<p>In patients with unstable coronary artery disease (CAD) biochemical markers are emerging as useful tools in clinical management. In this thesis we studied the use of markers of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and renal function.</p><p>Our study populations consisted of unstable CAD patients included in the Fast Revascularisation during Instability in Coronary artery disease (FRISC)-II trial and healthy controls. Patients were followed for 2 years regarding death and myocardial infarction (MI).</p><p>Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, we found that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL), especially when combined with high-density lipoprotein, compared to traditionally measured lipids/lipoproteins, and a new lipoprotein marker, lipoprotein associated-phospholipase A2, was better at discriminating between healthy controls and CAD patients. In patients, OxLDL was found to be an independent prognostic marker associated with an increased risk of MI, of particular use in patients with no evidence of myocardial necrosis. </p><p>In our study on the effects of an early invasive treatment strategy in unstable CAD patients with mild to moderate renal dysfunction (i.e. creatinine clearance <90mL/min) we found that in patients randomized to invasive treatment, the rates of death/MI and MI alone were significantly lower than in patients randomized to non-invasive treatment. In patients treated invasively, no detrimental effects were seen on renal function at follow-up at 6 months. </p><p>In healthy controls, we investigated new markers of renal (cystatin C) and cardio-renal function (N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide, [NT-proBNP]) regarding reference levels and physiological determinants. We found that cystatin C is influenced by age whereas NT-proBNP is influenced by age and gender.</p><p>Our studies suggest that OxLDL and renal dysfunction are associated with a poor prognosis in unstable CAD patients and that these markers demonstrate potential for clinical use. In the search for new markers related to renal function we have contributed with reference levels of cystatin C and NT-proBNP. </p>

In patients with unstable coronary artery disease (CAD) biochemical markers are emerging as useful tools in clinical management. In this thesis we studied the use of markers of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and renal function. Our study populations consisted of unstable CAD patients included in the Fast Revascularisation during Instability in Coronary artery disease (FRISC)-II trial and healthy controls. Patients were followed for 2 years regarding death and myocardial infarction (MI). Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, we found that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL), especially when combined with high-density lipoprotein, compared to traditionally measured lipids/lipoproteins, and a new lipoprotein marker, lipoprotein associated-phospholipase A2, was better at discriminating between healthy controls and CAD patients. In patients, OxLDL was found to be an independent prognostic marker associated with an increased risk of MI, of particular use in patients with no evidence of myocardial necrosis. In our study on the effects of an early invasive treatment strategy in unstable CAD patients with mild to moderate renal dysfunction (i.e. creatinine clearance &lt;90mL/min) we found that in patients randomized to invasive treatment, the rates of death/MI and MI alone were significantly lower than in patients randomized to non-invasive treatment. In patients treated invasively, no detrimental effects were seen on renal function at follow-up at 6 months. In healthy controls, we investigated new markers of renal (cystatin C) and cardio-renal function (N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide, [NT-proBNP]) regarding reference levels and physiological determinants. We found that cystatin C is influenced by age whereas NT-proBNP is influenced by age and gender. Our studies suggest that OxLDL and renal dysfunction are associated with a poor prognosis in unstable CAD patients and that these markers demonstrate potential for clinical use. In the search for new markers related to renal function we have contributed with reference levels of cystatin C and NT-proBNP.

Among the numerous beneficial effects of phospholipides can highlight their role in protecting the cardiovascular system and improving memory and learning. These effects can be partially explained by the fact that phospholipids are rich in polyunsaturated (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) or essential fatty acids. Thus, it is very significant to explore potential food sources containing polyunsaturated rich phospholipids for the development new food products supplemented with phospholipids.This work allowed a series method for the extraction, purification, separation and quantification of phospholipids in order to characterize the polyunsaturated phospholipid sources. Food supplementation with polyunsaturated phospholipids rises however the question of their stability during food processing at high temperature. Then we have developed methods to identify phospholipids degradation products and determine their kinetics of the oxidation during thermal treatment which is a widespread food processing.Phospholipids (PE and PC) are more stable than triacylglyceride, this is due to the presence of an amino group in the molecule.

