Les facteurs de transcription de la famille p53 dans l’atrophie musculaire - Implications dans la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique et la cachéxie. L’atrophie musculaire est un symptôme dangereux retrouvé dans plusieurs maladies. Dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA), une maladie neuromusculaire rare, ainsi que dans le cancer (phénomène de cachexie), l’atrophie musculaire cause le décès des patients. Les facteurs de transcription de la famille p53 sont impliqués dans de nombreux processus cellulaires, faisant face à des situations de « stress » pour les cellules. Notamment, ils peuvent induire la mort cellulaire ou promouvoir la différentiation.Nous avons constaté, à partir de modèles cellulaire et animaux de SLA et cachéxie cancéreuse, que des membres de la famille p53 sont activés dans les muscles atrophiques. Cette activation entraine l’expression de gènes cibles impliqués dans la mort cellulaire. De manière intéressante, TAp73, mais surtout TAp63, sont capables d’activer la transcription d’un effecteur de l’atrophie musculaire appelé MuRF1, démontrant que la famille p53 peut participer activement à l’atrophie en induisant la dégradation des fibres musculaires.De plus, nous avons utilisé nos modèles animaux pour identifier une nouvelle approche contre l’atrophie musculaire. Ainsi, nous avons identifié un dérivé de tocophérol avec des propriétés thérapeutiques intéressantes. / The p53 family of transcription factors in muscular atrophy - Involvements in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and cachexia Muscular atrophy is a dangerous condition found in several diseases. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a rare neuromuscular disease, as well as in cancer (phenomenon of cachexia), muscular atrophy can be fatal to patients.The transcription factors from the p53 family are involved in several cellular processes, facing cellular “stress” situations. Most notably, they can induce dell death or promote differentiation.We found, using cellular and mouse models of ALS and cachexia, that members of the p53 family are induced during muscular atrophy. This induction leads to the expression of canonnic target genes involved in cell death. Interestingly, TAp73, but especially TAp63, are able to activate the transcription of an effector or muscular atrophy called MuRF1. This proves that the p53 family cand participate in muscular atrophy by promoting the breakdown of muscle fibres.In addition, we used our mouse models to identifiy a new approach agains muscular atrophy.Indeed, we identified a derivative of tocopherol with interesting therapeutical proprieties.

During development, multipotent stem cells establish tissue-specific programmes of gene expression that underlie a process of differentiation into specialized cell types. It was shown in the study that changes in the nuclear architecture during terminal keratinocyte differentiation show correlation with the dynamics of the transcriptional and metabolic activity. In particular, terminal differentiation is accompanied by the decrease of nuclear volume, elongation of its shape, reduction of the number and fusion of nucleoli, increase in the number of centromeric clusters and a dramatic decrease of the transcriptional activity. Global changes in the nuclear architecture of epidermal keratinocytes are associated with marked remodelling of the higher-order chromatin structure of the epidermal differentiating complex (EDC). EDC is positioned peripherally in the epidermal nuclei at E11.5 when its genes show low expression levels and relocates towards the nuclear interior at E16.5 when EDC genes are markedly upregulated. P63 transcription factor serving as a master regulator of epidermal development is involved in the control of EDC relocation in epidermal progenitor cells. The epidermis of E16.5 p63KO exhibits significantly more peripheral positioning of the EDC loci, compared to wild-type. The genome organizer Satb1 serving as a direct p63 target controls higher order chromatin folding of the central part of EDC and Satb1 knockout mice show alterations of epidermal development and expression of the EDC encoded genes. Thus, this study shows that the programme of epidermal development and terminal differentiation is regulated by p63 and other factors and include marked remodelling of three-dimensional nuclear organization and positioning of tissue specific gene loci. In addition to the direct involvement of p63 in controlling the expression of tissue-specific genes, p63 via regulation of the chromatin remodelling factors such as Satb1 promotes establishing specific conformation of the EDC locus required for efficient expression of terminal differentiation-associated genes.

