Les travaux de cette thèse s’articulent autour des « problèmes d’ordonnancement multiagent avec une fonction objectif globale ». Ces modèles considèrent différents agents associés à des sous-ensembles de travaux disjoints, chacun d’eux vise à minimiser un objectif qui ne dépend que de ses propres travaux. Un critère global est aussi considéré, qui est appliqué à la totalité des travaux. La résolution de ces problèmes revient à trouver les meilleurs compromis entre les critères des agents et le critère global. Ces problèmes sont une classe particulière des problèmes d’ordonnancement « multi-agents » qui ont connu une grande expansion, reflétant leurs intérêts dans le domaine de l’ordonnancement. / This thesis addresses the multi-agent scheduling problems with a global objective function. We consider the problems featured by various agents, each of which is associated with a distinct subset of jobs. Each agent aims at minimizing a certain objective function, which only operates on its assigned jobs. A global criterion associated with a global agent is applied on the whole set of the jobs. Solving these problems involves finding the best compromises between the requirements of agents and that of the global agent. These problems belong to a particular class of multi-criteria scheduling problems. Such a class has drawn a significant interest to researchers in the area of scheduling and operational research.

Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-14T11:18:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAHMP.pdf: 2470407 bytes, checksum: b3f2c2d64bfa00285c28963c74627bea (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-03-20T13:12:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAHMP.pdf: 2470407 bytes, checksum: b3f2c2d64bfa00285c28963c74627bea (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-03-20T13:12:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAHMP.pdf: 2470407 bytes, checksum: b3f2c2d64bfa00285c28963c74627bea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-20T13:23:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAHMP.pdf: 2470407 bytes, checksum: b3f2c2d64bfa00285c28963c74627bea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-02 / Não recebi financiamento / The process of building the knowledge base of fuzzy systems has benefited extensively of methods to automatically extract the necessary knowledge from data sets that represent examples of the problem. Among the topics investigated in the most recent research is the matter of balance between accuracy and interpretability, which has been addressed by means of multi-objective genetiv algorithms, NSGA-II being on of the most popular. In this scope, we identified the need to control the diversity of solutions found by these algorithms, so that each solution would balance the Pareto frontier with respect to the goals optimized by the multi-objective genetic algorithm. In this PhD thesis a multi-objective genetic algorithm, named NSGA-DO, is proposed. It is able to find non dominated solutions that balance the Pareto frontier with respect optimization of the objectives. The main characteristicof NSGA-DO is the distance oriented selection of solutions. Once the Pareto frontier is found, the algorithm uses the locations of the solutions in the frontier to find the best distribution of solutions. As for the validation of the proposal, NSGA-DO was applied to a methodology for the generation of fuzzy knowledge bases. Experiments show the superiority of NSGADO when compared to NSGA-II in all three issues analyzed: dispersion, accuracy and interpretability. / A construção da base de conhecimento de sistemas fuzzy tem sido beneficiada intensamente por métodos automáticos que extraem o conhecimento necessário a partir de conjuntos de dados que representam exemplos do problema. Entre os tópicos mais investigados nas pesquisas recentes está a questão do balanceamento entre acuidade e interpretabilidade, que têm sido abordada por meio dos algoritmos genéticos multiobjetivo, sendo o NSGA-II um dos mais populares. Neste escopo, identificou-se a necessidade do controle da distribuição das soluções encontradas por estes algoritmos, a fim de que cada solução possa equilibrar a fronteira de Pareto com relação aos objetivos otimizados pelo algoritmo genético multiobjetivo. Neste sentido, desenvolveu-se neste projeto de doutorado um algoritmo genético multiobjetivo, chamado NSGA-DO, capaz de encontrar soluções não dominadas que equilibram a fronteira de Pareto nos objetivos a serem otimizados. A principal característica do NSGA-DO é a seleção de soluções orientada à distância. Uma vez encontrada a fronteira de Pareto, o algoritmo usa a localização das soluções nesta fronteira para encontrar a melhor distribuição das soluções. Para a validação da proposta, aplicou-se o NSGA-DO em uma metodologia para a geração de bases de conhecimento fuzzy. Experimentos realizados comprovaram a superioridade do NSGA-DO com relação ao NSGA-II nos três quesitos analisados: dispersão, acurácia e interpretabilidade.

