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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
251

Interaktivní manipulace s 3D objekty se silovou zpětnou vazbou / Interactive Manipulation with 3D Objects with Force Feedbeck

Bělín, Jan January 2009 (has links)
Physical haptic interaction is added to the modern manipulation with objects in virtual space. In content of this master's thesis the haptic technology is represented by SensAble Phantom Omni device and OpenHaptics toolkit, which is related to the device. Reader is initially introduced into mathematical basics of manipulation and into haptic technology history including current state. The introduction into Openhaptics toolkit follows as well as HDAPI and HLAPI libraries description. As a result of this theoretical basics demo aplications have been created, that show basic and advanced abilities of the Phantom Omni device. Demos represent the functionality of the device as examples integrating well-known elementary physical laws and events.
252

Investigation of Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging's Sensitivity to Flow

Young, Anthony M. 30 July 2018 (has links)
No description available.
253

Anisotropic Muscle Phantoms for Shear Wave Elastography Assessment of the Levator Ani Muscle Properties / Anisotropiska muskelfantomer för utvärdering av levator ani-muskeln med skjuvvågselastografi

Koxha, Bleona, Jova Martinez, Melissa January 2023 (has links)
Pelvic floor disorder is an emerging research area and is highlighted in many pelvic floor studies. Assessment methods for this type of injury are lacking and new methods for prevention and diagnosis are needed. Pelvic floor disorders are common among women and can lead to suffering for the patient. Levator ani muscle injuries are the main cause for pelvic floor disorders. This muscle group is an anisotropic skeletal muscle that helps support the pelvic viscera. Assessment of this muscle is difficult due to its complex geometry and location. Therefore, two muscle phantoms were constructed to mimic different properties of the levator ani muscle. The muscle phantoms provided more availability and a more controlled setting. The muscle phantoms were examined using ultrasound-based shear wave elastography which is an elastography method that can help determine the elasticity of tissue. A PVA-graphite phantom and a water-based gelatine-graphite phantom, both with fishing lines network as fibers for anisotropy, were constructed in this project. Shear wave elastography results of the PVA phantom indicated no anisotropy but visually resembled a muscle. Although not achieving anisotropy, the shear modulus of the PVA did match the shear modulus of skeletal muscle tissue. Shear wave elastography results of the gelatine phantom indicated anisotropy but visually did not resemble a muscle due to the low shear modulus of the gelatine. A 3D model of the female bony pelvis, that was provided for this project, was measured, and compared with reference value of previous study for future construction and 3D printing of the model. Results of measurements showed similarities between the 3D model and the female pelvis except for the sagittal outlet which had a deviant value. For future work, the muscle phantom can be developed by applying the complex geometry of the levator ani muscle, assembly of the muscle phantom, and the 3D rendering of the pelvis. The combination of these two parts provides a more complete phantom where shear wave elastography can be applied in the same way as in female patients. / Bäckenbottenbesvär är ett framväxande forskningsområde och lyfts fram i många bäckenbottenstudier. Bedömningsmetoder för denna typ av skador saknas och det behövs nya metoder för förebyggande och diagnostik. Bäckenbottenbesvär är vanliga bland kvinnor och kan leda till lidande för patienten. Levator ani muskelskador är den främsta orsaken till bäckenbottensjukdomar. Denna muskelgrupp är en anisotrop skelettmuskel som hjälper till att stödja inälvorna i bäckenet. Bedömning av denna muskel är svår på grund av dess komplexa geometri och läge. Därför konstruerades två muskelfantomer för att efterlikna olika egenskaper hos levator ani-muskeln. Muskelfantomerna gav mer tillgänglighet och en mer kontrollerad inställning. Muskelfantomerna undersöktes med hjälp av ultraljudsbaserad skjuvvågselastografi som är en metod som kan hjälpa till att bestämma vävnadens elasticitet. En PVA-grafitfantom och en vattenbaserad gelatin-grafitfantom, båda med fiskelinsnätverk som fibrer för anisotropi, konstruerades i detta projekt. Resultat från skjuvvågselastografi på PVA-fantomen indikerade ingen anisotropi, men liknade visuellt en muskel. Även då anisotropi inte uppnåddes, så matchade skjuvmodulen för PVA skjuvmodulen för skelettmuskelvävnad. Resultat från skjuvvågselastografi på gelatinfantomen indikerade anisotropi dock visade resultatet ingen visuell liknelse av en skelettmuskel på grund av gelatinets låga skjuvmodul. En 3D modell av bäckenbenet, som förseddes det här projektet, mättes och jämfördes med referensvärde av tidigare studie för framtid 3D friformsframställning av modellen. Resultat av mätningar visade på liknelser mellan 3D modellen och det kvinnliga bäckenbenet förutom sagittal outlet som hade ett avvikande värde. Inför fortsättning av det här projektet kan en utveckling av muskel fantomen ske genom applicering av den komplexa geometrin hos levator ani muskeln samt sammansättning av muskel fantomen och 3D framställningen av bäckenbenet. Sammansättningen av dessa två delar ger en mer komplett fantom där skjuvvågselastografi kan appliceras på samma sätt som hos kvinnliga patienter. / Ja
254

