New media technologies are changing the ways that we not only go about our day-to-day lives, but also the ways that we sell and exchange our labor within the capitalist economy. These technologies are shaping how we represent and perceive ourselves and others, as well as the ways in which, as we move about the world, our images are taken and circulated with neither our explicit permission, nor sometimes our knowledge (Dovey, 2000; Toffoletti, 2007). Despite the fact that we can no longer viably opt out of visual or technological culture, there remains a strong rhetoric of personal responsibility when such images are used in ways that are unexpected and sometimes extremely damaging (C. Hall, 2015). The growth in incidences of what Clare McGlynn (2017) calls “image-based sexual violence” cannot be divorced from the economic and cultural shifts that are both challenging and reifying dominant power relations in the early 21st century. This doctoral thesis examines the economic and social discourses underpinning news reporting on sexual privacy violations in relation to new media technologies and shifting forms of female celebrity. Using empirical methods to collect and sort U.S. and Canadian news articles at a macro level as well as discourse analysis of news reporting at the micro level, I focus on two particular sites wherein new media celebrity, sexual violence/violation, and political economies converge: the celebrity sex tape scandal and the stolen celebrity nude photo. I examine sexuality and privacy violation in an exemplary economic context, looking at how the “leaked” sex tape or image functions in the gendered sexual economy to undermine claims to meritocratic capitalist success. I focus on two moments of crisis: firstly, the pop culture crisis of 2007-2008, coinciding with the global economic recession as well as the growth in new media technology and social media usage, wherein several high-profile female celebrities undergo dramatic and very public “breakdowns” in proper femininity, ranging from the fairly banal “scandal” surrounding a then-15-year-old Miley Cyrus posing semi-nude for Vanity Fair to the more severe and illegal acts of Lindsay Lohan and Paris Hilton (both of whom were arrested for driving under the influence across this time period). Secondly, I examine the moment of crisis signaled by the 2014 iCloud hacking incident wherein hundreds of female celebrities’ personal private nude photos were stolen and circulated online. I analyze the sex “scandals” that are both discursively constructed by, and circulating through, the news at these moments. The findings point to several notable trends in the contemporary political climate. Firstly, they illuminate the tensions and contradictions in the media’s attempt to reconcile post-feminist sexual “empowerment” narratives with the broader imperatives of neoliberalism, surveillance, and self-commodification. Secondly, this thesis provides a timely analysis of the gendered pathways to success and the gatekeeping that is conducted both within and by the (news) media, which are themselves invested in narratives of meritocracy. Finally, the cynical, meta-commentary circulating in the news reporting on celebrity content – reporting that is increasingly beholden to corporate interests – contributes to the broader erosion of trust in mainstream media. In today’s media environment in particular, studies of heirs-turned-reality stars such as Paris Hilton (whose trajectory is eerily similar to that of U.S. President Donald Trump), are particularly urgent, as are studies that connect the seemingly disparate yet increasingly converging fields of celebrity, journalism, feminism (and sexual violence), and neoliberalism.

This research explores the second-level agenda-setting effects of news photographs and news stories, separately and when presented together. The tone of photos and stories each independently influence public opinion on an affective level. Negative stories and photographs elicited negative opinions and emotions about the issue presented, while positive responses resulted from positive stories and photographs. When congruently toned stories and photos were presented together their affective agenda-setting effects were amplified. Positive stories paired with positive photos created stronger positive affect than negative stories and photos, which precipitated a strong negative response. However, because of the negativity bias, no significant differences were found between negative stories paired with negative photos and negative stories with positive photos. Audiences felt negative, regardless of the valence of the photo. When stories and photos were of incongruent tone, the audience's opinion about the issue followed the tone of the story. Findings from this study also confirmed that need for orientation was not a component of second-level agenda setting. However, a relationship was established between need for orientation and elaboration. Those with high need for orientation were more likely to process the information deeply than those with low need for orientation, thereby drawing ties between agenda-setting theory and the Elaboration Likelihood Model. / text

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

