I denna rapport utreds olika metoder för att kunna reglera vattennivån i vattenkraftverket Avesta Lillfors i Dalarna. Två kraftverk ligger endast 900 m uppströms och detta gör att svarstiderna blir korta och regleringen blir lätt nervös. Att använda sig av vattennivåreglering i ett kraftverk för-enklar dess styrning då anpassning till inflödet sker automatiskt. En flödestabell har tagits fram genom mätningar i turbinen, med hjälp av Winter-Kennedy-metoden. Denna tabell används för att kunna fram-koppla regulatorn och därmed dämpa stora variationer i inflödet. Dessu-tom har en modell av älven skapats och testats med en återkopplad PID-regulator. Utefter dessa tester har lämpliga parametrar tagits fram, som ger önskad stabilitet, noggrannhet och snabbhet. Simuleringar har även gjorts med reglermetoden Fuzzy logic. / This report evaluates different methods to create a stable regulation of the water level in the hydro power plant Avesta Lillfors, in county Dalar-na. Another pair of plants are located just 900 m up the stream, which is why the regulation has to act fast. If the water level can be regulated and automatically adjust to the incoming flow, it facilitates the control of the plant. A flow chart is created from measurements in the turbine, using the Win-ter-Kennedy method. The results are used for feedforward control. A PID-regulator with feedback is also simulated in a model of the river. This helps finding the parameters that provide a stable, accurate and fast regu-lation. Fuzzy logic control has also been simulated.

Technology advances each day, with every advancement new and improved products are accompanied. Robots come in various shapes and sizes, from the size of a fly to the size of a human being. The purpose of this project is to further our understanding in how to build a robot, more specifically, a mono wheeled robot and design control systems enabling it to balance by itself. The robot is a one-wheeler with ducted fans on top. It is to balance with the help of the wheel in one direction and with ducted fans in the perpendicular direction.The robot succeeded in balancing with the wheel. However with help of the fans the robot only managed to balance for approximately 20 seconds. Analysing the frequency content from figures 5.2, 5.4, 5.3 resulted in finding frequencies under 1Hz being dominant in the output signals from the control system, observing this a clear oscillation frequency was only determined for the ducted fan system while the wheel system was non periodic. The study concluded that one cannot stabilize the control systems individually because that can lead to disturbances for the other. The results showed that even though the wheel’s control system was stable, it was affected by the second control system, causing disturbances. / För varje dag som går tar tekniken ett steg frammåt, hela tiden med nya och förbättrade produkter. Robotar kommer i olika former och storlekar, från storleken av en insekt till storleken av en människa. Syftet med detta projekt är att utvidga förståelsen över hur man bygger en robot, mer specifikt, en enhjulig robot samt hur man konstruerar ett reglersystem för att få roboten att balansera på egen hand. Roboten är en enhjuling med fläktar. Syftet är att bygga och programmera den till att balansera på egen hand, i ena riktningen med hjulet och i andra riktningen med fläktarna. Roboten lyckades balansera med hjälp av hjulet, men med fläktsystemet balancerade roboten endast i cirka 20 sekunder. Med hjäp av frekvenspspekrumen i figurer 5.2, 5.4, 5.3 försöktes en oscillationsfrekvens och periodtid tas fram, detta erhölls endast för fläktsystemet då hjulsystemet inte gav en tydlig oscillationsfrekvens. Slutsatsen som drogs var att det inte går att stabilisera de individuella systemen separat och sedan kombinera dem. Detta på grund av att det leder till att det ena systemet riskerar att agera som en störsignal till det andra systemet.

