Les allèles en ségrégation des deux génomes Elaeis ont été tracés dans un pseudo backcross interspécifique Elaeis (E. oleifera x E. guineensis) x E. guineensis. Dix-neuf QTL de proportion d'acides gras de l'huile de palme par rapport à 16 QTL des mêmes caractères d'un croisement intraspécifique E. guineensis ont mis en évidence des QTL communs ou spécifiques aux deux espèces. Aucune corrélation n'existe entre proportions d'acides gras et le rendement en huile de palme. Le déterminisme génétique et les principaux gènes associés aux acides gras du mésocarpe ont été étudiés, à l'aide de banques d'ADNc pleine longueur et des extraits d'ARNm de mésocarpe de fruits en développement des espèces Elaeis chacune représentée par quatre fonds génétiques. L'expression de 113 gènes Elaeis clés ou de facteurs putatifs de régulation des voies de synthèse de novo des acides gras et des triacylglycérols fut caractérisée au niveau de l'espèce par analyse in silico de profils de transcription et par analyse Real Time RT-qPCR. Les gènes ont été cartographiés sur le pseudo backcross avec 180 marqueurs SNP intra-géniques. Quarante-huit gènes étaient exprimés différemment entre espèces dont 94% plus exprimés chez E. guineensis. Le facteur de transcription EgAP2-2 (WRI1-like) influence le début de la synthèsede novo des acide gras par action principale sur les gènes MAT et KAS III, parait indépendant de l'expression d'autres gènes et non différentiel entre espèces. Les variations en C16:0 et C18:0 entre espèces s'expliquent par niveau d'expression allélique et l'activité enzymatique relative des isoformes présentes dans le génome de FATB (2), KAS II (1) et SAD (3). / An Elaeis interspecific pseudo-backcross of first generation (E. oleifera x E. guineensis) x E. guineensis allowed tracing segregating alleles from both Elaeis genomes. Nineteen quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated to palm oil fatty acid proportions compared to 16 QTLs of same traits in an intra-specific oil palm cross evidenced common or specific QTLs in E. guineensis and E. oleifera. No correlation was found in oil palm between mesocarp fatty acid proportions and yieldtraits. The genetic determinism of main fatty acid proportions was confirmed. Genes related to palm oil fatty acids were investigated using full-length cDNA libraries and mRNA extracts from the mesocarp of developing fruits in each Elaeis species represented by four genetic pools. Expression of 113 key Elaeis genes or putative regulation factors of de novo fatty acid and triacylglycerol pathways were characterized at species level by in silico transcript profiling and Real Time RT-qPCR analysis. Genes were mapped on the pseudo-backcross using 180 intra-gene SNP markers. Forty-eight genes were differentially expressed between Elaeis species, with 94% over expressed in E. guineensis. The EgAP2-2 (WRI1-like) transcription factor might influence the start of the de novo fatty acid pathway by main action only on the MAT and KAS III genes, as independent in expression from other genes and not differential between species. Between species variations in C16:0 and C18:0 can be deciphered by relative expression levels and enzyme activities of the isoforms in the genome of FATB (2), KAS II (1) and SAD (3). An oil palm producing more oleic acid in proportion than pure E. oleifera is feasible.