Aims: This study uses radiological and clinical evaluations of the healing of endosseous titanium implants presented with different surface characteristics in the clinical situation (paper I-III) and experimentally to describe the early bone healing in maxillary sinus membrane elevation with and without the use of grafting material (paper IV). Material and methods: In paper I, 136 patients were treated with 394 dental implants – 199 were oxidized titanium implants (Nobel Biocare TiUnite) and 195 were turned titanium surface implants (Nobel Biocare Mark III). Implant survival rates were retrospectively investigated after a minimum of five months after functional loading of the implants. At the five-year follow-up (paper II), eight patients were deceased and 128 were invited. Twenty-five patients refrained from participating in the study. The remaining 103 patients (287 implants – 133 with a turned surface and 154 with an oxidized surface) were examined after at least five years of functional loading. Clinical examinations of bleeding on probing (BoP) and pocket depth (PD) were performed. Intraoral radiographs were used to assess marginal bone levels (MBLs). In paper III, 28 patients were subjected to autologous bone graft and delayed implant placement, with a total of 92 dental implants. Thirteen patients received 47 implants with a turned surface and 15 patients received 45 implants with an oxidized surface. After a minimum of five years of functional loading, all patients were clinically examined regarding PD and BoP. The MBL was measured in intraoral radiographs. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was used to evaluate the apical bone level (ABL) of the implants and intra-sinus conditions. The experimental study (paper IV) used nine adult male tufted capuchin primates (Cebus apella). Eight animals were subjected to bilateral maxillary sinus membrane elevation using a lateral replaceable bone window technique. One oxidized dental implant was placed in the residual bone of the sinus floor, protruding into the maxillary sinus cavity on both sides. In four animals, one sinus was left without any additional treatment, while the contralateral sinus was filled with autologous bone grafts from the tibia. In two animals, the implants were inserted under the elevated sinus membrane on both sides. In two animals, the sinus membrane was totally removed bilaterally before placement of implants. The animals were euthanized after 10 (n=4) or 45 (n=4) days. One non-operated animal representing pristine tissue conditions served as the control. The maxillary sinuses with implants were retrieved and further processed to prepare light microscopic ground sections or decalcified sections for immunohistochemical analyses. Results: In paper I seven implants were lost in five patients – six in the maxilla and one in the mandible. All failed implants were Mark III turned implants. The overall implant survival rate was 98.2% with a survival rate of 96.4% for implants with turned surface after a minimum of five months after functional loading. In paper II, one additional oxidized implant failed, giving an overall cumulative survival rate of 94.7 and 99.4%, respectively, after at least five years of functional loading. There was no difference for BoP, PD, or MBL between turned and oxidized implants. A total of two implants, three oxidized and one turned, showed a PD &gt; 3 mm, MBL &gt; 4 mm, and BoP. However, none of these were associated with suppurative infection on examination. In paper III no difference was found between the two implants surfaces used in terms of PD, BoP, MBL, or ABL. Pathological reactions to the sinus membrane were seen in four of the patients (14%). Radiographic signs of sinus pathology were not correlated to either survival rate of the implants or any of the investigated parameters. In the experimental paper IV, bone formation started from the bottom of the sinus floor, sprouting into the granulation tissue along the implant surface under the elevated membrane irrespective of time and surgical technique. Bone formation was not seen in direct conjunction with the sinus membrane. A distinct expression of osteopontin was observed in the serous glands of deeper portion of the lamina propria in direct connection with the elevated sinus membrane and close to the implant within all groups. Conclusion: After more than five years of function in non-grafted patients, oxidized implants had a survival rate higher than turned implants, although this was not statistically significant. No difference was found in MBL, PD, or BoP. Grafting of the maxillary sinus floor with intra- orally harvested bone and delayed placement of either turned or oxidized implants resulted in equally high long-term survival rates, MBL, ABL, and BoP. Pathological findings in the maxillary sinus cavity, in terms of sinus membrane health, are few and not correlated to any of the other investigated parameters. In the experimental study bone formation after sinus membrane elevation with or without additional bone grafts started at the sinus floor and sprouted into the elevated space along the implant surface. Removal of the membrane resulted in less bone formation. The sinus membrane did not seem to present osteoinductive potential in sinus membrane elevation procedures.