A Simple PET Imaging Educational Demonstrator

Hussain, Shabbir January 2012 (has links)
Recent interests in computer based tools and simulations for PET imaging studies have been a leading source for many new developments. A strong emphasis in these studies has been to improve and optimize the PET scanners for better image quality and quantification of related system parameters. In this project, an attempt has been made to develop a Matlab tool intended to be of educational nature for new students where one can perform demonstration of PET-like imaging in a simple and quick way. This demonstration tool utilizes a high resolution, voxel based digital brain (Zubal) phantom as a primary study object. A tumor of specific size is defined by the user on a chosen slice of the phantom. The output images from this tool show the exact location of the predefined tumor. The algorithm attempts to estimate the positron emission direction, positron range distribution and photon detection in a circular geometry. Additional attempt has been made to estimate certain statistical parameters against a specific amount of radiotracer uptake. These include spatial resolution, photons count, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the ultimate PET image. Dependence of these estimated results by the tool on different system input parameters has been studied.
255

ADVANCES IN REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE NEAR-FIELD MICROWAVE IMAGING FOR BREAST CANCER DETECTION / QUANTITATIVE MICROWAVE IMAGING FOR BREAST CANCER DETECTION

Daniel, Tajik January 2022 (has links)
Microwave imaging finds numerous applications involving optically obscured targets. One particular area is breast cancer detection, since microwave technology promises fast low-cost image reconstruction without the use of harmful radiation typical of X-ray mammography. However, the success of microwave imaging is hindered by a critical issue, the complex nature of near-field electromagnetic scattering in tissue. To overcome this, specialized image reconstruction algorithms alongside sensitive measurement hardware are required. In this work, real-time near-field microwave imaging algorithms known as quantitative microwave holography and scattered power mapping are explored. They are experimentally demonstrated to identify potential tumor regions in tissue phantoms. Alongside this development, quality control techniques for evaluating microwave hardware are also described. Two new methods for improving the image reconstruction quality are also presented. First, a novel technique, which combines two commonly used mathematical approximations of scattering (the Born and Rytov approximations), is demonstrated yielding improved image reconstructions due to the complimentary nature of the approximations. Second, a range migration algorithm is introduced which enables near-field refocusing of a point-spread function (PSF), which is critical for algorithms that rely on measured PSFs to perform image reconstruction. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Breast cancer remains as one of the highest causes of cancer-related deaths in women in Canada. Though X-ray mammography remains the gold standard for regular breast cancer screening, its use of harmful radiation, painful breast compression, and radiologist dependent evaluation remain as detracting factors for its use. Over the past 40 years, researchers have been exploring the use of microwave technology in place of X-ray mammography. Microwave radiation, used at power levels similar to that of a cellphone, has been demonstrated successfully in simulations of breast scans. However, in experimental evaluations with breast phantoms, the complex scattering path of the radiation through tissue complicates image reconstruction. In this thesis, methods of improving the accuracy of microwave algorithms are explored, alongside new breast phantom structures that replicate well the electrical properties of tissue. The results of this work demonstrate the flexibility of microwave imaging, and the adversities that still need to be overcome for it to begin seeing clinical use.
256