The objective of this project is to produce a prototype hydroponic farming solution with improved robustness from external fault factors. This means that the plants will not be grown in soil, but instead in water with a majority of its parameters being monitored and regulated. This with the aim of producing a more efficient and automatic system than traditional farming principles. Using less water and other harmful pesticides. The particular type of hydroponic system will be a NFT system (Nutrient Film Technique) which traditionally operates with a pump constantly feeding water to the plants. The main objective then is to find a way to reduce the reliance on this pump and make the system more robust. The result was a prototype hydroponic system that successfully could monitor and maintain predetermined growth parameters. It was also operate with a constant water flow without the need for constant pump usage. / Målet med detta projekt är att framställa en prototyp av ett hydroponiskt odlingssystem med förbättrad robusthet mot externa faktorer. Det innebär att växterna inte planteras i jord utan i vatten, där en majoritet av relevanta parametrar kan övervakas och kontrolleras. Detta med syftet att skapa ett mer effektivt och automatiserat system, jämfört mot traditionella jorbruksmetoder. Där mindre vatten används och helt utan bekämpningsmedel under växt processen. Det specifika hydroponiska odlingssystemet som kommer användas är ett NFT system (eng. Nutrient Film Technique) vilket traditionellt fungerar genom att konstant låta en pump bevattna växterna. Det primära målet är därför att minska beroendet på pumpen och göra systemet mer robust. Resultatet blev en prototyp av ett hydroponiskt system som kan mäta och styra faktorer som identifierats som viktiga för plantornas växtprocess. Systemet lyckades även med att hålla ett stabilt vattenflöde, utan användandet av en pump.

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There are many ways to produce energy, using e.g. gas or hydro turbines. To guarantee a stable power output, it is important to consider components that could control and adjust the output power automatically. The intention of this thesis work is to carry out a pre-study and system design of a mobileplatform simulator system that could be used by companies like Siemens and help them to reduce their OPEX (Operational expenditure) and easily evaluate their AVR (AutomaticVoltage Regulator) solutions and test improvements. In this document, Siemens has decided to call the simulator system, MPSS (Mobile Platform Simulator System). The pre-study includes the theory behind energy production, synchronous generator, simulator system, AVR, control systems and electrical grid. Furthermore, the pre-study includes selection of the proposed components for the simulator system and design of the complete simulator system that will be built by the Siemens R&D engineers at a later stage. The Mobile Platform Simulator System (MPSS) is intended to test the AVR performance, which is a component with its prime purpose being to maintain the output voltage values from the generator at a fixed value, regardless of the current being drawn by the load. It is important that these output values are constantly regulated during the process of producing electricity, so that problems such as overvoltage, overcurrent etc. can be prevented. The MPSS will also be able to simulate real working scenarios e.g. from the different components of an energy production system, such as gas and hydro turbine, synchronous generator, AVR, electrical grid and serve for personnel training. The MPSS will consist of three main components; Simulator, AVR and control system. Therefore, the report will initially provide the background and general theory behind the synchronous generator, AVR and control system used in power generation systems. General information about the electrical grid is also provided. Furthermore, the report suggests the best possible choice for the necessary components to build a MPSS as well instructions on how to perform event simulation. The necessary documentation, including a circuit diagram to support the building of the MPSS by the R&D engineers at late stage, is also provided. Finally, the general analysis of the technical and non-technical aspects related to the choice of components, work process, method and result are discussed in the end of this report. / Det finns många sätt att producera energi, genom användning av exempelvis gas- eller hydroturbiner. För att garantera en stabil produktion är det viktigt att noga överväga komponenter, som kan styra och justera uteffekten automatiskt. Avsikten med detta arbete är att göra en förstudie och systemdesign av ett simulatorsystem som kan användas av företag