This thesis deals with evaluation of the current situation of the agriculture company using strategic analysis and assessment of the project´s further development. Specifically, the assessment of the transition from conventional to organic agriculture using metod of discounted payback period.

Diploma thesis "Low-energy building" presents low-energy construction trends and their price comparision with conventional contruction. This thesis defines basic low-energy building terms, both building and construction work evaluation concepts and specifics of low-energy construction. Practical outcome is comparision between passive and conventional buildings, including economic appraisal.

I concentrated on assessing the suitability of the reconstruction of the industrial complex in terms of return on investment. For illustration and example, I chose part of an industrial complex in Nova Ves near Pohořelic. The solution was used knowledge from the field of investments, valuation of immovable assets and budgeting reconstruction. The result is both evaluation using economic indicators (in this case, the net present value of the investment), which demonstrate the appropriateness (or inappropriateness) and the extent of reconstruction in terms of return on invested funds. This thesis is beneficial for the homeowners who are considering reconstruction and want to rent a property.

This thesis focuses on the question whether it is economically viable to operate a system for household electricity production and if so, what are the necessary conditions to do so. In the text of this thesis a brief summary of environmental protection and sustainable development is presented, followed by the description and current state of technologies needed to construct systems for electricity production in the scale of family houses with focus on photovoltaic systems, and a description of the current legislation and administrative barriers related to this subject. Economic view (costs and return of investment) is examined in relation to multiple conditions, focus of this examination being on the geographical conditions, legislation and administrative conditions, state subsidies, electricity production and consumption profiles in the household and electricity price development scenarios. Technologies for household electricity production are therefore put into the context relevant to the citizens of the Czech Republic. The results of this work show, that the systems for photovoltaic electricity production in family houses in the conditions of the Czech Republic are economically viable with the premise that the surpluses of electricity produced are effectively consumed, for example for water...

Detta arbete fokuserar på användningen av solpaneler för att producera den energi som behövs för KTH-byggnaden i Södertälje och minska dess miljöpåverkan. Problembeskrivningen betonar vikten av att minska energiförbrukningen och använda förnybara energikällor för att täcka det kvarvarande energibehovet för byggnader som KTH i Södertälje. Syftet och målet med arbetet är att undersöka mängden el och energi som används på KTH-byggnaden och föreslå en hållbar lösning med solpaneler för att producera den energi som behövs. Genomförandet av studien inkluderar beräkningar och tekniska detaljer. Informationen om energiförbrukningen på KTH Södertälje samlas in från Miljökontoret, och beräkningar av solinstrång och panelbehov utförs. För att välja lämpliga solpaneler jämförs olika alternativ från Svea Solar baserat på tekniska specifikationer och pris. Beräkningar utförs för att bestämma antalet solpaneler som krävs för att täcka byggnadens elförbrukning, och placeringen av solpanelerna diskuteras. Resultatet innebar att 92 solpaneler installerades på KTH-byggnaden för att främja hållbar energiproduktion. Solpanelerna placerades vågrätt på taket för att utnyttja takytan optimalt och undvika skuggning. Med en vinkel på 20 grader kunde solpanelerna dra nytta av solens infallsvinkel och maximera energiproduktionen. Beräkningar visade att solpanelerna förväntades producera cirka 5 875 kWh el per månad, vilket skulle spara KTH cirka 4 282 kr per månad under 2023. Kostnaden för installationen var 414 000 kr och återbetalningstiden beräknades vara cirka 8,1 år. / This work focuses on the use of solar panels to produce the energy needed for the KTH building in Södertälje and reduce its environmental impact. The problem statement emphasizes the importance of reducing energy consumption and using renewable energy sources to cover the remaining energy needs of buildings such as KTH in Södertälje. The purpose and goal of the work is to investigate the amount of electricity and energy used at the KTH building and propose a sustainable solution with solar panels to produce the energy needed. The implementation of the study includes calculations and technical details. The information on energy consumption at KTH Södertälje is collected from the Environmental Office, and calculations of solar energy and panel requirements are carried out. To choose suitable solar panels, different options from Svea Solar are compared based on technical specifications and price. Calculations are performed to determine the number of solar panels required to cover the building's electricity consumption, and the placement of the solar panels is discussed. The result meant that 92 solar panels were installed on the KTH building to promote sustainable energy production. The solar panels were placed horizontally on the roof to make optimal use of the roof surface and avoid shading. With an angle of 20 degrees, the solar panels were able to take advantage of the sun's angle of incidence and maximize energy production. Calculations showed that the solar panels were expected to produce approximately 5,875 kWh of electricity per month, which would save KTH approximately SEK 4,282 per month in 2023. The cost of the installation was SEK 414,000 and the payback period were estimated to be approximately 8.1 years.

