La majorité des auteurs qui s’intéressent à la surqualification la comprennent et l’analysent habituellement comme une situation de suréducation ou de déclassement scolaire. Ce mémoire fait l’hypothèse que le sens qu’accordent les individus au fait d’être surqualifié est beaucoup plus large. Même s’il est raisonnable de croire que la majorité des diplômés espèrent pouvoir obtenir un emploi à la hauteur de leur diplôme, le fait de définir le sentiment de surqualification de façon substantialiste, en ne considérant que le niveau de diplôme obtenu par le travailleur et exigé par l’employeur, semble quelque peu réducteur. Le sentiment de surqualification naît d’un jugement social : il est empirique, contextualisé et dynamique. À la croisée des mesures objectives et subjectives, nous explorons ainsi les facteurs explicatifs du sentiment de surqualification chez les diplômés canadiens à partir d’une analyse statistique des déterminants de ce sentiment dans les premières années qui suivent l’obtention de leur diplôme d’études postsecondaires. Nous montrons d’abord que l’utilisation de compétences en emploi et le lien entre le diplôme obtenu et l’emploi expliquent bien plus le sentiment de surqualification que la suréducation objective. Nous montrons aussi que l’impact du niveau d’utilisation d’une compétence donnée sur le sentiment de surqualification varie substantiellement selon le domaine d’études du diplômé et la nature de cette compétence. / The majority of researchers who study occupational overqualification interpret it as mainly a matter of overeducation. This analysis shows that the issue of overqualification has a broader interpretation than these authors have shown. One assumes that a graduate hopes to obtain a position commensurate with his level of education, but we also have to consider other factors that explain overqualification. The notion of overqualification comes from a social judgment: it is empirical, contextualized and dynamic. As there are objective and subjective measures, we explore the different factors that contribute to the perception of overqualification in Canadian postsecondary graduates. Statistical analysis is used to identify such factors in these individuals during their first years after graduation. Initially, we show that work skills and the link between the diploma earned and the employment obtained explains much more about the feeling of overqualification than solely the matter of overeducation. We also demonstrate that the impact of the extent a given skill is used on the feeling of overqualification varies substantially according to the graduate’s field of study and the nature of the particular skill utilized.

Cette thèse propose une analyse empirique et comparative des conditions d’emploi des descendants d’immigrés en France et aux États-Unis. L’objectif est de mieux caractériser l’intégration sur le marché du travail des descendants d’immigrés, en adoptant une approche multidimensionnelle. La comparaison entre la France et les États-Unis permet de mettre en lumière les dimensions sur lesquelles portent les inégalités en termes de conditions d’emploi entre les descendants d’immigrés et de natifs dans chacun des pays, afin de mieux spécifier ces inégalités. Notre analyse explore dans un premier chapitre, le déclassement professionnel, dans un deuxième chapitre, trois aspects de la sécurité socio-économique de la qualité de l’emploi et enfin, dans un dernier chapitre, la distribution des écarts de salaire. Bien que des écarts en termes de conditions d’emploi existent dans les deux pays en défaveur des descendants d’immigrés, ces écarts ne semblent pas être le résultat d’inégalités mais plutôt d’effets de structure, telles que les différences d’âge ou de niveau d’éducation entre les deux groupes. Les professions et secteurs d’activité dans lesquels les descendants d’immigrés travaillent expliquent aussi ces écarts. Les résultats montrent des similarités entre les deux pays : une fois le biais de sélection à l’accès à l’emploi pris en compte, le fait d’avoir des parents immigrés n’a pas d’effet significatif sur le déclassement professionnel (chapitre 1) mais un effet positif et significatif sur le salaire (chapitre 2). En revanche, les deux pays se distinguent sur plusieurs points. En France, être descendant d’immigrés contribue à significativement freiner l’accès à l’emploi et à diminuer la sécurité de l’emploi. En revanche, aux États-Unis cela a un effet négatif uniquement sur le temps de travail (chapitre 2). Cette thèse défend la prise en compte de l’hétérogénéité qui existe au sein de la population des descendants d’immigrés en termes de pays d’origine de leurs parents. En effet, des effets contradictoires selon le pays d’origine des parents peuvent conduire à des effets non significatifs au niveau agrégé, comme c’est le cas