<p>This study will refer specifically to the reasons why SMEs are not willing to use e-payment as their first-choice method: the reasons hampering e-payment adoption.</p>

<p>This study will refer specifically to the reasons why SMEs are not willing to use e-payment as their first-choice method: the reasons hampering e-payment adoption.</p>

Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English / The development of sophisticated computer technology and the consequent computerisation of the payment system has had a far-reaching effect on fund transfer systems all over the world. The most important purpose of this thesis is to indicate the nature of an electronic fund transfer; to set out the relationships of the parties involved in an electronic funds transfer and to show by comparison with other legal systems where our law may be deficient in the regulation of the computerised payment system. At the outset, the nature and functions of money are compared to electronic fund transfers and a distinction drawn between paper-based transactions and electronic fund transfers. In this regard, electronic fund transfers as method of payment is also discussed. Automatic computer processing also gave rise to a variety of new kinds of financial services. A distinction is made between customer-initiated systems (A TM' s, EFTPOS and home-banking services) and systems used by the banks to effect electronic funds transfers between banks and to send financial messages. In this regard, the settlement function of clearing houses and the legal nature thereof are examined. A description of a local clearing house, the ACB, is included as well as a discussion of the clearing of cheques, the moment of payment of cheques and the status of the ACB. Other relevant legal aspects of the computerisation of the payment system which are examined and discussed are the following: the use of the so-called electronic signature; the regulation of risks in electronic payments and the creation of sufficient security measures; the criminal liability of an accused in the case of an unauthorised withdrawal or transfer; questions and problems surrounding evidential matters; the putting into operation of procedures to correct errors and the creation of an ombudsman to settle and resolve disputes; cheque truncation and the right of an individual to privacy in the milieu of electronic payments. Finally, the legal relationships between the parties involved in a credit transfer and the moment of payment is examined. Regulation in this regard is also considered. / Die ontwikkeling van gesofistikeerde rekenaartegnologie en die gevolglike rekenarisering van die betalingstelsel het 'n verreikende effek op die fondsoordragstelsels van banke regoor die wereld gehad. Die belangrikste doelstellings van hierdie proefskrif is gevolglik om die aard van 'n elektroniese fondsoordrag aan te dui; om die verhoudinge tussen die partye betrokke by 'n elektroniese fondsoordrag nader te omskryf en om by wyse van 'n regsvergelykende ondersoek aan te toon waar daar leemtes in ons reg ten opsigte van die regulering van die gerekenariseerde betalingstelsel bestaan. Die aard en funksies van geld is ter aanvang met elektroniese fondsoordrag vergelyk en 'n onderskeid is tussen papierbasistransaksies en elektroniese fondsoordragte getref. In hierdie verband is elektroniese fondsoordrag as betalingsmetode ook bespreek. Outomatiese rekenaarverwerking het ook tot 'n verskeidenheid van nuwe soorte finansiele dienste aanleiding gegee. Daar is onderskei tussen klient-geaktiveerde stelsels (OTM'e, EFTPOS en tuisbankdienste) en fondsoordragstelsels wat deur die banke aangewend word om elektroniese fondsoordragte tussen banke te bewerkstellig en om finansiele boodskappe te versend. In die verband is die verrekeningsfunksie van klaringshuise en die regsaard daarvan ondersoek. 'n Beskrywing van die werksaamhede van die ACB, as plaaslike klaringshuis, is hierby ingesluit asook 'n bespreking van die verrekening van tjeks, die tydstip van betaling van tjeks en die status van die ACB. Ander relevante regsaspekte van die rekenarisering van die betalingstelsel wat ondersoek en bespreek is, is die gebruik van die sogenaamde elektroniese handtekening; die risikoreeling in die elektroniese betalingsverkeer en die daarstelling van voldoende sekuriteitsprosedures; die strafregtelike aanspreeklikheid van 'n beskuldigde in die geval van 'n ongemagtigde onttrekking of oordrag; vrae en probleme rondom bewysregtelike aangeleenthede; die inwerkingstelling van foutoplossingsprosedures en die daarstelling van 'n ombudsman om geskille te voorkom en te besleg; tjekretensie en die reg van die individu op sy privaatheid in die milieu van die elektroniese betalingsverkeer. Laastens is die regsverhoudinge tussen die deelnemende partye en die tydstip van betaling in die geval van 'n kredietoordrag ondersoek, en oorweging is aan regulering in die verband geskenk. / Private law / LL. D.