The skin is the site where two of the most common types of epithelial cancer, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), arise. In this work, we have investigated how ASPP2, a member of a family of proteins that interact with the p53 family, can affect skin tumourigenesis. ASPP2 is expressed in the squamous epithelia of various organs, localising exclusively in the upper and most differentiated layers. We show here that Balb/c ASPP2-null and heterozygous mice develop spontaneous SCCs. To investigate how the absence of ASPP2 from the epithelial compartment could lead to tumour formation, we analysed ASPP2’s relationship with pathways involved in the normal homeostasis of the epithelium, such as p63 and Notch. ΔNp63 is the main p63 isoform expressed in the adult epidermis, and its function is to drive the proliferation of the basal keratinocytes. Aberrant or misplaced activation of ΔNp63 in the epithelium is a known initiating cause for SCC. Consistent with this, ΔNp63 was found to be highly expressed in tumours derived from ASPP2-deficient mice. Our results indicate that ASPP2 is important in limiting ΔNp63 expression in the differentiated epithelium, preventing cell proliferation in the upper layers of the skin. This is achieved by antagonising ΔNp63 transcript and protein expression, resulting in a mutually exclusive expression pattern during differentiation of keratinocytes, as well as in epithelial cancer. ASPP2 expression was found reduced or lost in human SCC cell lines and during head and neck cancer progression, reflecting what was observed in ASPP2-deficient mice. Overall, our results indicate a possible mechanism by which p63 expression can be regulated in the skin, and provide a new model for the spontaneous formation of SCC in vivo. Additionally, we found that ASPP2 can cooperate with and enhance the activity of skin pro-differentiation pathways, such as Notch. In contrast to p63, ASPP2 and Notch1 are co-expressed in the differentiated layers of the squamous epithelium. Moreover, ASPP2 can interact with components of Notch nuclear transcriptional machinery, and it is shuttled into the nuclear compartment upon activation of Notch pathway. This recruitment results in modulation of Notch transcriptional activity on specific target genes with a differential pattern of binding sites, providing new insights into the understanding of Notch transcriptional regulation.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the 6th most common type of cancer in the western hemisphere with a five-year survival rate of only 50% for patients with a localized tumor, which decreases significantly to as low as 5% for those patients with tumors that have metastasized to distant sites of the body. It has been found that both mutant p53 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathways function to increase the expression of CXCL5, which has been identified as a key mediator in the process of tumor metastasis. Previous data from our lab suggested that the p53 homolog, p63, may function as a negative regulator of CXCL5 and that mutant p53 may inhibit this molecule to elevate CXCL5 expression levels. In the current study we utilized an model system in which the H179L p53 mutant was expressed in HN4 cells to investigate the hypothesis that mutant p53 enhances expression of CXCL5 by both interfering with p63 function and cooperating with EGFR/EPS8 signaling, leading to increased cell proliferation and motility. The results of the current study indicate a role for mutant p53 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma proliferation, migration and tumorigenicity, possibly through enhancement of CXCL5 expression. We were able to show that mutant p53 expression caused an increase in the expression of this chemokine in addition to increasing proliferation and migration of the cells compared to the vector control. Additionally, we showed that p63 protein is a negative regulator of CXCL5 that is downregulated in the cells expressing mutant p53, which suggests that through direct interaction, mutant p53 may function to inhibit p63 function as well as target it for degradation. These results support the hypothesis that GOF mutant p53 enhances expression of CXCL5 by interfering with p63 function in cancer cells. The results of the current study results also showed that upon treatment with EGF, HN4 cells expressing mutant p53 express elevated levels of CXCL5; and that the mutant p53-expressing HN4 cells cooperate with EGFR/EPS8 signaling to further deregulate chemokine expression. These data taken together suggest there are complex interactions taking place between mutant p53, p63, EGFR signaling, and CXCL5 to regulate the biological processes that promote tumor progression that could lead to metastasis. Additional studies are needed to further elucidate the molecules involved in the mutant p53 mechanism that promotes tumorigenesis.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