pour le déclassement par exemple. Le dernier chapitre montre un écart salarial plus marqué pour les bas salaires dans les deux pays, avec toutefois comme différence majeure que ce qui reste inobservable contribue à diminuer l’écart salarial entre descendants de natifs et d’immigrés aux États-Unis mais à l’augmenter en France. / The comparison between France and the United States shows how the inequalities in terms of employment conditions between descendants of immigrants and of native-born persons differ.This thesis proposes an empirical and comparative analysis of the employment conditions of immigrants’ offspring in France and in the United States. The goal is to better characterise the labour market integration of immigrants’ offspring, taking a multidimensional approach. The comparison between France and the United States highlight the dimensions of inequalities in terms of employment conditions between the descendants of immigrants and of native-born in each of country, henceforth improving the characterisation of these inequalities. Our analysis explores overeducation in a first chapter, in a second chapter, three aspects of the socio-economic security of job quality and in a final chapter, the distribution of wage differentials. Although differences in terms of employment conditions exist in both countries to the detriment of immigrants’ offspring, these differences do not appear to be the result of inequalities but rather of structural effects such as differences in age or education level between the two groups. The occupations and sectors of activity in which descendants of immigrants work also explain these differences. The results show similarities between the two countries. Once the selection bias to access employment is taken into account, having immigrant parents has no significant effect on overeducation (chapter 1) but a positive and significant effect on wages (chapter 2). On the other hand, the two countries differ on several points. In France, having immigrant parents significantly restricts the access to employment and lowers job security. However, in the United States, there is a negative effect only on working time (chapter 2). This thesis advocates for the consideration of the heterogeneity that exists within the population immigrants’ offspring, according to their parents’country of origin. Indeed, contradictory effects according to the parents’ country of origin may lead to non-significant effects at the aggregate level, as is the case for overeducation, for example. The final chapter shows a wider wage gap for low-wage workers in the two countries. Nevertheless, the major difference between the two countries is that the unobservable component contributes to narrowing the wage gap between natives and of immigrants but to increasing it in France.

The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the problem of population ageing in terms of the cessation of professional activity (and especially premature labour market withdrawals) and non-medical care needs of persons who are dependent or have lost their autonomy, in order to provide the various public and private administrations active in these fields with some food for thought.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-05-02T12:09:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Wanderson Silva Leite - 2018.pdf: 1714753 bytes, checksum: 565588d43ed3f6e17426d164348bb3a5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-05-02T12:57:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Wanderson Silva Leite - 2018.pdf: 1714753 bytes, checksum: 565588d43ed3f6e17426d164348bb3a5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-02T12:57:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Wanderson Silva Leite - 2018.pdf: 1714753 bytes, checksum: 565588d43ed3f6e17426d164348bb3a5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-29 / This study’s objective is to verify the relation between the overeducation phenomenon and the experiences of pleasure-suffering in the work of assistant servants in administration at a Federal Teaching Institution, located in Goiânia- Go. Therefore, it aims to describe the organization of the work to which the workers are submitted, to investigate their experiences of pleasure-suffering, to describe the strategies of mediation of the suffering in the work used by these workers and to analyze the overeducation process in the researched institution. The Psychodynamics of Work is used as the main theory to achieve the objective, by understanding the organization of work as the way tasks are defined, divided and distributed, the way the prescriptions are conceived, as well how do the fiscalization, the control, the order, the direction and the hierarchy occurs. The pleasure-suffering are defined as experiences of anguish, fear, unsafeness, recognition