Submitted by Sáboia Nágila (nagila.saboia01@gmail.com) on 2016-07-29T14:09:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disertação-Anibrata Pal.pdf: 1139751 bytes, checksum: a29e1923e75e239365abac2dc74c7f40 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-08-15T17:54:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disertação-Anibrata Pal.pdf: 1139751 bytes, checksum: a29e1923e75e239365abac2dc74c7f40 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-08-15T17:57:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disertação-Anibrata Pal.pdf: 1139751 bytes, checksum: a29e1923e75e239365abac2dc74c7f40 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T17:57:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disertação-Anibrata Pal.pdf: 1139751 bytes, checksum: a29e1923e75e239365abac2dc74c7f40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-19 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The world of information retrieval revolves around web search engines. Text search engines are one of the most important source for routing information. The web search engines index huge volumes of data and handles billions of documents. The learn to rank methods have been adopted in the recent past to generate high quality answers for the search engines. The ultimate goal of these systems are to provide high quality results and, at the same time, reduce the computational time for query processing. Drawing direct correlation from the aforementioned fact; reading from smaller or compact indexes always accelerate data read or in other words, reduce computational time during query processing. In this thesis we study about using learning to rank method to not only produce high quality ranking of search results, but also to optimize another important aspect of search systems, the compression achieved in their indexes. We show that it is possible to achieve impressive gains in search engine index compression with virtually no loss in the final quality of results by using simple, yet effective, multi objective optimization techniques in the learning process. We also used basic pruning techniques to find out the impact of pruning in the compression of indexes. In our best approach, we were able to achieve more than 40% compression of the existing index, while keeping the quality of results at par with methods that disregard compression. / Máquinas de busca web para a web indexam grandes volumes de dados, lidando com coleções que muitas vezes são compostas por dezenas de bilhões de documentos. Métodos aprendizagem de máquina têm sido adotados para gerar as respostas de alta qualidade nesses sistemas e, mais recentemente, há métodos de aprendizagem de máquina propostos para a fusão de evidências durante o processo de indexação das bases de dados. Estes métodos servem então não somente para melhorar a qualidade de respostas em sistemas de busca, mas também para reduzir custos de processamento de consultas. O único método de fusão de evidências em tempo de indexação proposto na literatura tem como foco exclusivamente o aprendizado de funções de fusão de evidências que gerem bons resultados durante o processamento de consulta, buscando otimizar este único objetivo no processo de aprendizagem. O presente trabalho apresenta uma proposta onde utiliza-se o método de aprendizagem com múltiplos objetivos, visando otimizar, ao mesmo tempo, tanto a qualidade de respostas produzidas quando o grau de compressão do índice produzido pela fusão de rankings. Os resultados apresentados indicam que a adoção de um processo de aprendizagem com múltiplos objetivos permite que se obtenha melhora significativa na compressão dos índices produzidos sem que haja perda significativa na qualidade final do ranking produzido pelo sistema.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-06-21T18:17:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - José Salviano Borges - 2016.pdf: 59885367 bytes, checksum: 3df4277939769ca93ed44eee88f1bf84 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2017-07-07T19:56:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - José Salviano Borges - 2016.pdf: 59885367 bytes, checksum: 3df4277939769ca93ed44eee88f1bf84 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-07T19:56:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - José Salviano Borges - 2016.pdf: 59885367 bytes, checksum: 3df4277939769ca93ed44eee88f1bf84 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-09 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / To enlarge the active participation of individuals with disabilities in society, some mechanisms have been developed, such as crustches and wheelchairs. Wheelchairs are widely used, either temporarily or even permanently, allowing greater mobility and independence of the