Law / LL.D. / The contract of insurance is one of the more frequently concluded commercial contracts. The premium which is undertaken in terms of an insurance contract is one of the essential features of the insurance contract. Notwithstanding the obvious importance of the role of the premium and the legal aspects surrounding it, it has in the past often received but scant treatment in insurance-law materials. In this thesis it is shown that there exist a number of aspects regarding the premium which are unclear and in need of careful scrutiny. In the case of certain other aspects (regarding the premium), although there is certainty as to their contents it is necessary to identify and (re-)define their place in the broader scheme of the insurance law. The study commences with an investigation into the historical development of the concepts of "insurance" and "premium". This is followed by a study of the relevant principles of Roman-Dutch law. A comparative study is made of the law in a number of countries, namely, the Netherlands, Belgium, England and Australia. The position in South African law is also considered. An introductory study is made regarding those concepts in South African indigenous law which are insurance-like. Finally, a number of conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made in respect of a selection of aspects regarding the premium which are unclear. These aspects concern the nature of the premium; the question whether "premiumless" or "free" insurance is legally possible; the question whether the parties may agree to insure at a "reasonable premium"; the protection of the insured in the case of the non­ payment of the premium; the receipt of the premium by the broker; the return of the premium where the insured has acted fraudulently; the legal tenability of the practice of insuring the premium; the possibility that the contribution in terms of some concepts of our indigenous law may resemble the premium; and finally, the analogous method as a source of law to extend and broaden the pool of legal principles applicable to the insurance contract.

Submitted by Bruna Jachemet (brunajachemet@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-10T01:03:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TCC_Capa Azul Com ficha.pdf: 2382551 bytes, checksum: 7e4dfb147058e68cf91e4e316384c39b (MD5) / Rejected by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br), reason: Prezada Bruna, boa noite. Para que possamos aprovar sua dissertação, serão necessárias as seguintes alterações: - Títulos da tese e das páginas (agradecimentos, sumário, resumo, abstract) devem estar em letra maiúscula e NEGRITO); - Seu nome, e o da Escola, também em negrito. Por gentileza, alterar e submeter novamente. Obrigada. on 2018-04-11T22:17:44Z (GMT) / Submitted by Bruna Jachemet (brunajachemet@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-12T00:49:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TCC_Capa Azul Com ficha_com nova regra FGV.pdf: 2382745 bytes, checksum: 0ab0dc0e35c50a19d1a3d88c37a77775 (MD5) / Rejected by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br), reason: Bruna, boa noite! O título COMPLETO do seu trabalho "A REGULAÇÃO DOS PAGAMENTOS ELETRÔNICOS: interoperabilidade e desafios jurídicos" deve estar em letra maiúscula (A REGULAÇÃO DOS PAGAMENTOS ELETRÔNICOS: INTEROPERABILIDADE E DESAFIOS JURÍDICOS). Por gentileza, alterar e submeter novamente para que possamos aprová-lo. Obrigada! on 2018-04-12T21:10:11Z (GMT) / Submitted by Bruna Jachemet (brunajachemet@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-13T20:17:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TCC_Capa Azul Com ficha_com nova regra FGV_segunda alteracao.pdf: 2382796 bytes, checksum: 5acf03d8c1c891763f10a56be7aa758d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2018-04-16T19:00:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TCC_Capa Azul Com ficha_com nova regra FGV_segunda alteracao.pdf: 2382796 bytes, checksum: 5acf03d8c1c891763f10a56be7aa758d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-04-17T13:22:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TCC_Capa Azul Com ficha_com nova regra FGV_segunda alteracao.pdf: 2382796 bytes, checksum: 5acf03d8c1c891763f10a56be7aa758d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-17T13:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TCC_Capa Azul Com ficha_com nova regra FGV_segunda alteracao.pdf: 2382796 bytes, checksum: 5acf03d8c1c891763f10a56be7aa758d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-16 / Os pagamentos eletrônicos são aqueles realizados por meio de redes de tecnologia, como os pagamentos por cartão de crédito. Os arranjos de pagamento foram regulados pelo Banco Central do Brasil a partir do ano de 2013. Um dos princípios trazidos pela regulação é o da interoperabilidade, que consiste, no âmbito da tecnologia, na capacidade de interconexão e interação entre dispositivos e redes. O presente estudo é fundamentado na teoria de interoperabilidade e na análise da conceituação e da aplicação da interoperabilidade no âmbito dos arranjos de pagamento. O ponto de partida do estudo é a análise histórica sobre os meios de pagamentos eletrônicos, com o objetivo de ilustrar o cenário que levou à regulação desses meios no Brasil. São examinados os diferentes tipos de arranjos de pagamento e, na sequência, a composição dos arranjos de pagamento e os papéis de cada ator os compõe. A rede de contratos que se estabelece entre esses atores é também examinada, a fim de compreender a interação e a distribuição de responsabilidades entre os componentes dos arranjos de pagamento. A partir dessa contextualização, é possível avaliar como ocorre a interoperabilidade no âmbito dos arranjos de pagamento. O conceito de interoperabilidade é abordado à luz da teoria da interoperabilidade, do conceito da regulação e de exemplos. São avaliados os diferentes tipos de interoperabilidade para ilustrar as formas como esta ocorre, seus benefícios e seus riscos, assim como possíveis impactos sobre a concorrência e a inovação. São examinadas as referências à interoperabilidade na legislação brasileira e a regulação da interoperabilidade nos pagamentos eletrônicos, bem como são mapeadas as disputas entre as diferentes intepretações sobre o conceito de interoperabilidade nos pagamentos eletrônicos. O objetivo é, ao final do trabalho, avaliar a adoção da interoperabilidade em observância à teoria da interoperabilidade e aos fundamentos da regulação, assim como perquirir os possíveis impactos da interoperabilidade na inovação e na concorrência nos meios de pagamento eletrônicos. / Electronic payments are those made through technology networks, such as credit card payments. The payment networks – so called payment arrangements – were regulated by the Brazilian Central Bank from the year 2013. One of the principles brought about by regulation is the interoperability one, which consists, in the ​​technology field, in the ability to interconnect and interact between devices and networks. This study is based on interoperability theory and the analysis of the conceptualization and application of interoperability in the context of payment arrangements. The starting point of the study is the historical analysis of the means of electronic payments with the objective of illustrate the scenario that led to the regulation of electronic payment means in Brazil. The different types of payment arrangements and, subsequently, the composition of the payment arrangements and the roles of each actor that composes them are examined. The network of contracts that is established between these actors is also examined in order to understand the interaction and distribution of responsibilities between the components of the payment arrangements. From this contextualization, it is possible to assess how interoperability occurs in the context of payment arrangements. The concept of interoperability is approached from the theory of interoperability, the concept of regulation and examples. The different types of interoperability are analyzed to illustrate how it occurs, its benefits and risks, as well as possible impacts on competition and innovation. The references to interoperability in Brazilian legislation, and the regulation of interoperability in electronic payments are analyzed, and the disputes and concept among the different interpretations on the concept of interoperability in electronic payments are mapped. At the end of the paper, the objective is to evaluate the adoption of interoperability in accordance with the theory of interoperability and the fundamentals of regulation, as well as to investigate the possible impacts of interoperability on innovation and competition in electronic payment means.

Att fakturera är något som alla företag måste göra för att tjäna pengar. Fakturering kan ske på flera olika sätt och det finns olika åsikter vad som är att föredra bland företag när det handlar om hantering av fakturor. Teorin menar på att använda sig av elektroniska faktureringssätt är mer effektivt än fakturering via traditionell post. Syftet med denna forskning var att ta reda på varför företag i Sverige år 2015 väljer att skicka, mottaga och hantera fakturor med post när det finns alternativa metoder som PDF via mail och vad det är som gör att företag inte byter från det ena förhållningssättet till det andra. / To invoice is something that all companies must do to earn money. Invoicing can be done in several ways and there are different opinions in what is to be preferred among companies when it comes to handling invoices. However the theory argues, that the use of the electronic invoicing method is more effective than invoicing through traditional mail. The purpose of this study was to find out why companies in Sweden in 2015 choose to send, receive and manage invoices by email when there are alternative methods as PDF through email and what it is that makes companies not change from one approach to another.

Magister Commercii (Information Management) - MCom(IM) / This study will refer specifically to the reasons why SMEs are not willing to use e-payment as their first-choice method: the reasons hampering e-payment adoption. / South Africa

The main subject of this masters thesis is to familiarize with technologies used to realization of online payment systems on internet. The document is more detailed focused on realization of internet banking, credit card payment, payment via SMS and on systems of internet wallets like PayPal and Moneybookers. There are proposed several criteria that are used to compare the payment methods, what was also a motivation for more detailed study of methods. These payment methods are compared from the user point of view, and from the perspective of integration these systems to the existing applications, which led us to work on the manual with user guides about how to integrate these payment methods to the web sites, what is also a contribution of this masters thesis.

Att betala med kort är idag standardiserat, men något som också är väldigt vanligt är att betala kontaktlöst. Detta kan göras både med ett kontaktlöst kort eller med en smarttelefon. Teknologin som möjliggör detta är närfältskommunikation. Examensarbetet undersöker hur säkerheten i dessa betalningsmetoder är uppbyggd, vad det finns för säkerhetsproblem samt hur användningen kan se ut i framtiden. Den primära frågeställningen var att undersöka om det är lika säkert eller till och med säkrare att använda en smarttelefon för kontaktlösa betalningar jämfört med ett kontaktlöst kort. För att undersöka detta, gjordes en omfattande litteraturstudie och en enkätundersökning. Resultatet av examensarbetet visade på att det fanns olika typer av hot och sårbarheter som exempelvis avlyssning, modifikation och korruption av data, reläattacker, skadlig applikation och programvara, svag autentisering och manipulation av applikationer. Det fanns även flertalet aspekter som påverkade hur väl dessa hot kunde utföras, bland annat tokenisering, kryptering men även det korta avståndet som krävs och social ingenjörskonst. Det upptäcktes även att attackytan skiljde sig mellan metoderna. Smarttelefonen hade flertalet hot och sårbarheter som ofta baseras på att det finns ett användargränssnitt, att enheten har ett annat användningsområde, och exempelvis skadlig programvara och ”rootade” enheter. När en enhet är ”rootad” betyder det att användaren får en annan typ av åtkomstkontroll. Enkätundersökningen visade att ungefär hälften av deltagarna kan tänka sig använda smarttelefonen i framtiden för att utföra kontaktlösa betalningar. / To pay with a card is standardized today, but something that is also very common is to pay contactless. This is possible to do with a contactless card or with a smartphone. The technology that makes this possible is Near Field Communication. This thesis examines how the security in these payment methods is structured, which security issues exists but also how the use may look in the future. The thesis also includes to investigate if it is as safe or even safer to use a smartphone for contactless payments compared to a contactless card. To investigate this, an extensive literature study and a questionnaire survey was conducted. The results of the thesis showed that there were different types of threats and vulnerabilities such as eavesdropping, data modification, data corruption, relay-attacks but also malicious application and software, weak authentication, and manipulation of applications. However, there were also several aspects that affected how well these threats could be carried out, including tokenization, encryption but also the short distance required and social engineering. It was also discovered that the attack surface differed between the two methods. The smartphone had several threats and vulnerabilities many of them existed since there is a user interface, and that the device is used in other ways. For example, malware and “rooted” devices, when a device is “rooted” it means that the user gets another type of access control for the device. The survey showed that about half of the participants may be willing to use a smartphone in the future to make contactless payments.

This study discusses the case of modernising the Southern African Development Community (SADC) regional payments system facilitated by the SADC Payment System Project. The long-term objective is to have harmonised cross-border and inter-bank settlement systems to facilitate the economic activity such as supporting the flow of trade within the SADC region. The SADC Payment System Project purports to have adopted a strategic management process to achieve its mandate. The modernisation process is in line with the Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP). The aim of the RISDP is to provide strategic direction with respect to various SADC programmes and activities and to align the strategic objectives and priorities of SADC with the policies and strategies for achieving its long-term goals. The concept of payment, clearing and settlement system is explained to provide the context within which the national payment system fits in the economic system and its role towards economic development. The first objective of the study is to discuss the strategic management process. The objective of the discussion is to reflect how the strategic management theoretical constructs were translated into practice. The second objective of the study is to explore the environmental and country internal factors that are likely to impact on and delay the fully harmonised regional cross-border and inter-bank settlement systems. Although not exhaustive, the identified factors include; - The structural arrangements of country- specific teams that support the modernisation initiatives, - The availability of skills and capacity to harness the implemented systems within each member country in the SADC region. iii - The influence of foreign fund donors, as a result of a possible duplication of efforts, - The repair state of power supply and communication networks, - The supporting legal and regulatory regimes, - The forms of economic systems, - The influence and the extent of trade flows with the SADC region, and - The resilience banking networks in the facilitation of financial information flows within each member country and externally (internationally). The target population of central bank officials who also take an active role in the modernisation of SADC regional payments systems were requested to provide feedback on the prepared questionnaire to address the above factors. The responses provided are summarised in Chapter 5. It was clear from the responses that the identified factors appeared to pose little challenge for respective member countries. However, additional comments by respondents indicated that there is still a lot of groundwork to be covered. There was an evidence of the need for on-going training in payment systems and to improve communication networks and power supply within each member country, especially on the remote country areas/rural areas. Some members also hinted a warning on developing systems, which would have a potential to become white elephants if other sectors are not developed in parallel to the regional payment systems. / Graduate School of Business Leadership / M.B.L.