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Michel Oliveira da Silva Dantas / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2016. / Sensores de vacuo sao amplamente utilizados tanto no ambito industrial como no da pesquisa cientifica, pois possuem aplicacoes em diversas tecnicas de fabricacao e de analise, como a microscopia eletronica de varredura (MEV), a litografia por feixe de eletrons, e a espectrometria de massa, entre outras. Dentre os diversos tipos de sensores de vacuo destacam-se os baseados em efeito de campo (FE - Field Emission Device), que sao dispositivos que emitem eletrons em vacuo na presenca de um elevado campo eletrico. A literatura destaca diversas vantagens destes dispositivos: operacao em temperatura ambiente, reducao de consumo de potencia e tensao de operacao, obtencao de altas densidades de correntes em areas reduzidas, e rapido tempo de resposta. Existem diversas tecnicas de microfabricacao que podem ser utilizadas para obtencao de dispositivos FE, destacando-se a tecnica HI-PS (gHydrogen Implantation . Porous Siliconh), que proporciona baixa complexidade e custo. No entanto, para obtencao de FEs com sistema anodo-catodo integrado, a tecnica HI-PS apresenta algumas limitacoes, como o elevado numero de etapas de processo, a necessidade de elevada temperatura e tempo de oxidacao, e principalmente a isolacao eletrica deficiente entre as estruturas do anodo e do catodo, propiciando a existencia de correntes de fuga pelo gcorpoh do dispositivo. Frente a estes problemas, este trabalho apresenta estrategias estudadas para aprimorar a tecnica HI-PS de microfabricacao de dispositivos de emissao de campo integrados. Visando a reducao do numero de etapas de processo e a eliminacao de defeitos, inicialmente, foi estudada a utilizacao de fotorresiste como mascara a implantacao ionica de hidrogenio. Esta estrategia se mostrou viavel, resultando na formacao seletiva de silicio poroso e na obtencao de micropontas (catodos) com altura em torno de 10 ¿Êm e diametro dos apices em torno de dezenas de nanometro, dimensoes estas atestadas por MEV. Tambem foi pesquisada a utilizacao de fotorresiste como camada dieletrica, que se mostrou inviavel para a aplicacao proposta devido aos valores de correntes de fuga relativamente elevados. Para melhorar a isolacao eletrica entre as estruturas do anodo e do catodo, a estrategia pesquisada foi a utilizacao de oxido de silicio poroso (Ox-PS) como camada dieletrica entre as referidas estruturas. Para obtencao do Ox-PS, foram estudados diferentes parametros de oxidacao, como temperatura, tempo de processo, gradiente de temperatura de oxidacao (pre-oxidacao), e processo de recozimento termico pos-oxidacao em ambiente Forming Gas. Para as caracterizacoes morfologicas do Ox-PS, foram analisados, por meio de microscopia otica, parametros como espessura, estabilidade estrutural, taxa de corrosao e oxidacao total da camada PS, sendo este ultimo realizado atraves da tecnica Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Para a caracterizacao eletrica da corrente de fuga, foram confeccionados dispositivos MOS, caracterizados eletricamente por aparato constituido por um analisador de parametros semicondutores. O Ox-PS obtido com T = 1000 ¿C, t = 1 h, e com recozimento termico pos-oxidacao em ambiente Forming Gas apresentou significativa reducao da corrente de fuga (de 30 nA para 0,125 nA), comprovando, deste modo, sua potencialidade para a aplicacao proposta. Ja na fabricacao do FE integrado, o Ox-PS obtido nestas condicoes apresentou elevada instabilidade estrutural, gerando a necessidade de implementar processos de pre-oxidacao para obtencao da estrutura anodo-catodo integrada. Atraves dos parametros adequados, foi finalmente comprovada a viabilidade da otimizacao da tecnica HI-PS atraves das estrategias estudadas, possibilitando a fabricacao do dispositivo FE integrado contendo micropontas de alturas de aproximadamente 10 micrometros e apices da ordem de dezenas de nanometros circundadas pela estrutura do anodo com distancias de separacao de aproximadamente 20 micrometros. Com a otimizacao dos