individual. However, the same is subject to the physical limitations of the wheels, requiring regular and hard grouynd to ensure bettermobility. Thus, some studies have suggested repacing the wheels on the legs, since the same part of the evolutionary process allows many terrestrial animals and viable movement to the wheels. The mechanisms with legs given the name of mobile machines. Among the most famous mobile machines are developed by the dutch phisicist Theo Jansen, called by Strandbeest. This study evaluates the repacement of the wheels of wheelchairs, for legs, trying to extend its use in less regular land. Also shown is the pattern of locomotion strcture developed by Jansen and the development of the Jansen similar structure using multiobjective optimizationmethods in order to ensure a new optimum configuration, and obtain a prototype proposed to be coupled in a conventional wheelchair. During the work it is proposed the method of wighted sumwith Pareto, this method related to onedimensionalyzation objectives. It also presents a brief comparison with two other methods –Weihted Sumand Pareto Ordination. / Para ampliar a participação ativa de indivíduos com deficiência na sociedade, alguns mecanismos foram desenvolvidos, como muletas e cadeiras de rodas. As cadeiras de rodas são bastante utilizadas, seja temporariamente ou até mesmo permanentemente, permitindo uma maior mobilidade e independência do indivíduo. Contudo, a mesma encontra-se sujeita às limitações físicas das rodas, necessitando de terrenos regulares e rígidos para garantir uma melhor locomoção. Assim, alguns estudos sugeriram a substituição das rodas por pernas, uma vez que as mesmas fazem parte do processo evolutivo demuitos animais terrestres e permite movimentos inviáveis para as rodas. Os mecanismos dotados de pernas receberam o nome de máquinas móveis. Dentre as máquinas móveis mais famosas encontram-se as desenvolvidas pelo físico holandês Theo Jansen, denominadas por Strandbeest. Este trabalho avalia a substituição das rodas das cadeiras de rodas por pernas, procurando ampliar a sua utilização em terrenos menos regulares. É apresentado também o modelo da estrutura de locomoção desenvolvida por Jansen, além do desenvolvimento de uma estrutura similar à de Jansen, utilizando métodos de otimização multiobjetivo com o intuito de se garantir uma nova configuração ótima, obtendo uma proposta de protótipo a ser acoplado em uma cadeira de rodas convencional. Durante o trabalho propõe-se o método da Soma Ponderada com Pareto, método este relacionado à unidimensionalização de objetivos. Apresenta-se também uma breve comparação com outros dois métodos - Soma Ponderada e Ordenação de Pareto.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:23:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wagner.pdf: 5111902 bytes, checksum: b4edf3498cca6f9c7e2a9dbde6e62e18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-07 / The purpose of hydrologic frequency analysis is to relate magnitude of events with their occurrence frequency based on probability distribution. The generalized probability distributions can be used on the study concerning extreme hydrological events: extreme events, logistics and Pareto. There are several methodologies to estimate probability distributions parameters, however, L-moments are often used due to computational easiness. Reliability of quantiles with high return period can be increased by LH-moments or high orders L-moments. L-moments have been widely studied; however, there is little information about LH-moments on literature, thus, there is a great research requirement on such area. Therefore, in this study, LH-moments were studied under two approaches commonly used in hydrology: (i) local frequency analysis (LFA) and (ii) regional frequency analysis (RFA). Moreover, a database with 227 rainfall stations was set (daily maximum annual), in Paraná State, from 1976 to 2006. LFA was subdivided into two steps: (i) Monte Carlo simulations and (ii) application of results to database. The main result of Monte Carlo simulations was that LH-moments make 0.99 and 0.995 quantiles less biased. Besides, simulations helped on creating an algorithm to perform LFA by generalized distributions. The algorithm was applied to database and enabled an adjustment of 227 studied series. In RFA, the 227stations have been divided into 11 groups and regional growth curves were obtained; while local quantiles were obtained from the regional growth curves. The difference between local quantiles obtained by RFA was quantified with those obtained via LFA. The differences may be approximately 33 mm for return periods of 100 years. / O objetivo da análise de frequência das variáveis hidrológicas é relacionar a magnitude dos eventos com sua frequência de ocorrência por meio do uso