and liberty of speech. Mediation strategies are responses to the contradictions of the organization of the work, avoiding or transforming the situations that lead to suffering. The overeducation is concerned as a phenomenon in which the worker presents level of schooling above the required for its occupation. The research’s data were collected by: a) meetings with the directors of the searched organ, in order to delineate the research and explain the way as it would be lead; b) participating visit to an operating unit (campus); c) analysis of documents and texts referring to the organ; d) five individual interviews with middle-level servants who already had undergraduate and / or postgraduate degrees when they joined the institution. These interviews were analyzed by Content Analysis and described as the results of the present document. The results indicate lack of autonomy of the servers in the decision making; lack of recognition on the part of the direction; bureaucratic rigidity; meaningless activities; use individual defensive strategies as ways of dealing with the difficulties described; existence of servers in situations of overeducation. The results suggest that over- educated servants enjoy a false sense of pleasure, which actually camouflages the suffering of performing meaningless activities. / Este estudo objetiva verificar a relação entre o fenômeno da sobreeducação (overeducation) e as vivências de prazer-sofrimento no trabalho de servidores assistentes em administração em uma Instituição Federal de Ensino, localizada em Goiânia-Go. Para tanto, busca descrever a organização do trabalho a que os servidores estão submetidos, investigar suas vivências de prazer-sofrimento, descrever as estratégias de mediação do sofrimento no trabalho utilizadas por esses trabalhadores e analisar o processo de sobreeducação na instituição pesquisada. Tem como aporte teórico a psicodinâmica do trabalho, no qual a organização do trabalho é conceituada como a forma como as tarefas são definidas, divididas e distribuídas, a forma como são concebidas as prescrições,bem como a forma como se operam a fiscalização, o controle, a ordem, a direção e a hierarquia. O prazer-sofrimento é estudado como um constructo dialético, sendo definido como vivências de angústia, medo, insegurança, reconhecimento e liberdade de expressão. As estratégias de mediação visam responder às contradições da organização do trabalho, evitando ou transformando as situações geradoras de sofrimento. Já a sobreeducação é entendida como fenômeno em que o trabalhador apresenta nível de escolaridade acima do requerido para sua ocupação. As etapas de pesquisa foram: a) reuniões com a direção do orgão pesquisado, a fim de delinear a pesquisa e explicar o modo como ela seria conduzida; b) observação participante em uma unidade de funcionamento (campus); c) análise de documentos e textos referentes ao órgão; d) cinco entrevistas semi- estruturadas individuais com servidores ocupantes de cargo de nível médio que já possuíam graduação e/ou pós-graduação quando ingressaram na instituição. Essas entrevistas foram analisadas por meio da Análise de Conteúdo e apresentadas nos resultados da presente dissertação. Nota-se falta de autonomia dos servidores na tomada de decisão; ausência de reconhecimento por parte da chefia; rigidez burocrática; atividades desprovidas de sentido; uso estratégias defensivas individuais como formas de lidar com as dificuldades descritas; existência de servidores em situação de sobreeducação. Os resultados sugerem que os servidores sobreeducados desfrutam de uma falsa sensação de prazer, que, na verdade, camufla o sofrimento decorrente do desempenho de atividades desprovidas de sentido.

Cette thèse porte sur l'insertion professionnelle des étudiants. Ellesoulève en particulier deux questions : la question des possibilités objectivesd'insertion professionnelle pour les diplômés de l'enseignement supérieur, et apporteainsi une contribution au débat sur la dévalorisation des diplômes ; la question del'expérience de l'insertion professionnelle des jeunes dans le contexte institutionnelet social français marqué par la nécessité de s'établir professionnellement.Les figures de « l'intello précaire » ou de « l'ouvrier bachelier » incarnent lesdifficultés d'emploi d'une jeunesse qualifiée. Ce phénomène doit être relativisé : lesjeunes diplômés du supérieur ont des niveaux de chômage beaucoup plus faiblesque les non-diplômés. Les mesures habituelles de la rentabilité des diplômes sontrassurantes : une année d'études supérieures supplémentaire continue d'apporter unsurcroit de revenu de 8%. La dévalorisation des diplômes ne serait alors qu'un« mythe ». Ces constats optimistes reposent cependant sur des indicateurs trèsagrégés : les performances en termes d'insertion professionnelle sont appréciées