過去研究發現助人行為是促進自己與他人建立友好關係，使得雙方產生對彼此有歸屬感的一種策略。然而，對於嬰兒而言，由於其助人行為能力正在發展，我們很難於自然情境中得知他們是否會為尋求此歸屬感，而促發其助人行為。因此，本研究之目的為探討嬰兒的助人行為是否會受到與他人建立友好關係的歸屬感而影響。本研究藉由兩個實驗來探討。實驗一藉由觀察60位18個月大嬰兒在接受不同認知意涵的內隱圖片促發其歸屬感後，進入助人任務的助人行為表現。實驗結果發現接受在一起性質圖片的18個月大嬰兒，並未因圖片促發其助人行為來維繫其歸屬感。為排除助人任務性質可能造成的干擾因素，實驗二調整了實驗一的助人任務後，在相同條件下進行觀察嬰兒的助人行為表現。結果發現雖然在一起性質的內隱圖片仍未促發其歸屬感而引發助人行為，但若將圖片分類方式改為知覺層級，將具有成對性質的內隱圖片（在一起、背對背與基準）與接受單獨性質圖片比較後卻發現，18個月大的嬰兒在特定時間區段（0至20秒、0至30秒）中有顯著較多的助人行為。此結果說明知覺層級上的刺激能夠穩定的促發18個月大嬰兒的歸屬感，進而引發其助人行為。 / Previous studies propose that helping behaviors can be an effective strategy for establishing friendly relationship and affiliation with others. However, for eighteen-month-old infants, the ability of helping is under development. Hence, it is difficult to evaluate whether they pursuit affiliation by helping others, especially in natural conditions. In this thesis, two controlled experiments were conducted to understand whether the helping behaviors can be evoked by priming. In the first experiment, sixty eighteen-month-old infants were recruited and primed by several implicit photos to evoke their tendency of affiliation and to measure the influence of the primes. Results show that the primes do not significantly evoke the subjects to perform more helping behaviors in both conditions: primed by the photos imply together and primed by other photos (back-to-back, baseline, and alone). To exclude the possible interferences of the previous helping tasks, the second experiment undertook the same procedures and settings with the first experiment, but modified the task to clarify the needs of helping. Results reveal that the difference of priming effect is still insignificant between together and others. However, if the photos are grouped by the easier-perceivable meaning: representing photos having two objects as together, and representing photos having only one object as individuality, the significance of priming can be observed. Subjects primed by together photos performed significantly more helping than those primed with individuality photos in specific periods (0-20s and 0-30s). Based on these findings, this study suggests that the perceptual stimulus can stably evoke affiliation of eighteen-month-old infants, and influence the tendency of helping others.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:30:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6719.pdf: 2189907 bytes, checksum: 9012da16633635b39831afafd23bcc32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-23 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The present study aimed to investigate whether preschool children would acquire arbitrary conditional discriminations between pictures of objects, whether they would form equivalence classes between the photos and if they would then incorporate the objects themselves into classes (with no direct teaching of relations between them). An additional objective was to determine whether children would group together schematic drawings of objects in the same classes. Six children around the age of four participated. Initially, tests aimed to evaluate generalized repertoires of conditional discriminations by identity (between photos and between objects). Next, conditional discriminations were taught that served as a baseline for forming three equivalence classes between photographs of abstract objects (without names). Half of the participants underwent the Sample as Node Training (AB / AC) and the other half the Linear- Series Training (AB / BC). Multiple probes that assessed both baseline relations, as well as derived relations (symmetries and equivalences), were used to evaluate the effects of teaching on the learning process and the acquisition of discriminations, as well as the emergence of derived relations. Following the emergence of classes with the use of photos, arbitrary conditional discrimination tests were performed between objects and between objects and photos, in order to assess the expansion of the original classes. Lastly, the children underwent conditional discrimination tests between schematic figures. All participants accurately performed identity-matching conditional discriminations between photos and between objects, and conditional discrimination between objects and their photos. In the probes prior to the teaching participants answered at random in the baseline (AB, and AC or BC), symmetry (BA and CA or CB) and equivalence relations (BC and CB; or AC and CA). After the acquisition of the first base line (AB), the probes showed that AB was maintained as well as the emergence of BA symmetries. Following the second baseline (AC or BC), most participants maintained AC (or BC) and presented the symmetries (CA or CB); however, deterioration of AB and BA occurred for four children, whereas one child formed equivalence classes. For the others, the equivalence relations emerged after the teaching of mixed baselines (training simultaneously with AB and AC or with AB and BC). Three participants showed positive results in tests of equivalence between objects, and exhibited expansion classes while simultaneously matching objects and photos. Two responded according to the classes in the tests with schematic figures. Apparently, the training structure produced no systematic effects neither on the emergence of relations between photos, nor on the expansion of classes. The results carry important implications for understanding the symbolic behavior involving levels of correspondence between two-dimensional and tridimensional stimuli. Methodological limitations should be addressed in future studies which