L'identification et l'amélioration du potentiel pro-vitaminique A des sauces accompagnant les aliments de base pourraient constituer une voie alimentaire de lutte contre la carence en vitamine A (CVA) chez les jeunes enfants au Bénin. La qualité nutritionnelle et la rétention en provitamines A des sauces lors des procédés traditionnels de préparation ont été évaluées au moyen d'une démarche itérative terrain et laboratoire. Une enquête de consommation alimentaire par pesées et mesures anthropométriques auprès de 420 enfants a permis d'évaluer l'état nutritionnel des sujets et l'adéquation des apports en fer, zinc et vitamine A (VA) et d'identifier les principales sources de VA dans l'alimentation. La mangue, les œufs, l'huile de palme rouge (HPR) ou diverses sauces légumes-feuilles (LF) constituent les principaux aliments locaux riches en VA consommés (34,2% des enfants enquêtés). Lorsqu'elles sont consommées, les sauces participent à la couverture de 71 à 129% des apports journaliers recommandés en VA des jeunes enfants. Le suivi au niveau ménage des procédés traditionnels de préparation des sauces les plus prometteuses notamment les sauces LF-amarante à base d'HPR ou de jus de noix de palme (NP), a permis d'identifier les traitements thermiques appliqués aux LF, aux NP ou à l'HPR comme des étapes critiques. Le chauffage de l'HPR à 180-200°C apparaît comme l'étape la plus préjudiciable à la VA. Elle réduit de plus de 70%, et en moins de 3 min, les teneurs en α-carotène, en β-carotène et en activité équivalent rétinol (AER). La violaxanthine, caroténoïde non pro-VA est le seul composé significativement affecté lors du blanchiment des feuilles d'amarante (100°C) mais l'AER reste élevée avec ou sans ajout de potasse traditionnelle. Les sauces formulées à base des ingrédients LF-amarante, NP ou HPR présentent une bonne acceptabilité, une AER élevée et leur consommation pourrait être promue avantageusement dans le cadre d'approches alimentaires de lutte contre la CVA. / The identification and the improvement of the potential in pro-vitamins A of sauces accompanying staple foods could constitute a food-based approach for combating vitamin A deficiency (VAD) among young children in Benin. The nutritional quality and the retention of pro-vitamins A in sauces during traditional home processing has been assessed by using a field-laboratory iterative approach. Anthropometric measurements were used to appreciate subjects' nutritional status. A food consumption survey of 420 young children was conducted to assess the adequacy of iron, zinc and vitamin A (VA) intakes, and to identify the main VA-rich foods eaten by children using the weighed food record method. Mangoes, eggs, red palm oil (RPO), various leafy vegetables (LV) and palm nut juice sauces appeared to be the main VA-rich foods consumed by 34.2% investigated children. When consumed, these LV sauces containing RPO or palm nut juice (PNJ) contributed to the meeting of 71-129% of the recommended VA intake of young children. The traditional processing method of the most promising sauces such as amaranth leaf sauces based on RPO or PNJ was monitored step by step during home visits and allowed identifying the thermal treatments applied to LV, to palm nut or to RPO as critical steps. Heating the RPO at 180-200°C appears as the more prejudicial step to VA. It decreased more than 70% and in less than 3 min, α-carotene, β-carotene and Retinol Activity Equivalent (RAE) contents. Violaxanthin, a non pro-VA carotenoid, was the only compound to be significantly affected by the thermal treatment (100°C) of amaranth leaves. RAE remained high after blanching even when alkaline traditional potash was added. The formulated sauces on the basis of the ingredients LV-amaranth, palm nut or RPO present a good acceptability, a high RAE and their consumption could be promoted favorably in food-based strategies to alleviate VAD.

Las emulsiones del tipo agua en aceite (w/o) y aceite en agua (o/w) están compuestas por una mezcla de aceite, agua, lodo y otros agentes. Se pueden encontrar en el proceso y/o en los vertidos de diferentes tipos de industrias, tales como refinerías de petróleo, plantas procesadoras de aceite de consumo, industrias farmacéuticas, industrias de alimentos, etc. El calentamiento de un material a una frecuencia de microondas depende de la frecuencia de la onda electromagnética y de las propiedades dieléctricas, así como de la acumulación de energía interna que va ligada a la profundidad de penetración del campo dentro del material. De este modo, el conocimiento preciso de las propiedades dieléctricas de los materiales es fundamental para conocer su comportamiento bajo la influencia de un campo electromagnético. El objetivo general de esta tesis es proponer métodos alternativos basados en la tecnología de microondas para monitorizar, caracterizar y/o separar emulsiones. Para ello, se determinaron los protocolos de preparación de emulsiones prototipo en el laboratorio, empleando dos fases distintas (ácido oleico y aceite mineral SAE 40), de composición similar a las encontradas en la industria. Paralelamente se ha seleccionado, montando y calibrando un sistema de medida de propiedades dieléctricas en un rango de frecuencias de 1 a 4 GHz (rango cercano a la frecuencia estándar de calentamiento f =2.45 GHz) y de esta manera se ha obtenido un amplio espectro de información del comportamiento dieléctrico de las emulsiones, que servirán para diseñar en una fase posterior aplicadores de microondas. En base a este estudio preliminar se planteó una experiencia piloto con emulsiones reales presentes en el proceso de extracción de aceite de palma africana, con el fin de determinar el efecto de las microondas en la separación y en la calidad del aceite recuperado. / Pérez Páez, R. (2009). Aplicación de microondas en el tratamiento de emulsiones del tipo agua en aceite (w/o) y aceite en agua (o/w) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/4328 / Palancia

The planet’s biodiversity is in a worrying state. Palm oil production significantly contributes to biodiversity loss in Southeast Asia, especially in Indonesia. Unfortunately, the different forms of public and private regulation in place have had limited success in regulating the sector and protecting the environment. Three of the biggest palm oil traders – Cargill, Musim Mas, and Wilmar International – were chosen as subjects of an embedded case study to answer whether their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) efforts have the potential to drive transformation in the palm oil sector towards more environmental sustainability.  This thesis contributes to the debate around the role of business actors in Global Governance and their ability to tackle social and environmental problems caused by their business models with CSR. The thesis engages deductively with capitalism-critical theories on CSR. Carol Bacchi’s “What’s the Problem Represented to be?” (WPR) approach will guide a discourse analysis of the 2019 sustainability reports of the three companies regarding their efforts to improve sustainability in the palm oil sector. A comparison with research articles and NGO reports reaches the conclusion that the measures taken by Cargill, Musim Mas, and Wilmar are not enough to improve sustainability sufficiently.