processos de fabricacao, almeja-se futuramente implementar o dispositivo FE integrado obtido por HI-PS no desenvolvimento de sensores compactos e de baixo custo e complexidade de fabricacao. / Vacuum sensors are widely used in industry and in scientific research, because they can be applied in several fabrication and analysis techniques, such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), electron beam lithography and mass spectrometry, for example. Among the large number of vacuum sensors, we can highlight the Field Emission Devices (FE), which are devices that emit electrons in vacuum environment when submitted to a high electric field. The literature reports several advantages of these devices: operation at room temperature, low power consumption, high current densities in small areas, and fast response times. Several microfabrication techniques allow obtaining FE devices, including the HI-PS (Hydrogen Implantation ¿ Porous Silicon) technique, which is remarkable due to its low complexity and cost. However, HI-PS presents some limitations when applied to obtain FE with integrated anode-cathode system: high number of process steps, high temperature and oxidation times, and mainly the poor electrical insulation between anode-cathode structures, which results in leakage currents through the bulk of these devices. In this context, this work shows strategies to improve the HI-PS technique for microfabrication of integrated FE devices. First, we use photoresist as mask for hydrogen ion implantation aiming at defects elimination and reduction of process steps. This strategy resulted in the selective formation of porous silicon and in obtaining microtips (cathodes) with 10 ìm height and apex around tens of nanometers, as verified by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In addition, photoresist was tested as dielectric between anodecathode structures, but the high leakage current measured hindered the use of this material for the proposed application. The main strategy researched to improve the electrical insulation between anode-cathode structures was the use of oxidized porous silicon (Ox-PS) as dielectric. To obtain Ox-PS, we studied oxidation parameters such as temperature, time, pre-oxidation, and post-oxidation annealing. Optical Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were applied to analyze morphological aspects such as thickness, stability, etch rates and full oxidation of PS layers. A semiconductor parameter analyzer was used to characterize the leakage current from fabricated MOS devices. The Ox-PS obtained with T = 1000 °C, t = 1 h, and post-oxidation annealing in Forming Gas environment showed remarkable decrease of leakage current in comparison to the other oxidation conditions (from 30 nA to 0,125 nA), which demonstrates potentiality for the proposed application. Additionally, a pre-oxidation process was introduced to improve structural stability of Ox-PS layers. After this implementation, the optimization viability of HI-PS technique was finally proved, allowing obtaining an integrated FE device with microtips with 10 micrometers height and apex about tens of nanometers surrounded by the anode structure. The separation distance between anode-cathode structures was about 20 micrometers. With the optimization of fabrication process, we intend to implement hereafter the integrated FE device obtained by HI-PS technique in the development of compact sensors with low cost and low fabrication complexity.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by the accumulation of lipids and fibrous elements in the intima layer of arteries of medium and large caliber. The cardiovascular diseases resulting from atherosclerosis, among them acute myocardial infarction and stroke are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Oxidative stress and oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) have an important role in the development of this disease and so the inclusion of antioxidants in the diet may prevent the progression of atherosclerosis. The carotenoid norbixin (NBX), which is found in annatto seeds, have excellent antioxidant activity as demonstrated in several models of oxidative damage. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic potential of NBX in a model of atherosclerosis in rabbits. Male New Zealand rabbits received regular chow (control) or an atherogenic diet (0.5% cholesterol) alone or supplemented with NBX (10, 30 or 100 mg/kg) for 60 days. The antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid profiles, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers and histopathological status were evaluated in the serum or aortic tissue. The atherogenic diet increased serum lipids, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDLox) levels and oxidized low-density lipoprotein antibody (LDLoxAB) levels, in addition to inducing lipid and protein oxidation in the aortic tissue. Supplementation with NBX caused 35% reduction in the levels of LDLoxAB, 69% in the levels of LDLox, 27% in the levels of TBARS and 46% in the levels of protein carbonyl induced by the atherogenic diet, besides increasing up to 88% the HDL levels. In atherosclerotic rabbits, the non-protein thiol group content and enzymatic activity of the antioxidants superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase were increased in aortic tissue, whereas paraoxonase activity was reduced in serum. Supplementation with NBX restored up to 41% the increased levels of NPSH, 37% SOD activity, 45% CAT activity, 66% GR activity, 50% TrxR-1 activity induced by the atherogenic diet. NBX also restored 15% of PON1 activity inhibited by the atherogenic diet. The atherogenic diet also increased the serum levels of inflammatory markers and the ratio of the intima area to the media area in the aortic arch; these changes were not prevented by NBX. Thus, NBX supplementation improved the lipid profile, decreased oxidative stress and prevented changes in paraoxonase activity and in the antioxidant system in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, but did not prevent the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. These results support a beneficial role of NBX in the treatment of atherosclerosis by preventing oxidative events and by restoring antioxidant enzyme activity and paraoxonase activity. / A aterosclerose é uma doença inflamatória crônica caracterizada pelo acúmulo de lipídeos e elementos fibrosos na túnica intima das artérias de médio e grande calibre. As doenças cardiovasculares decorrentes da aterosclerose, dentre elas o infarto agudo do miocárdio e o acidente vascular cerebral são a principal causa de mortalidade e morbidade mundial. O estresse oxidativo e a modificação oxidativa da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) possuem um papel importante no desenvolvimento dessa doença. Por este motivo a inclusão de antioxidantes na dieta poderia impedir a progressão da aterosclerose. O carotenóide norbixina (NBX), presente nas sementes de urucum, possui excelente atividade antioxidante já demonstrada em diversos modelos de dano oxidativo. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial antioxidante, anti-inflamatório e antiaterogênico da NBX em um modelo de aterosclerose em coelhos. Coelhos Nova Zelândia machos receberam ração regular (controle) ou uma dieta aterogênica (0,5% de colesterol) sozinha ou suplementada com NBX (10, 30 ou 100 mg/kg) por 60 dias. A atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, o perfil lipídico, os marcadores de estresse oxidativo e inflamação e as alterações histopatológicas foram avaliados no soro ou tecido aórtico dos coelhos hipercolesterolêmicos. A dieta aterogênica aumentou os níveis séricos de lipídios, de lipoproteína de baixa densidade oxidada (LDLox) e de anticorpos contra lipoproteína de baixa densidade oxidada (LDLoxAB), além de induzir a oxidação de lipídios e proteína no tecido aórtico. A suplementação com NBX reduziu em até 35% o aumento dos níveis de LDLoxAB, 69% dos níveis de LDLox, 27% dos níveis de TBARS e 46% dos níveis de proteínas carboniladas induzidos pela dieta aterogênica, além de aumentar em até 88% os níveis de HDL. Nos coelhos ateroscleróticos ocorreu uma elevação no conteúdo de grupos tiólicos não-protéicos (NPSH) e na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutationa redutase (GR) e tioredoxina redutase (TrxR-1) no tecido aórtico, enquanto a atividade da enzima paraoxonase (PON1) foi reduzida no soro. A suplementação com NBX reduziu em até 41% o aumento dos níveis de NPSH, 37% da atividade da SOD, 45% da atividade da CAT, 66% da atividade da GR e 50% da atividade da TrxR-1 induzidos pela dieta aterogênica. A NBX também restaurou em 15% a atividade da PON1 inibida pela dieta aterogênica. A dieta aterogênica também aumentou os níveis séricos de marcadores inflamatórios e a relação entre a área da íntima e da média no arco aórtico e essas mudanças não foram prevenidas pela NBX. Assim, a suplementação com NBX melhorou o perfil lipídico, diminuiu o estresse oxidativo e impediu mudanças na atividade da paraoxonase e no sistema antioxidante em coelhos hipercolesterolêmicos, mas não impediu a formação de placas ateroscleróticas. Esses resultados indicam um papel benéfico da NBX no tratamento de aterosclerose, impedindo eventos oxidativo e restaurando a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes e da enzima paraoxonase.