evaluate the role of critical variables for the photos-objects equivalence based on the teaching involving only one of the stimuli modalities. / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar se crianças pré-escolares aprenderiam discriminações condicionais arbitrárias entre fotografias de objetos, se formariam classes de equivalência entre as fotos e se, em seguida, incorporariam os próprios objetos às classes (sem ensino direto de relações entre eles). Um objetivo adicional foi verificar se as crianças agrupariam desenhos esquemáticos dos objetos nas mesmas classes. Participaram seis crianças com cerca de quatro anos de idade. Inicialmente, testes avaliaram repertórios generalizados de discriminações condicionais por identidade (entre fotos e entre objetos). Em seguida, foram ensinadas discriminações condicionais que serviram como linha de base para a formação de três classes de equivalência entre fotografias de objetos abstratos (sem nomes). Metade dos participantes realizou o Treino de Modelo como Nódulo (AB/AC) e outra metade o Treino Linear (AB/BC). Um delineamento de múltiplas sondagens, que avaliava tanto relações de linha de base, quanto relações derivadas (simetrias e equivalências), foi empregado para avaliar os efeitos do ensino sobre a aprendizagem e a retenção de discriminações, bem como sobre a emergência de relações derivadas. Após a emergência das classes com fotos, foram realizados testes de discriminação condicional arbitrária entre objetos, e entre fotos e objetos, com o objetivo de avaliar a expansão das classes originais. Por último, as crianças realizaram testes de discriminação condicional entre as figuras esquemáticas. Todos os participantes realizaram acuradamente discriminações condicionais de identidade entre fotos e entre objetos, e discriminações condicionais entre objetos e suas fotos. Nas sondas antes do ensino os participantes responderam ao acaso nas relações de linha de base (AB, e AC ou BC), de simetria (BA e CA ou CB) e de equivalência (BC e CB; ou AC e CA). Após a aprendizagem da primeira linha de base (AB), as sondas mostraram manutenção de AB e emergência das simetrias BA. Após a segunda linha de base (AC ou BC), a maioria dos participantes manteve AC (ou BC) e apresentou as simetrias (CA ou CB); porém para quatro crianças ocorreu deterioração de AB e BA, enquanto uma criança formou classes de equivalência. Para os demais as relações de equivalência emergiram após o ensino da linha de base cheia (treino misto simultâneo com AB e AC ou BC). Três participantes apresentaram resultados positivos nos testes de equivalência entre objetos, e mostraram expansão classes, relacionando simultaneamente objetos e fotos. Dois responderam de acordo com as classes nos testes com figuras esquemáticas. A estrutura de treino aparentemente não produziu efeitos sistemáticos sobre a emergência de relações entre fotos, nem sobre a expansão das classes. Os resultados têm importantes implicações para a compreensão do comportamento simbólico envolvendo níveis de correspondência entre estímulos bi e tridimensionais. Limitações metodológicas deverão ser equacionadas em estudos futuros que avaliem o papel de variáveis críticas para a equivalência fotos-objetos a partir do ensino com apenas uma das modalidades de estímulos.

The photographic heritage of the General Archive Department (DAG) of the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) is located on the ground floor of the Rectory in University City/Santa Maria. This collection has a large number of photographs that record the history of the first university founded in the city that was not the state capital, thus constituting an important source of scientific research and information. This study aims to develop a marketing plan to disseminate these photographs to the academic community. The DAG collection of has, approximately, 85.130 images on flexible negatives, which were produced between 1958 and 2002, and closed its production in the last year, giving way to digital photography, which are recorded on optical disks (CD), a total of 88 CDs, containing about three thousand images produced between 1998 to 2009. The search for information in the collection is made through an updated database, which was developed with the Microsoft Office Acces program. It is being implemented a new software for searching, called ICA-AtoM, a multilingual application for easy searching, covering the web environment and totally based on the International Standard for Describing Archives - ISAD(G), which structure is covered by the Brasilian Standard for Archival Description (NOBRADE). The researcher who comes to see the photographic collection must fill out a form containing basic identification information, however, as the marketing plan was established, a new form called Registration Data of the DAG Collection Photo Researchers was adopted, as a way to receive feedback of the information when needed. Based on information obtained from the researchers registration forms of the year 2005 to 2010, it was possible to see that the main research group consists of academics from the Media, Archival Science, History and Architecture and Urbanism courses. It can be best explored potential users, in other words, those who do not yet use the collection for reference, but may use it, they are: ordinary citizens, professionals who use this material as a raw material in their routine and virtual