Öffentlich-private Partnerschaften oder Public Private Partnerships (PPP) werden seit Mitte der Neunziger Jahre des letzten Jahrhunderts in allen westeuropäischen Ländern umgesetzt. Dieses Modell der alternativen Leistungserbringung wurde mit erstaunlicher Geschwindigkeit, sektorenübergreifend und flächendeckend implementiert. Verschiedene Autoren haben den Ansatz der Netzwerk-Gesellschaft mit der Entstehung des Phänomens PPP in Verbindung gebracht. An diesem Punkt setzt diese Arbeit an: Es wird untersucht, ob Policy-Netzwerke in der Europäischen Union existierten, die die Entwicklung der staatlichen Leistungserbringung zu Public Private Partnerships forciert haben, bzw. das Thema PPP auf die Agenda setzten und weitergehend wer die relevanten Akteure sind, in welcher Konstellation diese stehen und wie sie vernetzt sind. Wenn ein derartiges Policy-Netzwerk auf europäischer Ebene existieren sollte, soll des Weiteren analysiert werden, um was für eine Art von Policy-Netzwerk es sich nach der Policy-Netzwerk-Typologie handelt. Abschließend werden die Implikationen und Effekte dieses Netzwerkes in Hinblick auf faire Zugangsmöglichkeiten, Transparenz und Wirtschaftlichkeit von Public Private Partnerships erörtert.

BACKGROUND: Powerful public-private partnerships (PPPs) can only be established if the partners are able to deal with complexity. Such partnerships may serve to stimulate local community and economic development. Thus, it may maximise the effectiveness of local groups and resources in meeting the needs for rebuilding a community through a partnership representative of the public and private sectors. A problem that exists in South Africa, is the uneven distribution of population ratios dependent on public and private sector health care service delivery, in relation to the proportion of pharmaceutical service providers in the different sectors. OBJECTIVE: The main objectives of this qualitative research investigation were to examine the prospects for PPP development in the pharmaceutical sector of South Africa as well as to explore the possibilities of a proposition for a proposed generic public-private partnership model to be managed and used in the pharmaceutical sector of South Africa. METHOD: The study comprises of the exploration of the research questions by means of a qualitative research design. The study design implicated a balance between the in-depth literature study and a qualitative research process. The researcher employed a grounded theory approach to collect and analyse the data. Data collection represented the identifiable role players and opinion formulators in the South African health care sector. By following a combination of the various qualitative sampling methods and techniques, a total of 38 (n=38) interviews were conducted. The data collected from the interviewees and from the literature study were integrated and analysed by making use of computer assisted data analysis. SETTING: The researcher selected interviewees from the South African health care sector. The interviews included role players in the pharmaceutical sector in both the public and private sectors. The interviewees further represented eight different spheres of the pharmaceutical setting in South Africa. KEY FINDINGS: The investigation identified a range of prospects for PPP development in South Africa and these were reported in terms of views, expectations and scope for success. The management elements for developing and sustaining joint ventures between the public and private sectors were identified and a proposition was formulated in theory to serve as a proposed generic PPP model (PGM) in the pharmaceutical sector for the South African health care milieu. CONCLUSION The exploratory qualitative investigation surfaced the various facets of the complexity of PPPs. The investigation concluded that several barriers, such as competition and market entry disparities between the macro and micro level pharmaceutical entities, which impede PPP development, affected the prospects for PPP development in South Africa. The South African legislation, South African Treasury guidelines, regulations and the views of the SA Competition Commission need transformation to accommodate both the micro and macro level pharmaceutical service providers in the formation of PPPs. Capacity building within the sphere of pharmaceutical service delivery to the bigger population of South Africa may become sustainable on removal of these barriers. A series of recommendations were presented and several critical issues in need of supplementary research, have been identified. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