de uma distribuição de probabilidade. No estudo de eventos hidrológicos extremos, podem ser usadas as distribuições de probabilidade generalizadas: de eventos extremos, logística e Pareto. Existem diversas metodologias para a estimativa dos parâmetros das distribuições de probabilidade, no entanto, devido às facilidades computacionais, utilizam-se frequentemente os momentos-L. A confiabilidade dos quantis com alto período de retorno pode ser aumentada utilizando os momentos-LH ou momentos-L de altas ordens. Os momentos-L foram amplamente estudados, todavia, os momentos-LH apresentam literatura reduzida, logo, mais pesquisas são necessárias. Portanto, neste estudo, os momentos-LH foram estudados sob duas abordagens comumente utilizadas na hidrologia: (i) Análise de frequência local (AFL) e (ii) Análise de frequência regional (AFR). Além disso, foi montado um banco de dados com 227 estações pluviométricas (máximas diárias anuais), localizadas no Estado do Paraná, no período de 1976 a 2006. A AFL subdividiu-se em duas etapas: (i) Simulações de Monte Carlo e (ii) Aplicação dos resultados ao banco de dados. O principal resultado das simulações de Monte Carlo foi que os momentos-LH tornam os quantis 0,99 e 0,995 menos enviesados. Além disso, as simulações viabilizaram a criação de um algoritmo para realizar a AFL utilizando as distribuições generalizadas. O algoritmo foi aplicado ao banco de dados e possibilitou ajuste das 227 séries estudadas. Na AFR, as 227 estações foram dividas em 11 grupos e foram obtidas as curvas de crescimento regional. Os quantis locais foram obtidos a partir das curvas de crescimento regional. Foi quantificada a diferença entre os quantis locais obtidos via AFL com aqueles obtidos via AFR. As diferenças podem ser de aproximadamente 33 mm para períodos de retorno de 100 anos.

El desarrollo de la presente tesis forma parte de un estudio realizado en una empresa que brinda servicios de mantenimiento y reparación de motores eléctricos para minería, industria y generación de electricidad. La tesis tiene como finalidad proponer un modelo de gestión que permita agilizar el tiempo de reparación de motores eléctricos de corriente continua, debido a que los clientes se vienen quejando por incumplimientos en la fecha de entrega del servicio, esto genera pérdida de credibilidad, imagen de la empresa y futuros negocios. Para remediar la problemática se utilizaron herramientas de mejora continua tales como análisis de Pareto, espina pescado, 5 por qué y matriz de priorización para determinar el estado actual del servicio de reparación de motores y determinar cuál será nuestro foco para la investigación, basado en este diagnóstico se ha establecido un estándar en la nomenclatura de actividades de un servicio completo de reparación de motor y se implementó un análisis de muestreo de trabajo para determinar el tiempo de estas actividades sin cabida a los tiempos improductivos. Una vez determinado los tiempos se implementó la Hoja de Ruta la cual sirve de fuente para el seguimiento y supervisión más exacta de las actividades durante la ejecución del servicio y de esta manera cumplir con el tiempo de entrega prometido al cliente. El modelo propuesto logra disminuir el tiempo de ejecución de un servicio completo de motor eléctrico del tipo CC en un 17%, así mismo se obtuvo un incremento significativo en nuestro indicador de cumplimiento con la fecha de entrega pactada y una disminución de quejas de los clientes. The development of this thesis is about of a company that provides maintenance and repair services of electric motors for mining, industry and electricity generation. The thesis aims to propose a management model that allows speed up the repair time DC electric motors, because customers have been complaining about violations on the date of delivery of the service, which entails loss of credibility, image of the company and future business. To remedy the problems we used quality tools such as Pareto analysis, fishbone, 5 why’s and prioritization matrix to determine the current state of the service engine repair and determine what will be our focus for research, based on this diagnosis it has set a standard in the nomenclature of activities of a full-service repair, also Work sampling was used to determine the time to accommodate these activities without downtime. Once determined the times we set the Roadmap which serves as a source for more accurate monitoring and supervision of the activities during the execution of the service and thus meet the promised delivery time to the customer was implemented. It managed to reduce the execution time of a full service type DC electric motor by 17%, also a significant increase was obtained in our indicator of compliance with agreed delivery date and a decrease in customer complaints.