No description available.

No description available.

Oil palm has flourished as an economically vital crop in Indonesia given its use in both food and non-food products (including biodiesel) for domestic and export markets. However, the expansion of oil palm plantations in Indonesia is controversial. While the crop generates fiscal earnings for the country, and regular income streams for farmers and companies, oil palm plantation expansion is claimed to cause deforestation, environmental degradation and biodiversity losses. At the same time, there is a national target to reduce GHG emissions from land use change and the production of palm oil. Climate change mitigation goals also include ambitious targets to blend biodiesel with fossil diesel in various economic sectors. This thesis looks at the palm oil agro-industry, from oil palm plantation to crude palm oil (CPO) production, and CPO based biodiesel production. It proposes a policy evaluation to verify policy implications in relation to the issue of land use allocation, and the poor profitability in palm oil biodiesel production. The overarching objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of prevailing policies used to promote the palm oil agro-industry for biodiesel production in Indonesia. The thesis is framed by policy research and ex-post policy evaluation. The focus is on the process of policy formulation and implementation, rather than outcome evaluation. Two specific analytical frameworks are used to answer the research questions while addressing the criteria of effectiveness in policy evaluation: (i) policy coherence analysis and (ii) life cycle cost analysis. Qualitative indicators are used to measure the coherence of biofuel policy with other sectoral policies (agriculture, climate and forestry) in relation to land allocation. Quantitative economic indicators are used to compare the costs and benefits of conventional palm oil biodiesel production with a biorefinery conceptual plant. There are valuable lessons to be learnt from this policy evaluation. The results indicate areas in which policy effectiveness can be improved. For land allocation, adjustments and improvements in policy formulation and implementation are crucial. Uncertainties when it comes to the allocation of land to meet multi sectoral policy goals are to be addressed by clarifying land use definitions and categories, which should be backed up by consistent land use definitions in various policy documents. The dual land classification presently applied should move towards a single land classification, linking actual landscape coverage and the legal status of the land. Policy information and guidance across sectoral policies should be compiled in a single database. Such a publicly available database would help enhance the efficiency of land allocation for multiple policy purposes. More importantly, the formulation of biodiesel policy has to engage various sectoral policies that compete for the same resources. The biorefinery conceptual plant allows the reduction of government subsidies, while also providing a pathway to enhance the use of renewable energy and reduce GHG emissions. Policies have been designed to enhance plant profits through the improved utilisation of biomass residues in the palm oil mill for energy generation and composting. However, the low implementation rate of policies indicates the need to improve the effectiveness of policy implementation, and therefore the need for better monitoring processes, and possibly more stringent consequences for non-compliance. / <p>QC 20180223</p>

Some 5 million people were classified as internally displaced in Colombia at the end of 2012, which represented about 10 per cent of the population and the highest number in the world at the time. Colombia differs from other countries with high levels of displacement in that it is comparatively politically stable, has effective national institutions, a relatively strong formal economy, and can by no means be described as a ‘failed’ or ‘failing’ state. The displacement literature tends to characterise the phenomenon as a humanitarian crisis and a side effect of the long-running civil war. But Colombians continue to be displaced in very large numbers despite the formal demobilization of the paramilitaries in 2006 and the diminished military capacity and engagement of the guerrillas since about the same period: the same groups that are widely regarded as being the main perpetrators of displacement. This thesis contends that displacement of the civilian population in Colombia is frequently not a consequence of violence, but rather the primary objective, where violence plays a facilitatory role. Moreover, the thesis asserts that these massive levels of displacement are substantively linked to predominantly economically-motivated logics and are regionally specific. By examining an agricultural commodity that has significantly expanded relatively recently in Colombia - African palm oil - this research examines if and how expanded cultivation may be linked to displacement. Using a political economy framework of analysis combined with empirical fieldwork, it explores the ‘localised displacement logics’ whereby land is coercively acquired by powerful local groups. The thesis concludes that the abandonment and dispossession of land from poor and marginalised groups constitutes part of an ongoing process of capitalist expansion and statebuilding in Colombia. Contrary to assertions that it is the intra-state conflict that constitutes the central obstacle to development, Colombia’s current trajectory of capitalist development may actually be a central obstacle to sustainable peace and not lead to an end to displacement.

No description available.