users. Once the collection is located at an Federal University, it doesn t intend to generate profits, so the marketing plan will focus on quality service to these two types of users. Thus, marketing strategies have been established in order to educational, cultural, editorial spread and with the use of computer resources. In this context, the marketing plan was formed from the redefinition of the information, adding new activities, along with those applied prior to the drafting of this project, employing tactics that are best suited to this type of collection. It is observed that there are many marketing strategies that can be deployed, most are accessible, low cost and easy applicable. / O patrimônio fotográfico do Departamento de Arquivo Geral (DAG) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) está localizado no térreo do prédio da Reitoria, na cidade Universitária/Santa Maria. Esse acervo possui grande número de fotografias que registram a história da primeira universidade fundada em cidade que não fosse capital de Estado, constituindo, assim, uma importante fonte de pesquisa científica e de informação. O presente estudo tem como meta elaborar um plano de marketing a fim de difundir estas fotografias frente à comunidade acadêmica. O acervo do DAG é formado por, aproximadamente, 85.130 imagens em negativos flexíveis, que foram produzidos entre os anos de 1958 e 2002, sendo encerrada sua produção nesse último ano, dando espaço à fotografia digital, as quais são gravadas em discos ópticos (CD), existindo um total de 88 CDs, contendo aproximadamente três mil imagens produzidas entre os anos de 1998 até 2009. A busca por informações no acervo é feita através de um banco de dados atualizado, que foi desenvolvido com o programa Microsoft Office Acces. Atualmente já esta sendo implantado um novo software para a busca, chamado ICA-AtoM, sendo um aplicativo multilíngue de fácil procura, que abrange o ambiente web e totalmente baseado na Norma Internacional para Descrição de Arquivos ISAD(G), cuja estrutura está contemplada pela Norma Brasileira de Descrição Arquivística (NOBRADE). O pesquisador que chega para consultar o acervo fotográfico deve preencher uma ficha, contendo informações básicas de identificação, porém, conforme o plano de marketing estabelecido foi adotado uma nova ficha chamada Dados Cadastrais dos Pesquisadores do Acervo Fotográfico do DAG, pois esta, melhor ajudará a fazer um feedback das informações quando forem necessários. Com base nas informações obtidas nas fichas cadastrais dos pesquisadores do ano de 2005 a 2010, pode-se constatar que o principal grupo de pesquisadores é composto pelos acadêmicos dos cursos de Comunicação Social, Arquivologia, História e Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Podendo ser explorado melhor os usuários potenciais, ou seja, aqueles que ainda não utilizam do acervo para consulta, mas que podem vir a utilizá-lo, sendo eles: cidadãos comuns, profissionais que utilizam desse material como matéria-prima na sua rotina e usuários virtuais. Por o acervo estar inserido numa Universidade de âmbito federal, este não tem por objetivo gerar lucros, portanto o plano de marketing terá como foco o atendimento com qualidade a esses dois tipos de usuários. Dessa maneira, foram estabelecidas estratégias de marketing com vista à difusão educativa, cultural, editorial e com a utilização de recursos disponibilizados pela informática. Nesse contexto, o plano de marketing foi constituído a partir da redefinição das informações, incorporando novas atividades, juntamente com aquelas aplicadas antes da elaboração deste projeto, empregando táticas que melhor se adaptam a esse tipo de acervo. Observa-se que existem inúmeras estratégias de marketing que podem ser implantadas; a maioria é bem acessível, sendo de baixo custo e de fácil aplicação.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:46:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2333831 bytes, checksum: 56729f3d1db9477d1072c626b9c92d09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The research aims to study into photojournalism essays that form part of the project "Magnum in Motion produced by the photo agency Magnum, available on the internet and accessible to participator. The study's central purpose is to examine the use of communication and artistic framing assigned to the limits of images in the essays Theater of War (2011) by Moises Saman and Entre ciel et terre (2011) by Cristina Rodero. One of the objectives will be to seek to identify the principal characteristics of the framework identified in the essays: the first essay depicts the last days of former dictator Muammar Gaddafi in the midst of a civil war known as the Libyan Revolution, the second deals with the dualities of different peoples cultural traditions and paganism rituals. The frames of the images delimit information whilst at the same time expressing esthetic feelings, always from the photographers point of view, constituting an audio-visual language of its own, with their own repertoire, combination rules and use. Our theoretical framework for the study of framing uses the authors Aumont (2004, 2006), Martin (2005), Nöth (2006) and Deleuze (1983). Our methodological procedure will be to take into account the dynamic of each essay, maintaining initially a spontaneous contact with the material then moving to define reading strategies such as to identify