Face à l’érosion globale de la biodiversité des écosystèmes aquatiques continentaux, l’identification des mesures de gestion les plus urgentes à mettre en place est cruciale. En s’appuyant sur une approche innovante et multi-facettes de la diversité, les priorités de conservation pour les assemblages de poissons de rivière ont pu être déterminées à l’échelle de la France. La durabilité de ces priorités de conservation face aux principales composantes des changements globaux a ensuite été évaluée afin d’identifier les zones qui protégeront efficacement la biodiversité actuelle dans le futur. La méthodologie développée a finalement été appliquée au réseau hydrographique du département du Pas-de-Calais dans le but d’identifier précisément les priorités locales de conservation et de restauration. Ces outils pourront par la suite être utilisés comme support d’aide à la décision et adaptés selon les besoins des gestionnaires des milieux aquatiques. / The global loss of biodiversity affects freshwater ecosystems, making it crucial to identify the priority management actions in order to protect freshwater biodiversity in an effective and sustainable way. Based on an innovative multi-faceted framework of diversity, the spatial priorities for the conservation of stream fish assemblages have been identified at the scale of France. Their robustness to several drivers of global changes has then been assessed to identify the areas that are likely to efficiently protect the present-day biodiversity in the future. The methodological framework proposed herein has finally been applied to the river network of the Pas-de-Calais department located in northern France to accurately identify the local conservation and restoration priorities. These management tools can be used to support the establishment of management actions in accordance with the needs of the local environmental decision-makers.

Les grandes évolutions de la technique de systèmes embarqués au cours des dernières années ont permis avec succès la combinaison de la détection, le traitement des données, et diverses technologies de communication sans fil tout en un nœud. Les réseaux de capteurs sans fil (WSN) qui se composent d’un grand nombre de ces nœuds ont attiré l’attention du monde entier sur les établissements scolaires et les communautés industrielles, puisque leurs applications sont très répandues dans des domaines tels que la surveillance de l’environnement, le domaine militaire, le suivi des événements et la détection des catastrophes. En raison de la dépendance sur la batterie, la consommation d’énergie des réseaux de capteurs a toujours été la préoccupation la plus importante. Dans cet article, une méthode mixte est utilisée pour l’évaluation précise de l’énergie sur les réseaux de capteurs, ce qui inclut la conception d’un environnement de SystemC simulation base au niveau du système et au niveau des transactions pour l’exploration de l’énergie, et la construction d’une plate-forme de mesure d’énergie pour les mesures de nœud banc d’essai dans le monde réel pour calibrer et valider à la fois le modèle de simulation énergétique de nœud et le modèle de fonctionnement. La consommation d’énergie élaborée de plusieurs différents réseaux basés sur la plate-forme de nœud sont étudiées et comparées dans différents types de scénarios, et puis des stratégies globales d’économie d’énergie sont également données après chaque scénario pour les développeurs et les chercheurs qui se concentrent sur la conception des réseaux de capteurs efficacité énergétique. Un cadre de l’optimisation basée sur un algorithme génétique est conçu et mis en œuvre à l’aide de MATLAB pour les réseaux de capteurs conscients de l’énergie. En raison de la propriété de recherche global des algorithmes génétiques, le cadre de l’optimisation peut automatiquement et intelligemment régler des centaines de solutions possibles pour trouver le compromis le plus approprié entre la consommation d’énergie et d’autres indicateurs de performance. Haute efficacité et la fiabilité du cadre de la recherche des solutions de compromis entre l’énergie de nœud, la perte de paquets réseau et la latence ont été prouvés par réglage paramètres de l’algorithme CSMA / CA de unslotted (le mode non-beacon de IEEE 802.15.4) dans notre simulation basé sur SystemC via une fonction de coût de la somme pondérée. En outre, le cadre est également disponible pour la tâche d’optimisation basée sur multi-scénarios et multi-objectif par l’étude d’une application médicale typique sur le corps humain. / The great technique developments of embedded system in recent years have successfully enabled the combination of sensing, data processing and various wireless communication technologies all in one node. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that consist of many of such node have gained worldwide attention from academic institutions and industrial communities, since their applications are widespread in such as environment monitoring, military fields, event tracing/tracking and disaster detection. Due to the reliance on battery, energy consumption of WSNs has always been the most significant concern. In this paper, a mixed method is employed for the accurate energy evaluation on WSNs, which involves the design of a transaction-level system-level based SystemC simulation environment for energy exploration, and the building of an energy measurement system platform for the real world testbed node measurements to calibrate and validate both node energy simulation model and operation model. Elaborate energy consumption of several different node platform based networks are investigated and compared under different kinds of scenarios, and then comprehensive energy-saving strategies are also given after each case scenario for the developers and researchers who focus on the energy-efficient WSNs design. A genetic algorithm (GA) based optimization framework is designed and implemented using MATLAB for the energy aware WSNs. Due to the global search property of genetic algorithms, the optimization framework is able to automatically and intelligently fine tune hundreds/thousands of potential solutions to find the most suitable tradeoff among energy consumption and other performance metrics. The framework’s high efficiency and reliability of finding the tradeoff solutions among node energy, network packet loss and latency have been proved by tuning unslotted CSMA/CA algorithm parameters (used by non-beacon mode of IEEE 802.15.4) in our SystemC-based simulation via a weighted sum cost function. Furthermore, the framework is also available for the multi-scenario and multi-objective based optimization task by studying a typical medical application on human body. Keywords: Wireless sensor networks (WSNs), energy consumption, simulation/emulation, SystemC, testbeds, measurements, calibration, optimization, genetic algorithms, performance metrics, weighted sum cost function, multi-scenario and multi-objective optimization, Pareto-front

Les entreprises et plus généralement les organisations sont confrontées à des enjeux climatiques et économiques avec pour obligation de respecter un cadre légal et des orientations définis à des plus grandes échelles (régionale, nationale et internationale). Une organisation est souvent au fait du but ou de l’objectif à atteindre ; en revanche le moyen d’y parvenir peut nécessiter de l’apprentissage voire de la recherche. Le but de cette thèse est de fournir une méthodologie à l’usage des organisations pour réaliser le management stratégique des projets relatifs à leur transition énergétique. A partir de différents états de l’art sur la planification énergétique et la conception en particulier, nous avons pointé le déficit méthodologique auquel doit faire face une organisation : si les démarches et outils existent lorsqu’un problème est clairement identifié, comment justement identifier un ou des problèmes à partir uniquement d’une formulation de buts ou d’intentions ? La première partie propose une démarche de planification énergétique à l’échelle d’une organisation qui fait émerger, de manière structurée, les problèmes auxquels l’organisation sera potentiellement confrontée. Notre démarche repose sur l’utilisation des BEGES et des méthodes de management de l’énergie/GES d’une part, complétés par des démarches et outils de conception d’autre part. Ces derniers facilitent la consolidation des informations et des données nécessaires pour formuler et structurer les problèmes à résoudre. A l’issue de cette démarche certains problèmes sont formulés sous forme de contradictions et de conflits. La démarche développée est purement qualitative et adaptée au travail de groupe avec des experts. Cependant certaines données numériques traduisent des comportements de systèmes qui sont peu maitrisés par les parties prenantes du projet. La deuxième partie propose une méthode combinant la simulation et l’analyse de données pour identifier les contradictions d’objectifs et de cause qui peuvent ou semblent empêcher l’atteinte des objectifs. Ces contradictions sont formulées de sorte à pouvoir être traitées avec les méthodes de résolution de problèmes inventifs. Le principe d’identification des contradictions d’objectifs repose sur la transformation des réponses expérimentales ou de simulation des systèmes étudiés en données qualitatives binaires et sur l’identification des Paretos optimaux des données ainsi transformées. Les contradictions de causes concernent les facteurs ou paramètres de conception qui induisent les conflits d’objectifs. Nous proposons de les identifier à l’aide d’une méthode d’analyse discriminante binaire à base d’apprentissage supervisé associée à l’ANOVA. Nous montrons sur un cas d’étude, d’une part, comment intégrer cette approche dans la démarche présentée en partie 1 du mémoire, et d’autre part, comment l’utiliser pour obtenir des concepts de solutions dans un contexte multi-objectifs (diminution des consommations d’énergie, des émissions de GES, du coût etc.). / Companies and more generally organizations are confronted with climatic and economic issues, they have to respect a legal framework and orientations defined in larger scales (regional, national and international). An organization usually knows the goal or the objective to be