La protéine E4F1 a été identifiée comme une cible cellulaire de l'onco-protéine virale E1A au cours de l'infection par l'adénovirus de type V. Bien que très peu étudiée jusqu'à présent, les travaux du laboratoire d'accueil indiquent cependant qu'E4F1 est une protéine multifonctionnelle ayant à la fois un rôle de facteur de transcription mais fonctionnant également comme une E3 ligase vis-à-vis d'autres régulateurs transcriptionnels tels que les membres de la famille p53. E4F1 se situe au carrefour de plusieurs voies de signalisation fréquemment altérées au cours de la progression tumorale, notamment les voies impliquant les suppresseurs de tumeurs Rb et p53. In vivo, E4F1 est impliqué dans l'homéostasie des cellules souches à travers différents mécanismes encore non élucidés. L'objectif de mon projet de thèse est d'identifier et de caractériser les voies de signalisation impliquant E4F1 dans l'homéostasie des cellules souches. Pour répondre à cette question, j'utilise diverses techniques : Histologie, IHC,FACS, QPCR et des tests clonogénique sur des cellules issues des épidermes de souris E4F1 WT et KO. / E4F1 protein has been first identified in the 80's as a cellular target of the adenoviral oncoprotein E1A. E4F1 is an atypical multifunctional protein with two different activities. In fact, it can acts as a transcriptional factor thanks to its DNA binding domain and exhibits either positive or negative transcriptional activities depending on the promoter context. In addition to its transcriptional activities, E4F1 is also an atypical E3-ligase for other transcription factors, including the p53 tumor suppressor. A growing body of evidence suggests that the multifunctional protein E4F1 is involved in signaling pathways that play essential roles during normal development and tumorigenesis. Moreover, we have shown that skin defect is one of the most striking phenotype of E4F1 conditional knockout mice. E4F1 inactivation in the entire skin or in the basal compartment of the epidermis (K5 specific knockout mice) induces skin homeostasis defects, as evidenced by transient hyperplasia in the interfollicular epithelium and alteration of keratinocyte differentiation, followed by loss of cellularity in the epidermis and severe skin ulcerations. E4F1 depletion alters clonogenic activity of epidermal stem cells (ESCs) ex vivo and ends in exhaustion of the ESC pool in vivo, indicating that the lesions observed in the E4F1 mutant skin result, at least in part, from cell-autonomous alterations in ESC maintenance. The clonogenic potential of E4F1 KO ESCs is partially rescued by Bmi1 overexpression, or by Ink4a/Arf overexpression or p53 depletion. In additions, in vivo, skin phenotype of E4F1 KO mice is also delayed in animals with Ink4a/Arf and E4F1 compound gene deficiencies. Taking together, our data show the essential role of E4F1 protein into Bmi1-Arf-p53 pathway to regulate ESC-dependent skin homeostasis.

During tissues development multipotent progenitor cells establish tissue-specific gene expression programmes, leading to differentiation into specialized cell types. It has been previously shown that the transcription factor p63, a master regulator of skin development, controls the expression of adhesion molecules and essential cytoskeleton components. It has also been shown that p63 plays an important role in establishing distinct three-dimensional conformations in the Epidermal Differentiation Complex (EDC) locus (Fessing et al., 2011). Here we show that in p63-null mice about 32% of keratinocytes showed altered nuclear morphology. Alterations in the nuclear shape were accompanied by decreased expression of nuclear lamins (Lamin A/C and Lamin B1), proteins of the LINC complex (Sun-1, nesprin-2/3) and Plectin. Plectin links components of the nuclear envelope (nesprin-3) with cytoskeleton and ChIP-qPCR assay with adult epidermal keratinocytes showed p63 binding to the consensus binding sequences on Plectin 1c, Sun-1 and Nesprin-3 promoters. As a possible consequence of the altered expression of nuclear lamins and nuclear envelope-associated proteins, changes in heterochromatin distribution as well as decrease of the expression of several polycomb proteins (Ezh2, Ring1B, Cbx4) has been observed in p63-null keratinocytes. Moreover, recent data in our lab have showed that p63 directly regulates Cbx4, a component of the polycomb PRC1 complex. Here we show that mice lacking Cbx4 displayed a skin phenotype, which partially resembles the one observed in p63-null mice with reduced epidermal thickness and keratinocyte proliferation. All together these data demonstrate that p63-regulated gene expression program in epidermal keratinocytes includes not only genes encoding adhesion molecules, cytoskeleton proteins (cytokeratins) and chromatin remodelling factors (Satb1, Brg1), but also polycomb proteins and components of the nuclear envelope, suggesting the existence of a functional link between cytoskeleton, nuclear architecture and three dimensional nuclear organization. Other proteins important for proper epidermal development and stratification, are cytokeratins. Here, we show that keratin genes play an essential role in spatial organization of other lineage-specific genes in keratinocytes during epidermal development. In fact, ablation of keratin type II locus from chromosome 15 in epidermal keratinocytes led to changes in the genomic organization with increased distance between the Loricrin gene located on chromosome 3 as well as between Satb1 gene located on chromosome 17 and keratin type II locus, resulting in a more peripheral localization of these genes in the nucleus. As a possible consequence of their peripheral localization, reduced expression of Loricrin and Satb1 has also been observed in keratins type II-deficient mice. These findings together with recent circularized chromosome conformation capture (4C) data, strongly suggest that keratin 5, Loricrin and Satb1 are part of the same interactome, which is required for the proper expression of these genes and proper epidermal development and epidermal barrier formation. Taken together these data suggest that higher order chromatin remodelling and spatial organization of genes in the nucleus are important for the establishment of lineage-specific differentiation programs in epidermal progenitor cells. These data provide an important background for further analyses of nuclear architecture in the alterations of epidermal differentiation, seen in pathological conditions, such as psoriasis and epithelial skin cancers.