Parmi les nombreux effets bénéfiques des phospholipides on retient essentiellement leur rôle dans la protection du système cardio-vasculaire, l'amélioration de la mémoire et de l'apprentissage. Ces effets peuvent s'expliquer en partie par le fait que les phospholipides sont riches en acide gras polyinsaturés (acides eicosapentaénoïque et docosahexaénoïque) ou les acides gras essentiels. C’est pourquoi il nous est apparu comme étant important d’explorer des sources naturelles potentielles contenant des phospholipides polyinsaturés destinées au développement de produits alimentaires nouveaux supplémentés en phospholipides.Ce travail a permis de mettre au point des méthodes d’extraction, de purification et de séparation des phospholipides afin de caractèriser les sources naturelles de phospholipides polyinsaturés. Une supplémentation des aliments avec des phospholipides polyinsaturés ne peut être envisagé sans avoir une bonne connaissance de leur stabilité au cours de la transformation et de la conservation des aliments. Nous avons donc développé des méthodes d’identification des produits de dégradation des phospholipides et de détermination de leur cinétique d’oxydation pendant les traitements thermiques. Ainsi, nous avons montré que les phospholipides sont plus stables que les triacylglycérides, ceci étant du probablement à la présence d’un groupe aminé dans la tête polaire. / Among the numerous beneficial effects of phospholipides can highlight their role in protecting the cardiovascular system and improving memory and learning. These effects can be partially explained by the fact that phospholipids are rich in polyunsaturated (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) or essential fatty acids. Thus, it is very significant to explore potential food sources containing polyunsaturated rich phospholipids for the development new food products supplemented with phospholipids.This work allowed a series method for the extraction, purification, separation and quantification of phospholipids in order to characterize the polyunsaturated phospholipid sources. Food supplementation with polyunsaturated phospholipids rises however the question of their stability during food processing at high temperature. Then we have developed methods to identify phospholipids degradation products and determine their kinetics of the oxidation during thermal treatment which is a widespread food processing.Phospholipids (PE and PC) are more stable than triacylglyceride, this is due to the presence of an amino group in the molecule.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-06-14T19:33:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 alicebelleigolirezende.pdf: 4554252 bytes, checksum: 45624650ab925d7640e01b2b01e2a245 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-06-29T12:16:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alicebelleigolirezende.pdf: 4554252 bytes, checksum: 45624650ab925d7640e01b2b01e2a245 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-29T12:16:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alicebelleigolirezende.pdf: 4554252 bytes, checksum: 45624650ab925d7640e01b2b01e2a245 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-30 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / A aterosclerose é uma doença imune-inflamatória associada ao acúmulo de lípides na camada íntima das artérias. O baço desempenha uma importante função imunológica, mas a sua participação no desenvolvimento da aterosclerose permanece controversa. Considerando que a incidência de esplenectomias totais ainda é alta e que a doença aterosclerótica é prevalente, é de grande importância que se verifique se o tecido esplênico influencia no processo de aterosclerose. Neste trabalho, o impacto da esplenectomia no desenvolvimento da aterosclerose foi avaliado em camundongos deficientes em apoproteína E (apoE). Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (CT), composto de camundongos deficientes em apoE submetidos a um procedimento cirúrgico simulado; e grupo esplenectomia total (ET), camundongos deficientes em apoE submetidos à esplenectomia total. Trinta dias após a cirurgia, os animais foram submetidos a uma dieta aterogênica enriquecida com 0,15% de colesterol. Após oito semanas, os animais foram eutanasiados e o sangue, o coração e a aorta foram submetidos à análise. Os níveis séricos de colesterol total e de anticorpos anti-LDL oxidada foram avaliados. As áreas de lesão aterosclerótica na raiz da aorta foram quantificadas por morfometria em cortes histológicos corados com hematoxilina-eosina. As lesões ateroscleróticas nas porções torácica e abdominal das aortas foram determinadas pela porcentagem da superfície luminal corada com Sudan IV em relação à área total do vaso. Os resultados mostraram que os níveis séricos de colesterol total não foram alterados pela esplenectomia e que os títulos de anticorpos IgG anti-LDL oxidada foram semelhantes entre os grupos. No entanto, foi observada uma maior porcentagem de lesões ateroscleróticas nas porções torácica e abdominal das aortas de animais esplenectomizados. Além disso, camundongos esplenectomizados apresentaram lesões ateroscleróticas na raiz da aorta significativamente maiores do que os animais controles. Estes dados indicam, em conjunto, que a esplenectomia está associada ao aumento das lesões ateroscleróticas em camundongos deficientes em apoE submetidos à dieta aterogênica, sugerindo um papel ateroprotetor do baço no modelo estudado. / Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory immune disease associated with lipid accumulation in the intima layer of arteries. The spleen plays an important immune function, but its influence in development of atherosclerosis remains unclear. Evaluation of the role of the spleen in atherosclerosis is justified due to the high frequency of total splenectomies and the high prevalence of atherosclerotic disease. In this work, the effect of splenectomy on the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E (apoE) deficient mice was investigated. ApoE deficient mice were divided into a sham-operated control group (CT) and a splenectomized group (SP). Thirty days after surgery, animals were fed a high fat western diet (with 0.15% cholesterol). After eight weeks, mice were euthanized and their blood, heart, and aorta were subjected to analysis. Total serum cholesterol and anti-oxidized LDL antibodies were measured. Atherosclerotic lesion areas in the aortic root were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and quantified by morfometry. The atherosclerotic lesions in the thoracic and abdominal portions of aorta were determined by assessing the percentage of the luminal surface area stained by Sudan IV. Levels of total serum cholesterol did not vary significantly after splenectomy. Anti-oxidized LDL IgG antibodies were similar between groups. However, compared to the control group, atherosclerotic area in the thoracic and abdominal portions of aorta were significantly increased in splenectomized mice. These data were confirmed by the larger lesions in the aortic root in splenectomized mice. These data indicate that splenectomy increases atherosclerotic lesions in apoE deficient mice fed an atherogenic diet, suggesting a atheroprotector role of the spleen.