achieved; however the way to do can require learning or even research. The goal of this thesis is to provide a methodology for the use of organizations to realize strategic management of their energy transition projects. From many different states of the art about energy planning and conception in particular, we show the methodological deficit which an organization has to face: if approaches and tools exist when a problem is clearly identified, how actually identify one or several problems from only a goal or intention formulation? The first part proposes an energy planning approach at an organizational scale to bring out in structured way problems which the organization may be confronted. Our approach is based on greenhouse gas emission assessments and energy/GHG management methods which are completed with conception approaches and some tools and methodologies. They facilitate the consolidation of required information and data to formulate and structure problems to solve. As a result of our approach some problems are formulated as contradictions and conflicts. The developed approach is purely qualitative and adapted to workgroup with experts. However some numerical data translate system behaviors which are sparsely mastered by project stakeholders. The second part proposes a combined method of simulation and data analysis to identify objective and cause contradictions which can or seem to prevent achieving the objectives. These contradictions are formulated in such a way to be handled with methods of resolution of inventive problems. The identification of objective contradictions is based on the transformation of experimental or simulation answers of the studied systems in binary qualitative data and on the identification of optimal Pareto of the transformed data. Cause contradictions concern conception factors or parameters which induce objective conflicts. We suggest identifying these contradictions with a binary discriminant analysis method based on supervised learning associated with ANOVA. On one hand, we show on a study case how integrate this initiative into the presented approaches in part 1 and on the other hand, how use it to obtain solution concepts in a multi-objective context (energy consumptions, GHG emissions or cost reduction etc.).

El presente trabajo se enfoca en la mejora de la calidad concerniente a los elementos estructurales de un centro comercial, a efectos de reducir y minimizar las No Conformidades más relevantes que se presentaron en obra. El proyecto se basó en la construcción y ampliación de locatarios de un centro comercial que tendrá como fin su alquiler. Mediante la aplicación del Análisis Causa Raíz y con las herramientas de diagrama de Ishikawa y diagrama de Pareto, se pudo encontrar las posibles causas del incumplimiento de la calidad en los elementos estructurales, las que subsecuente se validaron a fin de determinar acciones correctivas. En el primer capítulo se señala el planteamiento del problema, problemas principales, secundarios, justificación del estudio, limitación y los objetivos generales y específicos. En el Segundo Capitulo se señala el marco teórico, donde menciona la calidad en el Perú, la gestión de la calidad total, los costos de la calidad en la construcción, ingeniería de la calidad y definiciones. En el tercer capítulo se indica la utilización del Análisis Causa Raíz, las herramientas Diagrama Causa Efecto y Diagrama de Pareto. En el cuarto capítulo, se presenta el desarrollo del análisis de causa raíz mediante una secuencia de pasos. En el quinto capítulo, La Evaluación Económica, Presupuesto de obra, Costo de Reparación y Análisis del Gasto Incurrido. Finalmente, en el capítulo seis, se presentará las conclusiones y recomendaciones del presente trabajo. / This work focuses on quality improvement concerning the structural elements of a shopping center, in order to reduce and minimize the most relevant Non-Conformities that occurred on site. The project was based on the construction and expansion of tenants of a shopping center that will be rented as its purpose. By applying the Root Cause Analysis and using the Ishikawa diagram and Pareto diagram tools, it was possible to find the possible causes of quality noncompliance in the structural elements, which were subsequently validated in order to determine corrective actions. In the first chapter the problem statement, main and secondary problems, justification for the study, limitation and general and specific objectives are indicated. In the Second Chapter the theoretical framework is pointed out, where it mentions the quality in Peru, the total quality management, the costs of quality in construction, quality engineering and definitions. The third chapter indicates the use of Root Cause Analysis, the Cause Effect Diagram and Pareto Diagram tools. In the fourth chapter, the development of root cause analysis is presented using a sequence of steps. In the fifth chapter, The Economic Evaluation, Construction Budget, Repair Cost and Incurred Expense Analysis. Finally, in chapter six, the conclusions and recommendations of this work will be presented. / Trabajo de investigación