types of framing, examine forms of image cropping and other significant journalistic and artistic functions. / A pesquisa compreende o estudo de ensaios fotojornalísticos que integram projeto Magnum in Motion, produzido pela agência fotográfica Magnum, disponíveis na internet e acessados por um sujeito participador. O propósito central é examinar o uso comunicacional e artístico de molduras atribuídos aos limites das imagens, nos ensaios Theater of War (2011), de Moises Saman e Entre ciel et terre (2009), de Cristina Rodero. Dentre os objetivos buscamos identificar as principais características de enquadramentos/molduras encontradas nos ensaios: o primeiro, retrata os últimos dias do ditador Gaddafi na Líbia em meio a uma guerra civil chamada de Revolução Líbia; o segundo, aborda as dualidades das tradições religiosas de diferentes povos e rituais pagãos. Os enquadramentos de imagens jornalísticas delimitam informações e ao mesmo tempo expressam aspectos estéticos, de acordo com o ponto de vista do fotógrafo, constituindo uma linguagem audiovisual própria, com seus repertórios e suas regras de combinação e de uso. O nosso aporte teórico para o estudo de enquadramentos/molduras utiliza os autores Aumont (2004, 2006), Martin (2005), Nöth (2006) e Deleuze (1983). Como procedimento metodológico, levamos em conta a dinâmica de cada ensaio fotojornalístico, mantendo um primeiro contato espontâneo com o material para em seguida definir estratégias de leitura, tais como: identificar tipos de molduras, examinar suas formas de recorte de imagens e funções de significação jornalística e estética.

The purpose with this study was to examine whether gender moderate the associationbetween body satisfaction and posting photos of exercise and training on Instagram. We usedan online survey to collect our participants that we posted in a local social network site forstudents in a swedish medium sized city (n = 239). The results of the moderated regressionanalysis showed that gender affect the association between body satisfaction and postingphotos of exercise and training on Instagram. As we hypothesized, men who rated high inbody satisfaction posted more photos of exercise and training on Instagram. Women’s postingof exercise and training on Instagram was not affected by their levels of body satisfaction. / Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om kön modererar associationen mellankroppstillfredsställelse och att publicera foton av motion och träning på Instagram. Vi utfördeen webbaserad enkätundersökning som vi publicerade på en webbplats för studenter i ensvensk mellanstor stad (n = 239). Resultatet av moderation regressionsanalysen visade attkön påverkade associationen mellan kroppstillfredsställelse och att publicera foton av motionoch träning på Instagram. Enligt vår hypotes så visade resultatet att män med hög nivå avkroppstillfredsställelse publicerade mer foton av motion och träning på Instagram. Kvinnorspublicerande av motion- och träningsfoton på Instagram påverkades inte av deras nivå avkroppstillfredsställelse.

This diploma thesis is focused on conceptual design of photo-stock web application, which uses information management to a comprehensive solution to the problem. The first part deals with the problem definition and related areas, as well as theoretical base. There are explained main terms that relate to photo-stock business and web application technologies. Since the proposal is focused on the area of electronic sales, attention here is focused on the current form of e-commerce, statistics and specifics, which arise from the electronic shopping. Then are mentioned characteristics of two methodologies - MMDIS methodology, which focuses on the multidimensional approach to system design and Chackland soft systems methodology. Methodologies and their phases are used to identify areas that need to be addressed in the proposal. Finally, describes the principles for designing successful web applications and basic parts of web audit. The second part is focused on understanding the complex situation that concerns the intention of creating a photo-stock business draft. There are identified lines of business, objectives and strategies of the organization. Based on the company's award is presented a basic specification of the application and the required functionality. Further segmentation is performed by potential customers. System approaches are defined by the root system definitions. Then are introduced analysis of competition and SWOT analysis, which is made from two views of access to the system. Summarized and discussed are economic and technical aspects of the proposal, including the income model. It is performed process system (identify processes, their connections and their information needs). Furthermore, the proposal deals with the possibilities of outsourcing in the data storage and networking basic parts of the system. All this information is transformed into the final design solution. This is outlined in terms of customer, vendor and business perspective. They are presented modified processes that were created in the process analysis. The specification and the design is formulated by questions and answers that bring the system. The following is a brief comparison with competing projects and an outline of further development options. The conclusion includes an appraisal of the work and its benefits.

No description available.