This article is the first chapter of the second edition of “The Anatomy of Corporate Law: A Comparative and Functional Approach”, by Reinier Kraakman, John Armour, Paul Davies, Luca Enriques, Henry Hansmann, Gerard Hertig, Klaus Hopt, HidekiKanda and Edward Rock (Oxford University Press, 2009). The book as a whole provides a functional analysis of Corporate (or Company) Law in Europe, the U.S., and Japan. Its organization reflects the structure of Corporate Law throughout all jurisdictions, while individual capitals explore the diversity of jurisdictionalapproaches to the common issues of Corporate Law. In its second edition, the book has been significantly revised and expanded. / Este artículo es el primer capítulo de la segunda edición de The Anatomy of Corporate Law: A Comparative and Functional Approach, por Reinier Kraakman, John Armour, Paul Davies, Luca Enriques, Henry Hansmann, Gerard Hertig, Klaus Hopt, Hideki Kanda y Edward Rock (Oxford University Press, 2009). El libro como un todo provee un análisis funcional del Derecho Corporativo (o Societario) en Europa, Estados Unidos y Japón. Su organización refleja la estructura del Derecho Corporativo a lo largo de todas las jurisdicciones, mientras que los capítulos individuales exploran la diversidad de los enfoques de distintas jurisdicciones a los problemas comunes del Derecho Corporativo. En su segunda edición, el libro ha sido significativamente revisado y expandido.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / With the National Development Plan vision 2030, the South African government has charted a path to ensure that through social development, poverty, inequality and unemployment will be eradicated in post-apartheid South Africa. After more than twenty years of democracy and freedom, the nature and scale of the problems plaguing social development are far from alleviated. However, scholars share the view that social development partnerships could enhance the delivery of developmental welfare services as is implied in the South Africa’s National Development Plan (NDP). The variety of actors involved in any functional partnership pose particular challenges, risks and benefits. In order to explore ways to assess the functionality of such partnerships, this study will focus on religion-state partnerships in social development, with special reference to FBOs, their relation with the state, society and the context within which they exist; hence, defining the nature, identity and role of FBOs in social development.

The project is based on cross-sector partnerships to address societal problems (CSSP’s). CSSP’s are increasingly needed to address sustainability around the world. Previous studies on partnerships literature mostly investigated the organizational motives and key success factors. Regarding organizational motives, many studies investigated the motives of the organization to join partnerships in the context of dyadic partnerships such as non-profit and business partnerships. There is a need to investigate further the motives of the organization to join the social partnerships project with more than two sectors participated in the project. Meanwhile, the complexity of partnerships is increasing when more than three-sectors partnerships involved in the project. Some scholars also argued that cross-sector partnerships have a higher failure rate of partnerships rather than within sector partnerships.Therefore, this study aims to explore organizational motives to join and participate in cross-sector social partnerships project on a local level, and organizational challenges during implementation of it. A case study of Tillväxt Malmö project was chosen in this study as the project consists of more than three-sectors partnerships, which are a non-profit organization as the focal organization, and their partners are private sector (companies and investors), university and local governments.This study found there are four themes of organizational motives, which are society, resources, legitimacy, and competency that emerges from empirical finding. Most of the motives that are mentioned by organizations who joined and participate in the Tillväxt Malmô project is to address societal issues, to promote positive change, to bring benefits and help the growth of local business in Malmö city, and to support the development of social incubator in Malmö. This study also discovered four types of challenges which are (1) the different and changing of organizational mission and objectives, (2) the different of language, logic and perspective, (3) the difficulty to make organizational to work together and see each other as equal, and (4) the lack of transparency. Furthermore, the study also found that organizational motive has an important role that determines the sustainability of partnerships, whereas the different organizational motive between the partners to participate in CSSPs project could present as a barrier that strains the relationships between the partners.The paper illustrates the organizational motives and challenges in cross-sector social partnerships project which includes more than three-sectors in the domain to support the local economic development. Theoretically, this contributes to providing comprehensive literature about the motives and challenges in cross-sector social partnerships. In practical, it also gives an insight for project leaders or managers to address the relevant issues that face during implementation of cross-sector social partnerships project.

