tissues; thus, representing a promising target for EOC targeted therapy.We present preclinical results of in vitro and in vivo studies concerning properties of folic-acid targeted photosensitizers (PS1 and PS2). Those studies have been performed on murine and human cell lines of EOC and on a preclinical model of peritoneal carcinomatosis (Fisher F344 rat / NuTu-19 cell line). Results suggest that specificity for ovarian cancer metastases is better than previously reported with other photosensitizer. Fluorescence emission was higher in peritoneal metastases than in liver and healthy peritoneum. Tissue quantification of the PS showed specific incorporation of the folate-targeted PS within tumor tissue. Folic acid targeted PDT induced cellular death on EOC human cell lines.Specific PS may allow the development of efficient and safe intraperitoneal PDT procedure which could play a role in the prevention of EOC peritoneal recurrences.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as associações entre a ocorrência de estro após os protocolos de sincronização da ovulação e diâmetro folicular no momento da inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) nas respostas ovarianas e na taxa de concepção após IATF em fêmeas zebuínas de corte. Assim, avaliaram-se as possíveis implicações práticas do uso dessas informações para a melhoria dos programas de IATF em fêmeas zebuínas lactantes. Essa tese é dividida em três capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, estudou-se a associação entre o diâmetro folicular no momento da IATF com as respostas das fêmeas após sincronização da ovulação e IATF. Observou-se que o aumento do diâmetro folicular no momento da IATF aumenta tanto a taxa de ovulação, quanto a taxa de concepção após IATF. O segundo capítulo relata a realização de quatro estudos onde foram avaliadas as associações da ocorrência de estro no intervalo entre o final do protocolo de sincronização e o momento da IATF na resposta ovariana e a taxa de concepção após a IATF. Foi observado que a ocorrência de estro após o protocolo de sincronização está associada à melhores respostas ovarianas, melhor função luteínica no ciclo subsequente e melhor taxa de concepção após IATF. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo trata da utilização das informações supracitadas para a seleção de fêmeas com maior probabilidade de gestação após IATF para receberem sêmen sexado. Os resultados são indicativos de que é possível obter maiores taxas de concepção após uso de sêmen sexado ou convencional nas fêmeas selecionadas pela ocorrência de estro ou pela presença de folículo de maior diâmetro no momento da IATF. Portanto, estratégias para melhorar a ocorrência de estro e o diâmetro folicular no momento da IATF são importantes para o sucesso dos programas de sincronização da ovulação para IATF de fêmeas zebuínas, e tais critérios podem ser utilizados na seleção de fêmeas de melhor resposta para receberem sêmen sexado. / The objective of the present thesis was to evaluate the associations between the occurrence of estrus after synchronization of ovulation protocols and ovarian follicle diameter at the timed artificial insemination (TAI) on ovarian responses and conception rates after TAI in Zebu beef females. Finally, there were evaluated some practical tools using established information to select cows to receive great value semen during TAI program. This thesis was divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, it was evaluated the association between ovarian follicle diameter at the TAI moment on ovarian responses and pregnancy per TAI. It was observed that the increase in the ovarian follicle diameter at TAI increases both the ovulation and conception rates following the TAI synchronization protocol. In the second chapter, there were four studies in which was analyzed the effect of occurrence of estrus between the end of the synchronization protocol and the IATF. It was observed that the occurrence of estrus after synchronization protocol is associated with higher ovarian responses, greater luteal function on subsequent estrous cycle and higher pregnancy per TAI. Finally, the third chapter, the established information were used to select females with greater odds of pregnancy to receive sex-sorted sperm. It was possible to obtain higher conception rates following the selection of females through the occurrence of estrus or the presence of larger ovarian follicle at the time of TAI after the use either sex-sorted or non sex-sorted sperm. Therefore strategies to improve the occurrence of estrus and the ovarian follicle diameter at TAI moment are important to improve the reproductive outcomes following synchronization of ovulation protocols for TAI in lactating zebu cows. Besides, such selection criteria can be used to select females with greater odds of pregnancy to receive sex-sorted sperm.