Shipping is the world’s largest mode of transportation, considering mass moved a distance: it is the most e˙effective way to carry large volumes far. In order for the shipping industry to keep its position and develop even further, efforts are made to increase efficiency and reduce the environmental footprint from the industry. More efficient ships, reduced fuel consumption, use of alternative fuels and exhaust gas treatment are some of the choices to reduce shipping’s environmental footprint and achieve the sustainability goal established by EU and enforced by the International Maritime Organization.Throughout the thesis, en evaluation of 18 energy efficiency measures and 4 alternative fuels is performed. Energy efficiency measures reduce a ship’s fuel consumption and alternative fuels substitutes fossil fuels with higher content of environmentally harmful content. The measures and fuels, covered in the study, are evaluated for nine representative container ship´s. Data from year 2016 are used for the nine container ships. The current procedure followed for new investments is analyzed for all measures and fuels for each ship, focused on the financial study of each measure and fuel. The results are then included in a risk and benefit analysis that introduces external aspects, not included in the traditional financial evaluation, that include: those that influence the ship and the ship’s environment and those affected by the ship’s operations.The main goal is to evaluate the possibilities to reduce emissions by considering these aspects and involve more stakeholders in the investment of measures and fuels for shipping to keep its position as the most efficient mode of transportation.

This study will examine a strategy for evaluating energy storage projects by integrating valuation metrics from finance and the energy sector. Uncertainty is one of the key barriers to investment in the energy sector (Shimbar & Ebrahimi, 2017, p. 349) and therefore financial modeling that allows comprehensive valuation of energy investment is necessary (Berrada, 2022, p. 407). The purpose of the study is to propose a strategy for evaluating energy storage projects that applies to investors and decision makers.  LCOS is a necessary component of energy storage project valuation, as it considers both the financial and technical performance of energy storage systems (ESS). Existing research in the field has contradictory opinions regarding the usefulness of LCOS and traditional financial valuation models for investment decisions in the energy storage sector. Few studies have combined modeling from the financial and energy sector. The authors have identified a need to introduce an investor perspective to business research in the energy storage sector. The authors conduct an explorative mixed-method study with an underlying non-positivist philosophical position. The case study design includes creation of five hypothetical energy storage projects to simulate an investment scenario. The authors utilize a point-base system to integrate valuation models from the energy and financial sectors, which include NPV, IRR, payback period, LCOS and technological maturity. Experts in the field provide input for which metrics are emphasized by practitioners. The projects are ranked based on stand-alone metrics, an integrated model and expert opinion. The results indicate that integrating numerous valuation metrics is necessary for analyzing and comparing energy storage investments. The financial viability of projects change based on individual metrics and integrated financial models. Furthermore, the results indicate that LCOS should be reinforced by financial indicators when making investment decisions. The expert input shows that investors emphasize valuation metrics differently, which indicates that the economic attractiveness of energy storage projects varies among investors. IRR is used by practitioners as a primary indicator for profitability. Future research should investigate a method for including sustainability indicators in the valuation process. Furthermore, as data accessibility is an issue in the field of study, future studies should collaborate with practitioners to generate more secondary data sources. Lastly, the impact of discount rates, risk premiums and investor preferences should be researched to better understand investment in the sector.

Floating offshore wind turbines show great potential within the energy industry, especially for deeper waters where traditional fixed-bottom turbines cannot be used. Offshore locations also offer stronger and more stable winds compared to onshore locations. The study explores the impact of the secondary machine efficiency on the electricity production in a Counter Rotating Axis Floating Tilting (CRAFT) wind turbine. The counter-rotating design holds promise for achieving high overall system efficiency.  MATLAB simulations show that it is possible to maintain a lower secondary machine efficiency without compromising stability. Reviewing two control systems confirms that using a robust control algorithm with optimized TSR ensures system stability in both high and low winds. A decrease in secondary electric machine efficiency from 97% to 93% resulted in a 0.03% reduction in annually generated electricity, whereas a similar decrease in primary electric generator efficiency led to a 1% reduction instead. Decreasing the secondary machine efficiency further to 83% resulted in a 0.1% reduction in annual generated electricity. Thus, the secondary machine's efficiency is shown to be less critical for the electricity production than the primary generator’s efficiency.  Choosing an asynchronous over a synchronous option as the secondary machine is economically advantageous since its lower efficiency of 83% instead of 97% does not significantly affect the electricity production. Moreover, the lower magnet cost for the asynchronous machines positively impacts economic metrics like LCoE, NPVI and payback period, making the asynchronous generator a more favourable economic choice. Further research areas to obtain higher accuracy include integrating differences in maintenance costs and conducting a more in-depth assessment of the investment costs associated with the two types of generators. Additionally, considering airflow losses around turbine blades and airflow interaction amongst the turbines could further enhance the model accuracy.

Bakgrund: I och med den ständiga utvecklingen beträffande hanteringen av internaprocesser har automatisering av aktiviteter för lager- och materialhantering ökat. Maskiner som verkar automatiskt benämns som Automated Guided Vehicles, vilket förkortas AGV, därdess utökade användningsområde inom interna processer har ökat avsevärt. Innebörden av AGV-system har genererat omfattande förbättringar av prestanda, däribland produktivitetsförbättringar. Grunden till produktivitetsförbättringarna innefattas av aspektersom att reducering av flaskhalsar samt att nedskärning vid beroende av mänsklig hantering. Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att studera möjligheter och utmaningar avseende om det är aktuellt för Atea Logistics AB med en implementering av ett AGV-system för interna processer ideras internlogistikområde. Därutöver är syftet att analysera och presentera vilka förutsättningar som kan påverka lönsamheten för en distributör vid en implementering av ett AGV-system för interna processer i verksamhetens interna logistikområde. Metod: Metodvalen i studien grundar sig i ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt till studiensinledande forskningsfråga. Därefter har en kvantitativ forskningsmetod applicerats för att tillämpa uppsatsens andra forskningsfråga. Med avsikt att erhålla en bred omfattning beträffande datainsamlingen har både primär- respektive sekundärdata inhämtats. För att skapa ett välgrundat resultat har det teoretiska materialet studerats i förhållande till det empiriska underlaget. Resultat: Baserat på ett flertal variabler för prestanda diskuteras implementeringen av ett AGV-system hos Atea utifrån lönsamhet. Resultatet visade att det finns flera utmaningar samt möjligheter vid genomförandet av implementeringen, dock visar slutsatsen att det inte är genomförbart för Atea att implementera ett AGV-system med de resurser de har i nuläget. Med utgångspunkt i att studera lönsamheten för liknande distributionsföretag beträffande implementering av ett AGV-system visade det att variabler i form av lönekostnader,investeringskostnaden, transporttid för bingar och väntetid är aspekter som är nödvändigt att ta i beaktning vid investeringen. / Background: With the constant evolution of the management of internal processes, the automation of warehouse and material handling activities has increased. Machines that operate automatically are referred to as Automated Guided Vehicles, abbreviated as AGVs, where their extended use in internal processes has increased significantly. The adoption of AGV systems has generated widespread improvements in performance, including productivity improvements. The basis for productivity improvements includes aspects such as reducing bottlenecks and cutting dependence on human handling.  Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to study opportunities and challenges regarding whether it is relevant for Atea Logistics AB to implement an AGV system for internal processes in their internal logistics area. In addition, the purpose is to analyze and present the conditions that can affect the profitability of a distributor when implementing an AGV system for internal processes in the company's internal logistics area.  Method: The basis for the methodological choices of the study relates to a qualitative approach to the initial research question of the study. Subsequently, a quantitative research method has been applied to address the second research question of the paper. In order to obtain a broad scope of data collection, both primary and secondary data have been collected. In order to create a well-founded result, the theoretical material has been studied in relation to the empirical data.  Results: Based on several performance variables, the implementation of an AGV-system at Atea is discussed in terms of profitability. The results revealed several challenges and opportunities associated with the implementation. However, the conclusion is that it is not profitable for Atea to implement an AGV-system with the resources they have today.  Based on studying the profitability of similar distribution companies regarding the implementation of an AGV-system, it was found that variables such as labor costs, investment costs, bin transport time and waiting time are aspects that are crucial to consider regarding the investment.

Energy communities are formed to create integrated regional energy market in EU and non- EU neighboring countries. It attracts investors in generation and energy networks as it comes up with new stable regulations, so that it will ensure the supply is stable and continuous. Five EU countries (Germany, Italy, Sweden, Greece, Austria) with different policies are selected and simulations are done. Economic analysis for the 5 countries is done based on simulation results. The selected 5 EU countries shows a good economic result; therefore, it can be recommended to implement energy communities and cities by developing the directives. By transposition of policies of the energy community and implementing more subsidies or incentive will make a better contribution for the citizen partnership for creating CEC.