A Framework for Uncertainty Quantification in Microstructural Characterization with Application to Additive Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V

Loughnane, Gregory Thomas 10 September 2015 (has links)
No description available.
257

Comparison of Internal Synchronous Phantomless and Phantom-Based Volumetric Bone Mineral Density Calibration throughout the Human Body

Haverfield, Zachary A. January 2021 (has links)
No description available.
258

Enhancing Sensory Discrimination Training using Brain Modulation / Förstärkning av sensorisk diskrimineringsträning genom användning av hjärnmodulering

Westerlund, Agnes January 2022 (has links)
Damage to the nervous system may cause sensorimotor impairment, often resulting in chronic neuropathic pain. Phantom limb pain affects multiple amputees and the treatment options are limited. A promising treatment option to reduce chronic pain is by training sensory discrimination. At the Center for Bionics and Pain Research, a sensory training device has been developed. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique to stimulate different regions of the cerebral cortex. In studies, anodal tDCS of the sensorimotor cortex has shown to improve tactile acuity. Until now, the effect of the sensory discrimination training, performed with the sensory training device, in combination with tDCS has not been tested. The purpose of this master’s thesis was to determine the effect of tDCS applied on the sensorimotor cortex on the outcomes of sensory discrimination training. The purpose was also to compare the effect of two different methods of stimulation, namely conventional and High Definition tDCS. 16 able-bodied participants underwent three single sessions with 40 minutes of sensory discrimination training: one session combined with conventional tDCS, one session combined with High Definition tDCS and one session without tDCS. The tactile acuity was determined by the two-point discrimination test and the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test, prior to and one hour after each session. This study showed that 40 minutes of sensory discrimination training was sufficient to improve the two-point discrimination in the sensory trained areas, compared to the sensory untrained areas (p=0.02). However, the improvement in two-point discrimination was not statistically significant between the interventions, i.e. the improvement in two-point discrimination for the sessions with brain modulation was not statistically significant compared to the session without brain modulation. The monofilament assessments showed an improvement in monofilament score for the sensory untrained skin patches (p=0.053). This study concluded that single sessions of training was enough to improve two-point discrimination but not monofilament score at the site of stimulation. This study lays a foundation for what parameters to include in future studies.
259

Präklinische Evaluierung des chirurgischen Navigationssystems „Surgical Cartographic Navigation System“ für die total endoskopische Bypassoperation an Herzphantomen / Preclinical Evaluation of the „Surgical Cartographic Navigation System“ for Endoscopic Bypass Grafting on Heart Phantoms