Nous avons cherché à évaluer l'impact de conditions opératoires pour la préparation d'agrégats protéiques et d'émulsions stabilisées par des protéines en vue de la protection de l'α-tocopherol, servant de modèle de molécules d'intérêt, hydrophobes et sensibles. Les matrices protéiques ont été formées à partir d'un concentrat de protéines de lactosérum (6 wt% de WPC, pH 6.5 et 65 à 75°C), en présence ou absence de 4% α-tocopherol. Le mélange (65°C -15 min) des protéines en solution sans ou avec α-tocopherol a donné lieu à la formation de particules avec modification de charge (de -42 à -51 mV) et de taille (de 183 à 397 nm). Ces paramètres ont diminué davantage sous l'effet d'homogénéisation sous haute pression à 1200 bar que à 300 bar, alors qu'une meilleure protection de l'α-tocopherol a été observée après 8 semaines conservation. Les mécanismes impliqués dans la formation des matrices protéiques correspondantes ont été décrits sur la base de procédés de dénaturation-agrégation de protéines sériques, à partir de résultats obtenus par calorimétrie différentielle à balayage (DSC), spectrofluorescence, diffusion multiple de la lumière et électrophorèse SDS-PAGE. Les matrices lipidiques ont été préparées à partir de phases aqueuses contenant (6 wt% or 3 wt% de WPC) et lipidiques (20 %) en présence ou absence de lécithines (1.5%) avec ou sans α-tocopherol (4%), et par application d'une première étape de dispersion (65°C - 15 min) suivie d'une homogénéisation sous pression à 300 ou 1200 bar. Les nanoparticles lipidiques formées à plus haute pression étaient de taille et concentration protéique de surface plus faibles et de degré d'encapsulation de l'α-tocopherol plus faible (près de 15 %). L'analyse par DSC en modes balayage et isothermes des particules lipidiques a montré que plus leur taille est faible, plus le sur-refroidissement est important, l'apparition des cristaux de matière grasse plus retardée, et leur développement à 4°C moins important. Ces effets sont accentués dans les gouttelettes contenant l'α-tocopherol. La diffraction aux grands et petits angles de rayons X (synchrotron Soleil), couplée à la DSC, a montré la co-existence des polymorphes 2Lα, 2Lβ' et 2Lβ dans toutes les émulsions, mais à des proportions différentes. Les cristaux 2Lβ étaient plus développés dans les gouttelettes de plus petite taille et contenant du tocopherol en présence de lécithins, celles qui présentaient la plus forte dégradation chimique d'α-tocopherol pendant une conservation à long-terme. / We investigated effects of processing conditions for the preparation of protein aggregates and protein-stabilized lipid droplets, as matrix carriers of sensitive lipophilic bioactive compounds, with α-tocopherol as a model. Protein-based matrices were formed from whey protein concentrate (6 wt% WPC, pH 6.5 and 65 to 75°C), in presence or absence of 4% α-tocopherol. Mixing the protein solutions without or with α-tocopherol (65°C for 15 min) led to changes in particle surface charges (from -42 to -51 mV) and sizes (from 183 to 397 nm). These parameters decreased more under further high pressure homogenisation at 1200 bar than 300 bar, in parallel with increased vitamin protection over 8 week's storage. Molecular mechanisms involved in formation of corresponding α-tocopherol-loaded protein matrix were described on the basis of heat- and high-pressure-induced whey protein denaturation and aggregation, as evidenced by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), spectrofluorescence, multi-light scattering and SDS-PAGE electrophoretic patterns. Lipid-based matrices were developed from aqueous phases (80 wt%) containing WPC (6 wt% or 3 wt%) and lipid phases (20 wt%) in presence or absence of lecithins and/or 4% α-tocopherol, and by using a first dispersion step (65°C for 15 min) followed with HPH at 300 or 1200 bar. Our results showed that increasing HPH was accompanied by formation of lipid nanoparticles with decreasing size and protein surface concentration with an increase in α-tocopherol degradation (up to 15 wt% for 1200 bar). DSC in scanning and isothermal modes showed that reduction in lipid droplet size was accompanied by retardation in crystalline fat development under storage at 4°C, with further reduction in crystalline fat development along with further increase in supercooling for lipid droplets containing α-tocopherol. Fat polymorphism observed using time-resolved synchrotron X-ray scattering at wide and small angles (WAXS and SAXS) coupled with DSC, showed co-existence of 2Lα, 2Lβ' and 2Lβ polymorphs in all the emulsions, but at different proportions. It was observed that 2Lβ polymorphs were more prominent in lipid droplets with lower size and containing α-tocopherol in presence of lecithins that were shown to present the lowest long-term stability of α-tocopherol against chemical degradation.