enfonction du nombre d'années d'études ou du niveau de diplôme. On mesure parexemple les chances d'insertion professionnelle des bacheliers et des titulaires demaster et l'on compare les rentabilités relatives des diplômes. Les études sont donccomprises comme un ensemble homogène de savoirs : les parcours, les contextesd'enseignement, l'intensité du travail de chaque étudiant, et, surtout, la spécialité dediplôme poursuivie sont gommées dans la mesure traditionnelle de la rentabilité desdiplômes. Cette thèse, à partir d'une analyse secondaire de données quantitatives,cherche à préciser cette mesure en réintroduisant la spécialité de diplôme. Onobserve alors qu'à niveau de diplôme équivalent, il existe de fortes disparités entreles spécialités de formation dans la probabilité de s'insérer et dans la qualité desemplois occupés. La spécialité détermine autant que le niveau de formation l'accès àun emploi qualifié. Ainsi, ce travail conclut à l'existence d'effets d'inflation scolairelocaux, situés sur des spécialités de formation précises. / This thesis focuses on the transition to work of students. It raises especially twoquestions: the question of objective employability opportunities for graduates of higher education,and makes in this way a contribution to the debate on the devaluation of diplomas ; the questionof the experience of the professional integration of young people in the French institutional andsocial context marked by the need to establish professionally.Figures of "intello précaire" or "ouvrier bachelier" embody the employment difficulties ofskilled youth. This phenomenon must be relativized: young university graduates have much lowerlevels of unemployment than non-graduates. Standard measures of profitability diplomas shouldlead to optimism : an additional year of higher education continues to provide 8% additionalincome. The devaluation of diplomas seems to be a "myth." However, these optimisticconclusions are based on highly aggregated indicators : the performance in terms of professionalintegration are assessed according to the number of years of schooling or the level of education.One measures for example the chances of employability of baccalauréat graduates and of masterholders and compares the relative profitability of these diplomas. In this way, the studies areunderstood as a continuum of knowledge : educational contexts, work intensity of each student,and especially the field of education pursued are not considered in the traditional measure ofprofitability diplomas. This thesis, based on a secondary analysis of quantitative data, precisesthis traditional measure by reintroducing the field of education. One can notice that at the samelevel of degree, there are wide disparities between training specialties in the probability of findingskilled jobs. The field of education determines as much as the level of training access to a skilledjob. Thus, this work concludes at the existence of local overeducation effects, located on specifictraining specialties.

This thesis investigates overeducation as an aspect of integration among the second generation in Western Europe. As the second generation grows and establishes themselves in the labour market, research about their labour market outcomes becomes increasingly important. Using nine rounds (2002-2018) of the European Social Survey (ESS), this thesis investigates the impact of being a second generation on the probability of being overeducated in Western Europe. An overeducation-measure is developed using the realised matches-approach and weighted linear probability models are performed on pooled and country-stratified samples. The thesis takes into account labour market supply-and demand-side characteristics to discuss possible mechanisms behind the results. The results show that across Western Europe, the second generation faces a higher probability of being overeducated compared to their native counterparts. The UK stands out, where the second generation is subject to an 8,53-percentage point higher probability of being overeducated than the natives. Parental origin and level of education are important supply-side factors, where the second generation with parents from non-EU countries and those with non-tertiary educated parents have higher probabilities of being overeducated. On the demand-side, employment and unemployment protection regulations are associated with overeducation, where stricter employment protection and higher net replacement rates in unemployment is associated with lower probabilities of overeducation among the second generation. This thesis highlights the importance of assessing the labour market supply- and demand-side characteristics in research about labour market outcomes for the second generation, and contributes to the research field with the comparative perspective.