Orientadores: Lauro Tatsuo Kubota, André Luiz Barboza Formiga / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T02:11:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Correa_CatiaCrispilho_D.pdf: 1212097 bytes, checksum: c6504372165b045433ebb0234876cf97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de dois biossensores, sendo um para a detecção da glutationa oxidada (GSSG), baseada na imobilização da enzima glutationa redutase (GR) e outro para a detecção da glutationa total (glutationa reduzida e oxidada) através da imobilização das enzimas glutationa redutase e glutationa peroxidase (GPx). Ambas as imobilizações foram realizadas sobre uma plataforma nanoestruturada com nanotubos de múltiplas paredes (MWCNT), dispersos em quitosana ligada covalentemente a um mediador de elétrons, o ácido 3,5-dinitrobenzoico, que apresentou atividade eletrocatalítica para NADH. A plataforma nanoestruturada foi caracterizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), voltametria cíclica e cronoamperometria. Os valores de ks e da constante cinética da reação entre o mediador de elétrons e NADH (kobs) foram 14 s e 5,1x10 L mol s, respectivamente. Após o processo de ativação do par redox e da caracterização, a enzima GR foi facilmente imobilizada na superfície do eletrodo usando quitosana e glutaraldeído. Empregando medidas cronoamperométricas, foi possível analisar a influência de cada parâmetro utilizado na construção do biossensor para detecção de GSSG. As melhores condições para o emprego do biossensor foram: 50 unidades de GR, 2,5 mg mL de quitosana e 600 mmol L de NADH. O biossensor apresentou uma faixa linear de 2,0 a 35 mmol L para a detecção de GSSG. Já os limites de detecção e quantificação foram 0,6 e 2,0 mmol L, respectivamente. Utilizando a mesma plataforma nanoestruturada foi possível imobilizar as duas enzimas (GR e GPx), sendo esse biossensor destinado para a detecção da glutationa total (GSH+GSSG). Este biossensor apresentou uma faixa linear 2,0 a 10 mmol L para a detecção da glutationa total, apresentando um limite de detecção e de quantificação de 0,6 e 2,0 mmol L, respectivamente / Abstract: This work describes the development of two biosensors, one for the detection of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) based on the immobilization of glutathione reductase (GR) and other for the detection of total glutathione (glutathione reduced and oxidized) by immobilizing the enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR). Both assets were carried on a nanostructured platform with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) dispersed in chitosan covalently linked to 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, a redox mediator, which showed electrocatalytic activity for NADH. The nanostrutucred platform was characterized performing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry analyses. The obtained values for the ks and for chemical reaction (kobs) between redox mediator and NADH were 14 s and 5.1x10 L mol s, respectively. After the activation process and of the redox couple characterization the enzyme glutathione reductase was easily immobilized on the electrode surface using chitosan and glutaraldehyde. Employing chronoamperometric measures, it was possible to analyze the influence of each parameter used in the construction of the biosensor for detection of GSSG. The best conditions for the use of the biosensor were: 50 units of GR, 2.5 mg mL chitosan and 600 mmol L NADH. The biosensor showed a linear range for detecting GSSG in concentrations from 2.0 to 35 mmol L. The detection and quantification limits obtained were 0.6 e 2.0 mmol L, respectively. Using the same nanostructured platform, it was possible to immobilize both enzymes (GPx and GR), being this biosensor dedicated to detect the total glutathione (GSH + GSSG). This biosensor showed a linear range for detecting GSSG in concentrations from 2.0 up to 10 mmol L. The detection and quantification limits obtained were 0.6 e 2.0 mmol L, respectively / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutora em Ciências

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