Trautwein, Kathrin 01 November 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Herzinfarkt und Tod stellen häufige Folgen der koronaren Herzerkrankung dar, die durch eine rechtzeitige aortokoronare Bypassoperation vermieden werden können. Im Gegensatz zur klassischen offenen Operation bieten minimal invasive Verfahren entscheidende Vorteile. Die erschwerte Orientierung stellt jedoch eine große Herausforderung in der minimal invasiven Herzchirurgie dar, insbesondere bei der Verwendung telemanipulatorischer Systeme, wie bei der total endoskopischen Bypassoperation (TECAB). Die Entwicklung des „Surgical Cartographic Navigation System“ (SCNS) verspricht eine deutliche Verbesserung der Orientierung des Chirurgen mithilfe der Nutzung modernster Techniken der Augmentierten Realität. Hierbei wird auf der Basis von CT-Datensätzen ein virtuelles Herzmodell geschaffen, welches als Grundlage der assistierten Navigation dient. Im Speziellen wird bei der durch das SCNS unterstützten TECAB Operation die aufzufindende Koronararterie in das Sichtfeld des Endoskopes projiziert („augmentiert“). Ziel dieses Dissertationsvorhabens war die Evaluation der klinischen Anwendbarkeit des SCNS während einer Simulation einer Inzision mit dem da Vinci™-System auf fünf individuell angefertigten Herzphantomen. Es sollte überprüft werden, ob der Chirurg mit Hilfe der Unterstützung durch die SCNS Sicht mit eingeblendeter Koronararterie einen direkten Kontakt zur LAD (Left Anterior Descending), der häufigsten Zielarterie der TECAB, herstellen kann. In einem Studienkollektiv, bestehend aus zehn medizinisch unerfahrenen Personen und zehn Herzchirurgen, wurde die Treffergenauigkeit der SCNS-gestützten Auffindung der LAD in insgesamt 300 Testversuchen überprüft. Insgesamt konnte die Arterie in 58 % der Fälle korrekt identifiziert werden. Dabei lag kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen den beiden Gruppen vor. Hiermit konnte die klinische Anwendbarkeit des SCNS für die TECAB erstmals gezeigt werden. Des Weiteren wurden zwei Faktoren als vordringliche Ziele für zukünftige Fortentwicklungen identifiziert: Die Optimierung von Landmarken für die Registrierung des Herzens sowie die verbesserte optische Darstellung der Augmentierten Realität im Endoskopiesichtfeld. Zusammengefasst konnte in diesem Dissertationsvorhaben in einer umfassenden Studie gezeigt werden, dass das SCNS einen erfolgversprechenden Lösungsansatz für die Behebung kritischer Orientierungsprobleme der minimal invasiven Herzchirurgie bei der TECAB bietet. Die hier gewonnenen Erkenntnisse stellen die Grundlage für weitergehende Studien zur Fortentwicklung des SCNS dar, die vor einem klinischen Ersteinsatz erfolgen müssen. / In the therapy of coronary heart disease minimally invasive and endoscopic methods offer considerable benefits to the patient, while for the surgeon difficult orientation and missing haptic feedback are still the leading problems in Endoscopic Bypass Grafting with telemanipulative systems. To support the surgeon with improved vision, a three dimensional model of the coronary artery tree based on CT scans is integrated into the view of the endoscope. The “Surgical Cartographic Navigation System” (SCNS) is a tool which provides this feature called Augmented Reality (AR). Aim of this study was the first technical analysis of the SCNS during a simulation of an incision with the da Vinci™ surgical system on an electronic heart phantom. The hypotheses was that with the guidance of the SCNS augmented reality view, the surgeon can perform a direct contact to the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery (LAD). Five anatomically correct heart phantoms were created using the rapid prototyping technology. The heart models were covered with an electrical conducting layer for the detection of the contact with the coronary artery or with the surrounding tissue. A 3D model of the coronary artery tree based on a CT scan was registered to the heart phantom and overlaid into the video screen of the da Vinci™ robot master console. Ten inexperienced medical students and ten experienced heart surgeons used the SCNS in a surgery simulation with the goal of finding the LAD artery and contacting the LAD with robot instruments. In 300 test runs 58 % of both groups hit the LAD correctly. The overlaid information created with the SCNS enables the surgeon to correctly identify the coronary artery. The clinical applicability of the SCNS for the TECAB Operation is hereby demonstrated. These findings are the basis for further studies on the further development of the SCNS, that is necessary before a clinical first-use.
260

Präklinische Evaluierung des chirurgischen Navigationssystems „Surgical Cartographic Navigation System“ für die total endoskopische Bypassoperation an Herzphantomen