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), the 6th most common cancer worldwide, has a low 5-year survival. Disease as well as treatment often causes patients severe functional and aesthetic problems. In order to improve treatment and diagnosis at earlier stages of tumour development it is important to learn more about the molecular mechanisms behind the disease. p63, an important regulator of epithelial formation, has been suggested to play a role in the development of SCCHN. Six different isoforms of p63 have been found and shown to have various functions. The aim of the studies in this thesis was to learn more about the role of p63 and proteins connected to p63 in SCCHN. Expression of p63, Cox-2, EGFR, beta-catenin, PP2A and p53 isoforms was mapped in tumours and normal tumour adjacent tissue from patients with SCCHN using western blot or RT-PCR. Results showed no significant difference between tumours and normal tumour adjacent tissue concerning expression of EGFR and beta-catenin. Cox-2 and PP2A showed significantly higher expression in tumours while p63 was more expressed in normal tumour adjacent tissue. However, expression of all these proteins in normal tumour adjacent tissue differed from tissue from disease-free non-smoking individuals. Smoking in itself did not affect expression of these proteins. The p53 isoforms p53, p53beta, p53gamma, ∆133p53, ∆133p53beta and ∆133p53gamma were expressed at RNA level in samples both from tumours and normal tumour adjacent tissue, though most of them at fairly low levels. The functional properties of the different p63 isoforms have not been fully mapped. By establishing stable cell lines over-expressing the different p63 isoforms we investigated their specific effect on tumour cells from SCCHN. Only the ∆Np63 isoforms could be stably over-expressed, whereas no clones over-expressing TAp63 could be established. Using microarray technique, cell lines stably expressing the ∆Np63 isoforms were studied and CD44, Keratins 4, 6, 14, 19 and Cox-2 were found to be regulated by p63. In conclusion, the present project adds new data to the field of p63 and SCCHN. For example, we have shown that clinically normal tumour adjacent tissue is altered compared to normal oral mucosa in non tumour patients, and that smoking does not change expression of p63, Cox-2, EGFR, beta-catenin or PP2A in oral mucosa. Novel p53 isoforms are expressed in SCCHN, and even though levels are very low they should not be overlooked. Furthermore, CD44, keratins 4, 6, 14, 19 and Cox-2 were identified as p63 targets in SCCHN.

Molecular defects in the p63 gene give rise to severe physiological abnormalities in patients with ectodermal dysplasia, however the mechanisms by which p63 mutations disrupt p63 function are unknown. In this study we examined four ΔNp63α mutants; Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal Dysplasia with Clefting (EEC) R204W, R304W and Ankyloblepharon-Ectodermal Dysplasia with Clefting (AEC) mutants, L514F and G530V, and characterized DNA binding, transcription factor activity, oligomerization with wild-type p63 and changes in protein stability/nuclear localization. We also investigated the putative OD-SAM interaction in p63 and p73. We demonstrated that both the EEC and AEC mutants cannot transcriptionally activate the PERP promoter and can hetero-oligomerize forming dominant negative complexes with wild-type p63. We show that both EEC mutants and AEC L514F mutants are more stable which is not due to aberrant degradation by the E3 ligase Itch. Finally, we discovered that a novel interaction between the p73 OD and SAM domain is absent in p63.

Molecular defects in the p63 gene give rise to severe physiological abnormalities in patients with ectodermal dysplasia, however the mechanisms by which p63 mutations disrupt p63 function are unknown. In this study we examined four ΔNp63α mutants; Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal Dysplasia with Clefting (EEC) R204W, R304W and Ankyloblepharon-Ectodermal Dysplasia with Clefting (AEC) mutants, L514F and G530V, and characterized DNA binding, transcription factor activity, oligomerization with wild-type p63 and changes in protein stability/nuclear localization. We also investigated the putative OD-SAM interaction in p63 and p73. We demonstrated that both the EEC and AEC mutants cannot transcriptionally activate the PERP promoter and can hetero-oligomerize forming dominant negative complexes with wild-type p63. We show that both EEC mutants and AEC L514F mutants are more stable which is not due to aberrant degradation by the E3 ligase Itch. Finally, we discovered that a novel interaction between the p73 OD and SAM domain is absent in p63.