Ce mémoire analyse l’évolution de la prévalence de la surqualification en emploi au Québec à l’aide des données des recensements de 1971 à 2016. Les travaux portant sur l'évolution de la surqualification au Québec n’ont traité au plus que de la période allant de 1990 à 2012 et ont peu pris en considération certains facteurs de différenciation importants (niveau de diplôme, domaine d’études, âge, cohorte, genre, immigration). Ce mémoire cherche à combler ces lacunes pour mieux comprendre de quoi relève cette évolution. L’étude des dynamiques de la surqualification se révèle particulièrement riche dans la mesure où elle permet de mettre à l’épreuve un large spectre de théories concernant les rapports entre l’éducation et l’emploi. On analyse d'abord les évolutions respectives et conjointes de la structure des diplômes au sein de la population active et de la structure de la qualification des emplois. Alors qu’en 1971 le nombre d’emplois hautement qualifiés dépassait le nombre de travailleurs disposant d’un niveau de diplôme correspondant, ce rapport s’est inversé au fil du temps. Dans le contexte d’une hausse rapide des niveaux de scolarité et d’une hausse moindre de la qualification des emplois, le nombre de diplômés du postsecondaire a dépassé le nombre d’emplois qualifiés correspondants, si bien que la surqualification apparaît de plus en plus comme une situation d’emploi structurellement inévitable pour une partie des travailleurs. Au fil des dernières décennies, les taux de surqualification au sein de la population active ont augmenté, en partie sous l’effet mécanique de la hausse de la diplomation et donc du nombre de travailleurs susceptibles de connaître une situation de surqualification, mais aussi comme résultat d’une hausse des chances de surqualification à niveau de diplôme égal. Les dynamiques derrière cette hausse des chances de surqualification varient selon le niveau de diplôme. Dans l’ensemble, en ce qui a trait à l’accès à l’emploi qualifié, le diplôme devient de plus en plus nécessaire, et de moins en moins suffisant. Des modèles âge-période-cohorte sont utilisés pour estimer les effets respectifs des différentes dimensions de l’évolution dans le temps. Des effets de cohorte influençant les probabilités de surqualification des travailleurs sont observables. Les effets de l’âge prennent une forme en « U », les plus jeunes et les plus âgés étant les plus à risque de connaître une situation de surqualification. Les différences dans les évolutions de la surqualification en fonction du genre et du fait d’être né au Canada ou hors du Canada sont aussi examinées. / This thesis analyzes the evolution of the prevalence of overqualification in Quebec using census data from 1971 to 2016. Until now, studies on the evolution of overqualification in Quebec have covered at most the period from 1990 to 2012 and have paid little attention to certain important factors of differentiation (education level, field of study, age, cohort, gender, immigration). This thesis seeks to fill this gap. Studying the dynamics of overqualification is particularly valuable in that it allows us to test a wide variety of theories regarding the relationships between education and employment. I first analyze changes over time in the structure of educational qualifications in the workforce and in the structure of the skill levels of jobs, as well as in the overlap between these structures. Whereas in 1971 the number of high skilled jobs was higher than the number of workers holding corresponding degrees, this situation was reversed over time. Due to the rapid rise in educational attainment and the slower rise in the skill level of jobs, the number of postsecondary graduates has outpaced the number of corresponding jobs, meaning that overqualification is increasingly becoming structurally inevitable for some workers. Over the past decades, overqualification rates in the labour force have increased, in part simply as a result of the increase in educational attainment and therefore of the number of workers for whom it is possible to experience overqualification, but also as a result of an increase in the risks of overqualification among graduates with the same level of education. Overall, when it comes to access to high skilled jobs, educational credentials are becoming both more necessary and less sufficient. Age-period-cohort models are used to estimate the respective effects of these different dimensions of change over time. Cohort effects on the probability of overqualification are observed. Age effects take a "U" shape, the youngest and oldest workers showing the highest risks of overqualification. Differences by gender and place of birth (Canada or outside Canada) are also examined.

The imbalance in the labor market between the supply of and demand for skills is a widespread phenomenon that may contribute to unemployment and lower productivity and competitiveness. This diploma thesis aims to explore and understand the complex phenomena of skill mismatches on the labor market. As skill mismatch manifests itself in various forms, there exist different but also related concepts of educational or qualification and skill mismatches. In the first part a clear distinction between skill and qualification mismatch is made, the links between different types of mismatches are described and the debate of using each of the concepts is situated as well as the comparison of advantages and disadvantages of different concepts. Next part of this thesis concerns also with potential causes of mismatches in the labor market as well as its consequences and implications for individuals, businesses and society as a whole. In the next section, the information on possible measures of educational or qualification and skill mismatches is offered and the comparison of these measures is made. A new approach for measuring skill mismatch is introduced. Due to published results from PIAAC survey, which contains measures of skill proficiency and also information about qualifications, educational as well as...

The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the problem of population ageing in terms of the cessation of professional activity (and especially premature labour market withdrawals) and non-medical care needs of persons who are dependent or have lost their autonomy, in order to provide the various public and private administrations active in these fields with some food for thought. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished