Submitted by Pós Imunologia (ppgimicsufba@gmail.com) on 2017-03-14T18:43:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de mestrado - Camila Souza Costa.pdf: 2943001 bytes, checksum: cc096544f2a0450b2e09b6d33d5f595e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Delba Rosa (delba@ufba.br) on 2017-04-24T13:03:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de mestrado - Camila Souza Costa.pdf: 2943001 bytes, checksum: cc096544f2a0450b2e09b6d33d5f595e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-24T13:03:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de mestrado - Camila Souza Costa.pdf: 2943001 bytes, checksum: cc096544f2a0450b2e09b6d33d5f595e (MD5) / capes / Introdução: As infecções pneumocócicas são as principais causas de mortalidade e morbidade infantil em todo o mundo. Ainda não há resultados conclusivos sobre a imunogenicidade da vacina pneumocócica 10-valente (PCV10), recomendada pelo Programa Nacional de Imunizações, em crianças com risco aumentado para doenças infecciosas. Objetivo: O principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta imune de anticorpos IgG contra os sorotipos presentes na PCV10. Materiais e Métodos: O estudo foi conduzido no Centro de Referência de Imunobiológicos Especiais (CRIE/UFBA) e no 16º Centro de Saúde. Foram incluídas, 13 crianças (Grupo 1) com diagnóstico de alguma patologia ou imunodeficiência (idade = 2,0 meses, IQR 2,0 - 2,5) e 30 crianças saudáveis (Grupo 2) (idade = 2,0 meses, IQR 2,0 - 2,0). Todas as crianças foram imunizadas com 4 doses da vacina e as amostras de sangue foram coletadas das mesmas, antes da 1ª e 4ª imunizações (T1 e T4) para medir a concentração de IgGs sorotipo-específicos. Foi realizado um ELISA indireto, utilizando a PCV10 como antígeno. Soros das crianças, controle de referência positivo (007sp) e controles negativos foram misturados com um absorvente contendo polissacarídeos capsulares C e 22F para remover os anticorpos não específicos contra antígenos bacterianos comuns. Resultados: Verificou-se que, no Grupo 1, 12/13 (92%) das crianças possuíam anticorpos IgG maiores que o ponto de corte de 1,022 ng/mL (mediana = 10,8 ng/mL, IQR = 3,0 - 18,5 ng/mL). Além disso, da 1ª para 4ª dose houve um aumento de 22 vezes na mediana (P= 0,0002). No Grupo 2, 29/30 (97%) tiveram uma resposta satisfatória acima do ponto de corte (mediana = 16,0 ng/mL, IQR = 7,3-35,6 ng/mL) e um aumento de 53 vezes na mediana (p<0,0001) da 1ª para 4ª dose. Com relação às imunoglobulinas, no Grupo 1, 38,5% (5/13) das crianças apresentaram IgM diminuída e 23% (3/13) tinham IgG inferior ao valor de referência. Todavia, no Grupo 2, 6,7% (2/30) das crianças apresentaram níveis de IgG abaixo do valor preconizado. Conclusões: Crianças portadoras de doenças crônicas e/ou imunodeficiências apresentam títulos de anticorpos contra os sorotipos vacinais favoráveis e equivalentes aos títulos de anticorpos anti-PCV10 em crianças imunocompetentes. / Introduction: Pneumococcal infections are the main causes of child mortality and morbidity worldwide. There is still no conclusive results on the immunogenicity of 10-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV10), recommended by the National Immunization Program, in children at increased risk for infectious diseases. Objective: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the immune response of IgG antibodies against serotypes in PCV10. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with children enrolled in the Reference Center of Special Immunobiologicals (CRIE/UFBA) and at 16th Health Center. Were included, 13 children (Group 1) diagnosed with some disease or immunodeficiency (age = 2.0 months, IQR 2.0 - 2.5) and 30 healthy children (Group 2) (age = 2.0 months, IQR 2.0 - 2.0). All children were immunized with four doses of the vaccine and blood samples were collected from these children before the first and fourth immunization (T1 and T2) to measure serotype-specific IgG concentrations. An indirect ELISA was performed using the PCV10 as antigen. Child serum samples, positive serum (007sp) and negative reference sera were mixed before analysis with an absorbent containing C and 22F capsular polysaccharide to remove non-specific antibodies against bacterial common antigens. Results: It was found that, in Group 1, 12/13 (92%) children had higher IgG antibodies than the cutoff of 1,022 ng/mL (median = 10.8 ng/mL, IQR = 3.0 - 18.5 ng/ml). In addition, from the first to fourth dose there was an increase of 22 times in the median (p = 0.0002). In Group 2, 29/30 (97%) had a satisfactory response above the cutoff (median = 16.0 ng / mL, IQR = 7.3 - 35.6 ng/mL) and an increase of 53 times in the median (p = 0.0001) from the first to fourth dose. Regarding immunoglobulins, in Group 1, 38.5% (5/13) of the children had decreased IgM and 23% (3/13) had IgG below the reference value. However, in Group 2, 6.7% (2/30) of the children had IgG levels below the recommended value. Conclusions: Children with chronic diseases and/or immunodeficiency may have antibody titers against vaccine serotypes, favorable and equivalent to the titers of PCV10 anti-antibodies in immunocompetent children.

O Circovírus suíno tipo 2 (PCV-2) pertence ao gênero Circovirus da família Circoviridae. É considerado “vírus emergente", tendo sido associado, principalmente, à Síndrome de Refugagem Multissistêmica dos suínos (SRM). O genoma circular é composto por: (i) ORF-1 que codifica a proteína replicativa; (ii) ORF-2 que codifica a proteína estrutural formadora do capsídeo, (iii) região não codificadora que intercala as ORF-1 e 2 e contem a origem da replicação, denominada IGS-1 e (iv) região que intercala as ORF-1 e 2, denominada IGS-2. Oito amostras, denominadas amostras completas, tiveram mais de 1705 nucleotídeos seqüenciados (945 da ORF-1, 699 da ORF-2, 20 da IGS-1 e 39 da IGS-2); duas amostras tiveram em média 1692 nucleotídeos seqüenciados (945 da ORF-1 e 699 da ORF-2, os restantes correspondem às regiões IGS-1 e 2); uma amostra teve 1392 nucleotídeos seqüenciados (945 da ORF-1, 414 da ORF-2, 9 da IGS-1 e 24 da IGS-2) e nove amostras tiveram em média 970 nucleotídeos seqüenciados (196 da ORF-1 e 699 da ORF-2, os restantes correspondem às regiões IGS-1 e 2). Portanto, a partir dessas 20 amostras em estudo, foram obtidas: (i) oito amostras completas; (ii) 11 seqüências completas de ORF-1 e (iii) 19 seqüências completas de ORF-2, as quais foram analisadas. A identidade de nucleotídeo variou de: (i) 99,7% a 100% entre as oito amostras completas; (ii) 99,3% a 100% entre as 11 seqüências completas de ORF-1 e (iii) 91,9% a 100% entre as 19 seqüências completas de ORF-2. A topologia das árvores genealógicas utilizando as oito seqüências completas e as 11 seqüências completas de ORF-1 foi similar, agrupando todas as amostras em estudo em um só grupo denominado subtipo PCV-2a. Pela análise da genealogia da ORF-1 observou-se que todas as amostras agruparam-se com uma amostra de PCV-2 associada à Síndrome de Dermatite e Nefropatia suína (PDNS), formando um grupo separado das amostras de PCV-2 associadas à Síndrome de Refugagem Multissistêmicas dos suínos (SRM) e abortamento. A genealogia proposta para as 19 amostras que tiveram a ORF-2 seqüenciada, dividiu as amostras em dois grupos, sendo que 14 amostras agruparam-se num grupo denominado subtipo PCV-2a e 5 no subtipo PCV-2b. Os resultados mostraram a circulação de, pelo menos, dois subtipos de PCV-2 no Brasil / Porcine circovirus 2 belongs to Circovirus genus and Circoviridae family. It is considered an “emerging virus" being associated to Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS). The circular viral genome is formed by: (i) ORF-1 coding for the replicative associated proteins; (ii) ORF-2 encoding the structural proteins of the viral capsid; (iii) a non-coding intergenic sequence between ORF-1 and ORF-2 containing the replicative origin of the viral genome (IGS-1) and (iv) a second non-coding intergenic sequence between ORF-1 and ORF-2 (IGS-2). Eight samples, named complete sequences, had about 1705 nucleotides determined (945 from ORF-1, 699 from ORF-2, 20 from IGS-1 and 39 from IGS-2); two samples had about 1692 nucleotides sequenced (945 from ORF-1, 699 from ORF-2, and the rest from IGS-1 and 2); one sample had 1392 nucleotides sequenced (945 from ORF-1, 414 from ORF-2, 9 from IGS-1 and 24 from IGS-2) and nine samples had about 970 nucleotides sequenced (196 from ORF-1, 699 from ORF-2, and the rest from IGS-1 and 2). Therefore, from the 20 samples it was obtained: (i) eight complete sequences; (ii) 11 complete sequences of ORF-1 and (iii) 19 complete sequences of ORF-2. The identity at nucleotide level was from: (i) 99,7% to 100% among the eight complete sequences; (ii) 99,3% to 100% among the 11 sequences of ORF-1 and (iii) 91,9 to 100% among the 19 sequences of ORF-2. The topology of the tree generated by the ORF-1 analysis revealed a cluster formed by the Brazilian samples of PCV-2 and the samples associated to PDNS and another cluster formed by the PCV-2 associated to other syndromes. The genealogy presented for the 19 samples using the data from ORF-2 revealed the presence of two clusters, one of them formed by 14 samples named subtype PCV-2a and the other formed by 5 samples, named PCV-2b. The results demonstrated that, at least, two subtypes of PCV-2 circulate in Brazil

O Circovírus suíno tipo 2 (PCV-2) pertence ao gênero Circovirus da família Circoviridae. É considerado “vírus emergente”, tendo sido associado, principalmente, à Síndrome de Refugagem Multissistêmica dos suínos (SRM). O genoma circular é composto por: (i) ORF-1 que codifica a proteína replicativa; (ii) ORF-2 que codifica a proteína estrutural formadora do capsídeo, (iii) região não codificadora que intercala as ORF-1 e 2 e contem a origem da replicação, denominada IGS-1 e (iv) região que intercala as ORF-1 e 2, denominada IGS-2. Oito amostras, denominadas amostras completas, tiveram mais de 1705 nucleotídeos seqüenciados (945 da ORF-1, 699 da ORF-2, 20 da IGS-1 e 39 da IGS-2); duas amostras tiveram em média 1692 nucleotídeos seqüenciados (945 da ORF-1 e 699 da ORF-2, os restantes correspondem às regiões IGS-1 e 2); uma amostra teve 1392 nucleotídeos seqüenciados (945 da ORF-1, 414 da ORF-2, 9 da IGS-1 e 24 da IGS-2) e nove amostras tiveram em média 970 nucleotídeos seqüenciados (196 da ORF-1 e 699 da ORF-2, os restantes correspondem às regiões IGS-1 e 2). Portanto, a partir dessas 20 amostras em estudo, foram obtidas: (i) oito amostras completas; (ii) 11 seqüências completas de ORF-1 e (iii) 19 seqüências completas de ORF-2, as quais foram analisadas. A identidade de nucleotídeo variou de: (i) 99,7% a 100% entre as oito amostras completas; (ii) 99,3% a 100% entre as 11 seqüências completas de ORF-1 e (iii) 91,9% a 100% entre as 19 seqüências completas de ORF-2. A topologia das árvores genealógicas utilizando as oito seqüências completas e as 11 seqüências completas de ORF-1 foi similar, agrupando todas as amostras em estudo em um só grupo denominado subtipo PCV-2a. Pela análise da genealogia da ORF-1 observou-se que todas as amostras agruparam-se com uma amostra de PCV-2 associada à Síndrome de Dermatite e Nefropatia suína (PDNS), formando um grupo separado das amostras de PCV-2 associadas à Síndrome de Refugagem Multissistêmicas dos suínos (SRM) e abortamento. A genealogia proposta para as 19 amostras que tiveram a ORF-2 seqüenciada, dividiu as amostras em dois grupos, sendo que 14 amostras agruparam-se num grupo denominado subtipo PCV-2a e 5 no subtipo PCV-2b. Os resultados mostraram a circulação de, pelo menos, dois subtipos de PCV-2 no Brasil / Porcine circovirus 2 belongs to Circovirus genus and Circoviridae family. It is considered an “emerging virus” being associated to Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS). The circular viral genome is formed by: (i) ORF-1 coding for the replicative associated proteins; (ii) ORF-2 encoding the structural proteins of the viral capsid; (iii) a non-coding intergenic sequence between ORF-1 and ORF-2 containing the replicative origin of the viral genome (IGS-1) and (iv) a second non-coding intergenic sequence between ORF-1 and ORF-2 (IGS-2). Eight samples, named complete sequences, had about 1705 nucleotides determined (945 from ORF-1, 699 from ORF-2, 20 from IGS-1 and 39 from IGS-2); two samples had about 1692 nucleotides sequenced (945 from ORF-1, 699 from ORF-2, and the rest from IGS-1 and 2); one sample had 1392 nucleotides sequenced (945 from ORF-1, 414 from ORF-2, 9 from IGS-1 and 24 from IGS-2) and nine samples had about 970 nucleotides sequenced (196 from ORF-1, 699 from ORF-2, and the rest from IGS-1 and 2). Therefore, from the 20 samples it was obtained: (i) eight complete sequences; (ii) 11 complete sequences of ORF-1 and (iii) 19 complete sequences of ORF-2. The identity at nucleotide level was from: (i) 99,7% to 100% among the eight complete sequences; (ii) 99,3% to 100% among the 11 sequences of ORF-1 and (iii) 91,9 to 100% among the 19 sequences of ORF-2. The topology of the tree generated by the ORF-1 analysis revealed a cluster formed by the Brazilian samples of PCV-2 and the samples associated to PDNS and another cluster formed by the PCV-2 associated to other syndromes. The genealogy presented for the 19 samples using the data from ORF-2 revealed the presence of two clusters, one of them formed by 14 samples named subtype PCV-2a and the other formed by 5 samples, named PCV-2b. The results demonstrated that, at least, two subtypes of PCV-2 circulate in Brazil

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2016-10-05T14:03:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 298725 bytes, checksum: 7bee1975846b19c9ac200de64bd75213 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T14:03:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 298725 bytes, checksum: 7bee1975846b19c9ac200de64bd75213 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-04-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O circovírus suíno (PCV) é um agente amplamente distribuído na Europa, América do Norte e sul da Ásia. O PCV é um pequeno vírus de cadeia simples de DNA (17 nm) que foi reconhecido, a partir da década de 90, como um patógeno de suíno. Dois tipos de PCV tem sido caracterizados e designados PCV tipo 1 (PCV1) e PCV tipo 2 (PCV2). O PCV1 foi primeiramente isolado em 1974 como um contaminante persistente da linhagem de células PK-15 de rim de suíno (ATCC CCL 31) e a cepa de PCV isolada de células PK-15 tem sido bem caracterizada. O PCV1 é considerado como um vírus não patogênico, enquanto que a infecção de um suíno pelo PCV2 é normalmente associada ao desenvolvimento de Síndrome Multissistêmica Pós-Desmame (PMWS), em animais de 5 a 12 semanas de idade, e ao tremor congênito (CT), que acomete animais no período neonatal. A PMWS é uma nova doença emergente de suínos, caracterizada clinicamente por dispnéia progressiva, aumento dos nódulos linfáticos e patologicamente caracterizada por uma ampla extensão de lesões inflamatórias. Recentemente, pesquisadores da EMBRAPA iniciaram um estudo da PMWS em leitões, mas no Brasil a presença do PCV ainda não é reconhecida oficialmente. O objetivo desse trabalho foi (1) padronizar técnicas de diagnóstico para o genoma e antígeno do PCV, assim como anticorpos contra o agente; (2) avaliar a susceptibilidade de diferentes linhagens celulares ao PCV; (3) diagnosticar a infecção do PCV em suínos da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais; (4) isolar o PCV de amostras positivas. O PCV, proveniente de tecidos de animais normais e com diagnóstico de CT, foi isolado em células SK6 e analisadas por PCR. O padrão de bandas foi o mesmo encontrado em células PK15 contaminadas com PCV2, gentilmente cedidas pela EMBRAPA. Os oligos usados diferenciavam o PCV1 do PCV2. Todos os leitões de maternidade testados por PCR foram positivos para o PCV2. Porém, em 59 animais de abate testados por PCR não foi observada a presença do PCV. No teste de susceptibilidade as células PK15, SK6, VERO e MDCK foram susceptíveis ao PCV, mas somente as PK-15 estavam persistentemente infectadas. No ensaio de imunofluorescência indireta, foi utilizado um conjugado anti-IgG suína previamente padronizado e anticorpos contra PCV foram identificados em soros de 24 em 44 animais de abate testados e nenhum anticorpo foi encontrado nos animais com diagnóstico de CT positivos para PCV2 por PCR. Com esses resultados podemos concluir que os 24 suínos de abate soropositivos entraram em contato com o agente e desenvolveram a infecção em alguma fase durante o estagio de produção. A ausência de soropositivos entre os leitões recém nascidos, aliada a presença de infecção, pode ser explicada pela incapacidade de produção de anticorpos por esses animais neste estágio de desenvolvimento. Estudos adicionais da epidemiologia e da imunologia de infecções pelo PCV são necessários para o melhor entendimento e efetivo controle das doenças associadas a esse vírus. / Porcine circovirus (PCV) is thoroughly an agent distributed in Europe, North America and south of Asia. PCV is a small virus of simple chain of DNA (17 nm) that was recognized, starting from the decade of 90, as a swine pathogen. Two types of PCV have been characterized and designated PCV type 1 (PCV1) and PCV type 2 (PCV2). PCV1 was isolated firstly in 1974 as a persistent contaminant of the lineage of cells PK-15 of swine kidney (ATCC CCL 31) and the stump of isolated PCV of cells PK-15 has been well characterized. PCV1 is considered as a non- pathogenic virus, while the infection of a swine for PCV2 is usually associated to Post weaning Multisistemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS), in animals from 5 to 12 weeks of age, and to the congenital tremor (CT), that attack animals in the neonatal period. PMWS is a new emergent disease of swine, clinically characterized by progressive dispnea, increase of the lymphatic nodules and pathologically characterized by a wide extension of inflammatory lesions. Recently, researchers of EMBRAPA began a study of PMWS in pigs, but in Brazil the presence of PCV is not still recognized officially. The objective of that work was (1) to standardize diagnosis techniques for the genome and antigen of PCV, as well as antibodies against the agent; (2) to evaluate the susceptibility of different cellular lineages to PCV; (3) to diagnose the infection of PCV in swine of the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais; (4) to isolate PCV of positive samples. PCV, originating from tissues of normal animals and with diagnosis of CT, it was isolated in SK6 cells and analyzed by PCR. The pattern of bands was the same found in contaminated cells PK15 with PCV2, kindly by EMBRAPA. The used oligos differentiated PCV1 of PCV2. All the pigs of maternity tested by PCR were positive for PCV2. However, in 59 slaughtering animals tested by PCR, PCV was not found. In susceptibility test, PK15, SK6, VERO and MDCK cells were susceptible for both PCV but only PK15 cells were persistently infected. Anti-PCV antibodies were found to be positive in 54,5% of slaughtering animals serum and any anti-PCV antibody was found in animals with clinical CT. Rapid and accurate diagnosis and removal of disease animals from farms, combined with good husbandry practices, would appear to be the only current method of controlling losses attributable to PCV2 infections. However, additional studies into the epidemiology and immunology of PCV infections are now required if better understanding and eventual control of the disease syndromes associated with these viruses are to be achieved. / Dissertação importada do Alexandria.