Lau, Shuk Wa. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-102). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Thesis Committee --- p.i / Abstract (in English) --- p.ii / Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.iv / Acknowledgement --- p.v / Table of content --- p.vi / List of figures --- p.ix / Symbols and abbreviations --- p.x / Chapter Chapter 1 --- General Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Structure of ovarian follicles --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Folliculogenesis and its control --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Ovarian follicle growth and development --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Follicle recruitment and regulation --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Oocyte maturation and ovulation --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Intercellular communication between oocytes and somatic cells --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3 --- Overview of proteomics --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Mass spectrometry --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of the study --- p.15 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Proteomic Analysis of Folliculogenesis in Zebrafish Ovary --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Animals --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Isolation of ovarian follicles --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Protein extraction and quantification --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Two-dimensional electrophoresis --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Staining --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- In-gel digestion --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Mass spectrometry --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Establishment of the protein profiles of different follicle stages --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Mass spectrometry analysis on the differentially expressed proteins --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.27 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Characterization of Y-box Binding Protein 1 (YB-1) in Zebrafish --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Animals --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Isolation of ovarian follicles --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Protein extraction and quantification --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- SDS polyacrylaminde gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Western blot analysis --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- RNA isolation and reverse transcription --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Semi-quantitative RT-PCR quantification of expression --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Data analysis --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- Immunohistochemistry --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.10 --- Cloning of full-length ybl cDNA from zebrafish ovary and construction of recombinant plasmid for expressing ybl --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.11 --- Expression and purification of recombinant zebrafish YB-1 protein --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.12 --- Immunoprecipitation --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Confirmation of the presence of YB-1 --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Tissue distribution of YB-1 protein and ybl gene expression in zebrafish --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Stage distribution of YB-1 protein and ybl gene expression in ovarian follicles --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Localization of YB-1 protein within the ovarian follicle --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Degradation of YB-1 in the ovary --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Production of recombinant YB-1 (zfYB-1) --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Identification of YB-1 -bound partners --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.61 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- General Discussion --- p.77 / References --- p.84

A Síndrome dos Ovários Policísticos (SOP) afeta uma grande parcela da população feminina em idade reprodutiva. Além das alterações morfológicas, hormonais e metabólicas, essas mulheres também apresentam uma alta prevalência de obesidade e alterações no controle autonômico cardiovascular de acordo com a literatura, principalmente modificações na modulação autonômica da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC). No entanto, pouco sabemos sobre outros parâmetros do controle autonômico, como a variabilidade da pressão arterial (VPA) e a sensibilidade barorreflexa (SBR). Portanto, o principal objetivo do estudo foi investigar em mulheres com a SOP as alterações na modulação autonômica da VPA e na SBR, bem como avaliar se essas alterações são decorrentes da SOP ou do aumento da gordura corporal. Para tanto, foram estudadas 30 mulheres voluntárias eutróficas (IMC ? 25 kg/m2) sem a SOP e 60 mulheres voluntárias com a SOP divididas em dois grupos: eutróficas (IMC ? 25 kg/m2; N=30) e obesas (IMC ? 30 kg/m2; N=30). Todas as mulheres foram submetidas aos seguintes protocolos; coleta de sangue para hemograma completo; avaliação antropométrica e avaliação de parâmetros metabólicos e hormonais em repouso; registro de parâmetros hemodinâmicos e cardiorrespiratórios em repouso e durante o exercício físico; análise da VFC e da VPA; e análise da SBR espontânea. A comparação entre os grupos eutróficos com e sem SOP não apresentou qualquer diferença nos parâmetros autonômicos avaliados. No entanto, a comparação entre os grupos SOP mostrou que o grupo SOP obeso apresentou menores valores de VO2 e testosterona, e maiores valores de triglicerídeos e da pressão arterial em relação ao grupo SOP eutrófico. Quanto aos parâmetros autonômicos, os grupos obeso e eutrófico não diferiram na análise da VPA. Entretanto, o grupo SOP obeso apresentou menores valores da SBR espontânea e das oscilações de baixa frequência (LF) da VFC em unidades absolutas. Por fim, nossos resultados sugerem que a obesidade pouco alterou a VFC em mulheres com SOP, entretanto reduziu sensivelmente a SBR espontânea. Esses achados podem estar associados com diferenças hormonais encontradas nessas mulheres, como os níveis séricos de testosterona mais elevados no grupo eutrófico. / Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) affects a large proportion of the female population at reproductive age. In addition to morphological, hormonal and metabolic alterations, these women also present a high prevalence of obesity and alterations in cardiovascular autonomic control according to the literature. Mainly modifications in the autonomic modulation of heart rate variability (HRV). However, we do not know much about other parameters of autonomic control, such as blood pressure variability (APV) and baroreflex sensitivity (SBR). Therefore, the main objective of the study was to investigate in women with PCOS changes in the autonomic modulation of APV and SBR, as well as to assess whether these alterations are due to PCOS or increased body fat. In order to do, 30 eutrophic non-PCOS voluntary women (BMI ? 25 kg / m2) and 60 voluntary PCOS women who were studied in two groups: PCOS eutrophic (BMI ? 25 kg / m2, N = 30) and PCOS obese women (BMI ? 30 kg / m2, N = 30). All the women were submitted to the following protocols; collection of blood for complete blood count; anthropometric evaluation and evaluation of metabolic and hormonal parameters at rest; recording of hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory parameters at rest and during physical exercise; analysis of HRV, APV and spontaneous SBR analysis. The comparison between the eutrophic PCOS and nonPCOS groups showed no difference in the autonomic parameters evaluated. However, the comparison between the PCOS groups showed that the PCOS obese group presented lower values of VO2 and testosterone, and higher triglyceride values and blood pressure in relation to the PCOS eutrophic group. Regarding the autonomic parameters, the PCOS obese and eutrophic groups did not differ in the APV analysis. However, the PCOS obese group presented lower values of spontaneous SBR and low frequency oscillations (LF) of HRV in absolute units. Finally, our results suggest that obesity did not significantly alter HRV in women with PCOS, but it significantly reduced spontaneous SBR. These findings may be associated with hormonal differences found in these women, such as higher serum testosterone levels in the PCOS eutrophic group.