Trautwein, Kathrin 01 November 2011 (has links)
Herzinfarkt und Tod stellen häufige Folgen der koronaren Herzerkrankung dar, die durch eine rechtzeitige aortokoronare Bypassoperation vermieden werden können. Im Gegensatz zur klassischen offenen Operation bieten minimal invasive Verfahren entscheidende Vorteile. Die erschwerte Orientierung stellt jedoch eine große Herausforderung in der minimal invasiven Herzchirurgie dar, insbesondere bei der Verwendung telemanipulatorischer Systeme, wie bei der total endoskopischen Bypassoperation (TECAB). Die Entwicklung des „Surgical Cartographic Navigation System“ (SCNS) verspricht eine deutliche Verbesserung der Orientierung des Chirurgen mithilfe der Nutzung modernster Techniken der Augmentierten Realität. Hierbei wird auf der Basis von CT-Datensätzen ein virtuelles Herzmodell geschaffen, welches als Grundlage der assistierten Navigation dient. Im Speziellen wird bei der durch das SCNS unterstützten TECAB Operation die aufzufindende Koronararterie in das Sichtfeld des Endoskopes projiziert („augmentiert“). Ziel dieses Dissertationsvorhabens war die Evaluation der klinischen Anwendbarkeit des SCNS während einer Simulation einer Inzision mit dem da Vinci™-System auf fünf individuell angefertigten Herzphantomen. Es sollte überprüft werden, ob der Chirurg mit Hilfe der Unterstützung durch die SCNS Sicht mit eingeblendeter Koronararterie einen direkten Kontakt zur LAD (Left Anterior Descending), der häufigsten Zielarterie der TECAB, herstellen kann. In einem Studienkollektiv, bestehend aus zehn medizinisch unerfahrenen Personen und zehn Herzchirurgen, wurde die Treffergenauigkeit der SCNS-gestützten Auffindung der LAD in insgesamt 300 Testversuchen überprüft. Insgesamt konnte die Arterie in 58 % der Fälle korrekt identifiziert werden. Dabei lag kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen den beiden Gruppen vor. Hiermit konnte die klinische Anwendbarkeit des SCNS für die TECAB erstmals gezeigt werden. Des Weiteren wurden zwei Faktoren als vordringliche Ziele für zukünftige Fortentwicklungen identifiziert: Die Optimierung von Landmarken für die Registrierung des Herzens sowie die verbesserte optische Darstellung der Augmentierten Realität im Endoskopiesichtfeld. Zusammengefasst konnte in diesem Dissertationsvorhaben in einer umfassenden Studie gezeigt werden, dass das SCNS einen erfolgversprechenden Lösungsansatz für die Behebung kritischer Orientierungsprobleme der minimal invasiven Herzchirurgie bei der TECAB bietet. Die hier gewonnenen Erkenntnisse stellen die Grundlage für weitergehende Studien zur Fortentwicklung des SCNS dar, die vor einem klinischen Ersteinsatz erfolgen müssen.:1 Bibliographische Beschreibung 2 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 3 3 Einleitung und theoretischer Hintergrund 7 3.1 Entwicklung der Herzchirurgie 8 3.2 Behandlungskonzepte der koronaren Herzerkrankung 8 3.3 Minimal invasive operative Verfahren 10 3.3.1 OPCAB 10 3.3.2 MIDCAB 11 3.3.3 TECAB 12 3.3.3.1 Entwicklung der telemanipulatorischen Verfahren 12 3.3.3.2 Das da Vinci™-System 13 3.3.3.3 Operationstechnik der TECAB 15 3.3.3.4 Aktueller Stand 16 3.4 Orientierungsprobleme während der TECAB Operation 17 3.5 Augmentierte Realität als Orientierungshilfe 17 3.6 SCNS (Surgical Cartographic Navigation System) 19 4 Material und Methoden 21 4.1 Materialliste 21 4.2 Methoden 22 4.2.1 Modellentstehung 22 4.2.1.1 Segmentierung 22 4.2.1.2 Landmarken 26 4.2.1.3 Rapid Prototyping 27 4.2.1.4 Elektronisches Herzphantom 28 4.2.2 Versuchsaufbau 30 4.2.2.1 Intrinsische Kalibrierung 30 4.2.2.2 Tracking 31 4.2.2.3 Extrinsische Kalibrierung 32 4.2.2.4 Registrierung 33 4.2.2.5 Overlay 34 4.2.2.6 Testpersonen 37 4.2.2.7 Das da Vinci™ Telemanipulationssystem 37 4.2.3 Das Experiment 37 5 Ergebnisse 41 5.1 Herstellung der Herzphantome 41 5.2 Korrekte Identifikation der LAD 43 5.3 Einfluss der Herzmodelle auf die