Vaccination is one of the most successful public health interventions in history, and is estimated to save lives of 3 million children globally each year. Ongoing surveillance is warranted to identify further evolution of the epidemiology of vaccine preventable diseases, and to evaluate the effects of vaccines provided. This dissertation aims to explore the impact of vaccines on disease burden, and effectiveness of diagnostic tools for two important infectious diseases; pneumonia and tuberculosis (TB). The first study employed a large electronic health record data, Massachusetts Health Disparities Repository (MHDR), to evaluate impact of 13-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) on all-cause pneumonia among children who receive primary care at Boston Medical Center (BMC). We extracted all-cause pneumonia cases diagnosed at both inpatient and outpatient settings among children younger than 8 years of age. Using interrupted time-series regression analysis monthly rates estimated for years after (2011–2013) implementation of PCV13 were compared to expected rates calculated from pre-PCV13 era (2007–2009). The year of PCV13 introduction (2010) was excluded. We also extracted cases of urinary tract infection and evaluated as control outcome. At the end of 2013 compared to prePCV13 era, among children younger than 2 years of age there was a 35.3% (95% CI 5.4–65.3) reduction in all-cause pneumonia cases. In children with comorbidity, pneumonia declined by 38.8% (95% CI 11.1 to 65.4) in those younger than 2 years of age, and 28.7% (95% CI 2.9 to 54.5) in those 2 to 8 years of age. The results of this study contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting the benefit of indirect protection with conjugated vaccines, and emphasize the importance of high sustainable vaccine coverage rates. The second and the third studies used data from the Tuberculosis Epidemiologic Studies Consortium (TBESC) Study-1, a 10-site collaboration of academic institutions and state and local TB control programs that is funded and administered by the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The second study evaluated the impact of Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccination, which continues to be the only vaccine available for prevention of TB, on tuberculin skin testing (TST) results. Using the data collected TBESC Study-1 between September 2012 and September 2014, we examined the association between BCG vaccination and TST positivity. Logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Prior BCG vaccination had no impact on the TST results once adjusted for history of household contacts (adjusted PR 1.0, 95% CI 0.4–1.5). The results of this study add further evidence that BCG vaccination has little impact on TST results in children, particularly in older age groups. The third study examined the cost-effectiveness of three different screening strategies compared to no screening for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in a population with high proportion of foreign-born individuals who have different risk levels for developing TB. In this study, everyone was tested with using all available tools for LTBI: TST, and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) during their enrollment visit. We used decision tree analysis and Markov models to compare TST only, IGRA only, TST followed by IGRA among those who were TST positive, and no screening strategies. Regardless of the assumptions and tests used, screening provided better health outcomes such as less TB cases and less TB related mortality compared to no screening. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of TST followed by IGRA compared to no screening was $75,094 per QALY gained. The results of this study suggest that prioritizing certain groups for targeted LTBI screening such as foreign-born individuals, and using TST followed by IGRA can maximize the impact of public health resources allocated to eradicate TB in the U.S. The findings from these studies will contribute to the further understanding of the impact of the vaccines and the changing epidemiology of vaccine-preventable diseases providing more insight to formulate new strategies to improve overall health of children.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

nÃo hà / The planning of preventive maintenance is key role in the performance and quality of service of a power utility. The control of vegetation in the process of the electricity distribution network maintenance is of great importance to and continuous improvement of quality indicators of electricity supply, accompanied by the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL). The degree of criticality of pruning and productivity of teams are critical in this process. To resolve this issue it proposed a routing algorithm, in order to meet all the anomalies detected in previews, ensuring priority execution of critical cases within the period of maturity of the anomalies and before the occurrence of the failure. A genetic algorithm was developed and applied in solving this problem. The proposed technique has been adapted to a practical case of an electric utility and contributed a good economy and gains in productivity compared the current situation. / O planejamento da manutenÃÃo preventiva à papel fundamental para o bom desempenho e qualidade dos serviÃos prestados de uma concessionÃria de energia. O controle da vegetaÃÃo no processo de manutenÃÃo da rede de distribuiÃÃo de energia elÃtrica à de grande importÃncia para e melhoria contÃnua dos indicadores de qualidade do fornecimento de energia elÃtrica, acompanhado pela AgÃncia Nacional de Energia ElÃtrica (ANEEL). O grau de criticidade da poda e produtividade das equipes sÃo fatores crÃticos neste processo. Para resolver este problema foi proposto um algoritmo de roteirizaÃÃo, com o objetivo de atender todas as anomalias detectadas em inspeÃÃes prÃvias, garantindo a execuÃÃo prioritÃria dos casos mais crÃticos, dentro do prazo do vencimento das anomalias e antes da ocorrÃncia da falha. Um Algoritmo GenÃtico foi desenvolvido e aplicado na resoluÃÃo deste problema. A tÃcnica proposta foi adaptada a um caso prÃtico de uma concessionÃria de energia elÃtrica e contribuiu com uma boa economia e ganhos em produtividade, quando comparada a situaÃÃo atual.