This study investigates minilateral partnerships, also referred to as regional cooperations, with the purpose of identifying whether these types of partnerships may be perceived as cohesive political grouping in the EP and if such cooperations influence the way in which MEPs debate and vote. The study uses a combined qualitative and quantitative method to study the behaviour of MEPs from the Visegrad Group when debating and voting on migration and asylum policy, during the Eight European Parliament. The thesis argues that the studied subject, i.e., the Visegrad Group, and the discussed issue i.e., migration and asylum policy, jointly generate a most likely case allowing for a reasonable degree of generalization. The study finds that the Visegrad Group is a politically incohesive group during the beginning of the studied time period, but that its cohesion notes a substantial increase towards its end. Despite the increase, the consistency of the Visegrad Group MEPs debating and voting as a group is found to be below the average cohesion of the European party groups. The study further confirms earlier research stating that national consideration and party politics remains the two strongest determinants of MEP debating and voting behaviour. The thesis concludes that the influence of minilateralism on MEPs is insignificant.

As the rhetoric of collaborative governance continues to gain popularity in the discourse of public affairs, both scholars and practitioners advocate cross-sector partnerships as a strategy to replace the vertical hierarchy of government with the horizontal approach of governance through a network of actors. This research explores the potential of social impact bonds (SIBs) as an instrument of collaborative governance. An SIB is an approach for broadening social programs, in a multi-faceted partnership among private investors, governments, and nonprofits. In this cross-sector partnership, private investors take on the financial risk of expanding evidence-based social programs provided by nonprofit organizations. In return, the government agency repays investors if the interventions meet measurable goals that demonstrate social impact (McKinsey & Company 2012, 15). Actors involved in the development of SIBs have published the majority of the scholarship to support them. Therefore, much of the literature informing the creation of future bonds is biased, and governments appear hesitant to try them before seeing any results. This study investigates possible disconnections between the arguments for and the practice of SIBs through textual analysis and elite interviewing. I identify three major disparities between the rhetoric and realities of SIBs: measurement of social impact, complexity of partnerships, and transfer of risk. / Master of Arts

This study investigates how cross-sector collaborations can mitigate value chain emissions, thereby reducing complex environmental issues. The point of departure is the Energize program, which ten pharmaceutical companies introduced at COP26 in November of 2021. Energize aims to accelerate the adaptation of renewable energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions throughout the industry and its value chain, which refers to Scope 3 emissions. By interviewing 13 respondents from nine participating companies, the study’s objective is to increase the understanding of these collaborative activities through a case study of Energize. Moreover, it investigates and identifies the drivers to encourage collaboration, its constraints, and the factors to make a program productive. The research concludes that for a cross-sector collaboration program to become fruitful, internal factors such as corporate engagement, the importance of industry working groups, and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are needed to exist throughout the process. Besides, external factors such as social awareness, legal requirements, and technological readiness are essential. Similar programs can efficiently try to solve complex issues by leveraging the combined bargaining power to increase the development within the value chain. Moreover, as a pre-competitive partnership, Energize has attractive benefits in reducing costly implementation processes and improving the resources of the participating actors.

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Partnerships within crime prevention have been considered an efficient approach in reducing crime rates. However, there is not enough information on how the partnerships are structured. This study aims to research what different partnerships are used in crime preventative work, who are involved and the main targets of intervention. The purpose of the study is also to draw conclusions of which motivations are behind the implementation and how the term ‘partnership’ is generally conceptualized. This will be examined through a scoping review followed by an analysis of the identified variables connected to the research questions. The findings of the study show that there are a large variety of working in partnership with various actors, but mainly the Police and Local authorities. The community and non-governmental organizations also contribute to the preventative work, creating school-based and community-based strategies to reduce crime. Based on the results it is noticed that the common targets of partnership approaches are focused on either social or situational prevention. There is a wide range of crimes, such as violent crime, drug-related crimes or social and/or physical disorder. The partnerships’ focus is directed towards either the individual or the overall community. The results indicate that the topic of ‘partnership’ definition or its conceptualization are not often mentioned, instead motivations for the implementation of partnerships are more prominent. By working in partnerships, it will contribute to a stronger tie between communities and actors. And with the correct methods applied, such as better information- sharing and regular meetings, the efficiency of partnerships will fortify.