LAD-Identifikation 47 6 Diskussion 49 7 Zusammenfassung der Arbeit 56 8 Literaturverzeichnis 59 9 Anhang 64 9.1 Abbildungsverzeichnis 64 9.2 Tabellenverzeichnis 66 9.3 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 67 9.4 Ergebnistabellen 68 9.5 Danksagung 70 9.6 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit 71 9.7 Lebenslauf 72 / In the therapy of coronary heart disease minimally invasive and endoscopic methods offer considerable benefits to the patient, while for the surgeon difficult orientation and missing haptic feedback are still the leading problems in Endoscopic Bypass Grafting with telemanipulative systems. To support the surgeon with improved vision, a three dimensional model of the coronary artery tree based on CT scans is integrated into the view of the endoscope. The “Surgical Cartographic Navigation System” (SCNS) is a tool which provides this feature called Augmented Reality (AR). Aim of this study was the first technical analysis of the SCNS during a simulation of an incision with the da Vinci™ surgical system on an electronic heart phantom. The hypotheses was that with the guidance of the SCNS augmented reality view, the surgeon can perform a direct contact to the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery (LAD). Five anatomically correct heart phantoms were created using the rapid prototyping technology. The heart models were covered with an electrical conducting layer for the detection of the contact with the coronary artery or with the surrounding tissue. A 3D model of the coronary artery tree based on a CT scan was registered to the heart phantom and overlaid into the video screen of the da Vinci™ robot master console. Ten inexperienced medical students and ten experienced heart surgeons used the SCNS in a surgery simulation with the goal of finding the LAD artery and contacting the LAD with robot instruments. In 300 test runs 58 % of both groups hit the LAD correctly. The overlaid information created with the SCNS enables the surgeon to correctly identify the coronary artery. The clinical applicability of the SCNS for the TECAB Operation is hereby demonstrated. These findings are the basis for further studies on the further development of the SCNS, that is necessary before a clinical first-use.:1 Bibliographische Beschreibung 2 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 3 3 Einleitung und theoretischer Hintergrund 7 3.1 Entwicklung der Herzchirurgie 8 3.2 Behandlungskonzepte der koronaren Herzerkrankung 8 3.3 Minimal invasive operative Verfahren 10 3.3.1 OPCAB 10 3.3.2 MIDCAB 11 3.3.3 TECAB 12 3.3.3.1 Entwicklung der telemanipulatorischen Verfahren 12 3.3.3.2 Das da Vinci™-System 13 3.3.3.3 Operationstechnik der TECAB 15 3.3.3.4 Aktueller Stand 16 3.4 Orientierungsprobleme während der TECAB Operation 17 3.5 Augmentierte Realität als Orientierungshilfe 17 3.6 SCNS (Surgical Cartographic Navigation System) 19 4 Material und Methoden 21 4.1 Materialliste 21 4.2 Methoden 22 4.2.1 Modellentstehung 22 4.2.1.1 Segmentierung 22 4.2.1.2 Landmarken 26 4.2.1.3 Rapid Prototyping 27 4.2.1.4 Elektronisches Herzphantom 28 4.2.2 Versuchsaufbau 30 4.2.2.1 Intrinsische Kalibrierung 30 4.2.2.2 Tracking 31 4.2.2.3 Extrinsische Kalibrierung 32 4.2.2.4 Registrierung 33 4.2.2.5 Overlay 34 4.2.2.6 Testpersonen 37 4.2.2.7 Das da Vinci™ Telemanipulationssystem 37 4.2.3 Das Experiment 37 5 Ergebnisse 41 5.1 Herstellung der Herzphantome 41 5.2 Korrekte Identifikation der LAD 43 5.3 Einfluss der Herzmodelle auf die LAD-Identifikation 47 6 Diskussion 49 7 Zusammenfassung der Arbeit 56 8 Literaturverzeichnis 59 9 Anhang 64 9.1 Abbildungsverzeichnis 64 9.2 Tabellenverzeichnis 66 9.3 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 67 9.4 Ergebnistabellen 68 9.5 Danksagung 70 9.6 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit 71 9.7 Lebenslauf 72

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