nÃo hà / O objetivo deste trabalho foi propor uma aplicaÃÃo baseada na metaheurÃstica Busca Tabu (TS) para ser utilizada em serviÃos de manutenÃÃo preventiva em campo (FPMS) a fim de obter maior eficiÃncia logÃstica, atravÃs do roteamento de setores de manutenÃÃo. Ao contrÃrio dos serviÃos realizados na indÃstria, onde todos os sistemas, mÃquinas e equipamentos estÃo localizados praticamente no mesmo local, serviÃos de manutenÃÃo em campo requerem um componente adicional diretamente relacionado ao custo, que se refere exatamente a diferenÃa entre a unidade de base e local de trabalho. ServiÃos em campo podem ser considerados uma variaÃÃo do Problema do Caixeiro Viajante (PCV) e suas diferentes abordagens, como o Problema DinÃmico do Reparador Viajante (DTRP - Dynamic Travelling Repairman Problem) proposto por Bertsimas e Van Ryzin. Em situaÃÃes prÃticas do dia-a-dia existe uma enorme demanda por serviÃos de manutenÃÃo a serem realizados em campo, demonstrando sua relevÃncia: elevadores, escadas rolantes, aparelhos seguranÃa eletrÃnica residencial, suporte de TI à hardwares, entre outros. O mÃtodo foi implementado e testado em problemas da biblioteca TSP-LIBRARY variando de 17 a 280 pontos. Boas soluÃÃes foram encontradas em um tempo de processamento aceitÃvel. O input do problema leva em consideraÃÃo duas formas: coordenadas geogrÃficas ou coordenadas cartesianas. Para uma aplicaÃÃo prÃtica do mundo real, foi considerada uma empresa de manutenÃÃo em elevadores e os resultados tambÃm foram eficientes, reduzindo bastante os custos de transporte e a logÃstica empregada na operaÃÃo. / The aim of this paper was to propose an application based on the Metaheuristic Tabu Search (TS) to be used on FIELD PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE SERVICES (FPMS) in order to get more logistics efficiency by routing maintenance sectors. Unlike services performed in industry, where all systems, machines and equipment are located practically in the same location, maintenance services in the field require an additional component directly related to cost, which refers to exactly offset between the base unit and jobsite. Services in the field can be considered a variation of the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) and its different approaches, like the DTRP (Dynamic Travelling Repairman Problem) proposed by Bertsimas and Van Ryzin. There is a huge demand for maintenance in the field, demonstrating its relevance: elevators, escalators, electronic devices for home-security, IT hardware support and others. The method was designed, implemented and tested in problems of the TSP-LIBRARY ranging from 17 up to 280 points. Good solutions were found in a acceptable processing time. The input data can be made by geographical coordinates or 2D-coordinates. For a real-world application, it was considered an Elevator Company and the results were also efficient, greatly reducing transportation cost and logistics used in the operation.

Groundnut or peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important legume cultivated in several developing countries in the tropics and subtropics. It plays a significant role as a food crop in regions with alarming population growth rates. The disease “peanut clump”, which is caused by viruses in the genus Pecluvirus, has been reported from India and from several countries of West Africa. In India, the causal agent is the Indian peanut clump virus (IPCV), which is transmitted by a soil-borne root parasite, Polymyxa graminis. The virus is also transmitted by infected seed and so far no economical method of control has been found. Therefore efforts have been concentrated on understanding the epidemiology of peanut clump disease with the aim of devising cultural methods of control. The work addressed in this thesis describes how investigation in various aspects of clump disease epidemiology, including identification of alternative hosts of the virus and the vector, and of factors that contribute to survival and spread of inoculum, has led to formulation of simple cultural practices that could reduce disease incidence.