som Siemens, med avsikt att hjälpa dem att minska sin driftskostnad(OPEX), och lättare kunna utvärdera sina AVR-lösningar (Automatic Voltage Regulator)och möjliga testförbättringar. För detta arbete har Siemens bestämt att kalla systemet för ett mobilt simulatorsystem eller MPSS (Mobile Platform Simulator System). Förstudien innehåller teorin bakom energiproduktion, synkrongenerator generator, simulatorsystem, AVR, styrsystem och elnät. Ett urval av de olika komponenterna för simulatorsystemet och en slutgiltig design tas fram. Det kompletta simulatorsystemet kommer i ett senare skede att byggas av forsknings- och utvecklingsingenjörerna på Siemens. Simulatorsystemet är avsett att testa AVR-prestanda, vilket är en komponent vars huvudsakliga syfte är att upprätthålla utspänningsvärdena från en generator inom ett fast intervallvärde, oberoende av vilken effekt som en last drar. Det är viktigt att utgångsvärden ständigt regleras under elproduktionsprocesser så att utgångsvärden hålls inom systemets tillåtna gränser så att problem som över-/underspänning, över-/underström, över-/underfrekvens etc. kan förhindras. Simulatorsystemet kommer också att kunna simulera verkliga arbetsscenarier för olika komponenter i ett energiproduktionssystem, såsom gas- och hydroturbin, synkrongenerator, AVR och laster, exempelvis elnät, samt kunna användas vid personalutbildning. Simulatorsystemet kommer att bestå av tre huvudkomponenter; Simulator, AVR och styrsystem. Inledande beskrivning av arbetets bakgrund och allmän teoretisk kring komponenterna synkrongenerator, AVR och styrsystem, som används vid i kraftgenereringssystem, ges. Även en allmän bakgrund om elnätet och dess funktion presenteras. Därefter presenteras förslag på bästa möjliga val av nödvändiga komponenter för att bygga ett simulatorsystem. Ett förslag om hur händelse simulering görs samt vilken nödvändig dokumentation och kretsdiagram som behövs för att bygga ett simulatorsystem presenteras. I slutet av detta arbete presenteras en allmän analys av de tekniska och icke-tekniska aspekterna kring val av komponenter, arbetsprocess samt metod och resultat.

Around 40 million people around the world have amputated parts of their bodies. Prostheses are widely used to support their daily behavior. However, about 35% of amputees refuse to use the prostheses due to comfort problems. SocketSense is an EU research project that aims to improve the situation. The Stewart platform (SP) is used as the model of the prototype. The SP could reproduce the comparing forces and torques interior the socket-to-stump interface, given prerecorded movement information of an amputee’s walk cycle. However, previous work controls SP based on inputting some simple reference trajectories ,or for radar, satellite and vehicle use-cases. This  thesis is committed to designing and implementing a control algorithm for the SP to control the socket. The task is divided into two main parts: simulation on Matlab/Simulink and implementation on Linux/ROS, and each part is split into several steps. Firstly, the PID control algorithm is selected and developed for the SP. Secondly, the simulation model is designed and built on Matlab/Simulink. Based on the simulation model, the control algorithm is implemented into the model. Then, the results of simulation are obtained. After that, the SP model is built on Linux/ROS. Then, the model is connected and communicated with the real platform. Finally, the output data and system performance are analysed in terms of control performance, real-time performance, anti-noise performance, etc. The results show that both the simulation and the actual platform system can follow the reference trajectory well. Although there is noise in the results of the actual platform, the noise is suppressed to a great extent by Kalman filter. / Runt 40 miljoner människor runtom i världen har amputerat delar av sina kroppar. Proteser används ofta för att stödja deras dagliga beteende. Emellertid vägrar cirka 35% av amputerade att använda proteserna på grund av komfort problem. SocketSense är ett EU-forsknings projekt som syftar till att förbättra situationen. SP används som modell för prototypen. SP skulle kunna återskapa de jämförande krafterna och vridmomenten inuti gränssnittet uttag-till-stump, givet förinspelad rörelseinformation om en amputerads gångcykel. Tidigare arbete styr dock SP baserat på att ange några enkla referensbanor, eller för radar-, satellit-och fordonsanvändningsfall. Detta examensarbete syftar till att designa och implementera en kontroll algoritmför SP för att styra socket. Uppgiften är uppdelad i två huvuddelar: simulering på Matlab/ Simulink och implementering på Linux/ROS, och varje del är uppdelad i flera steg. Först väljs och utvecklas PID-kontrollalgoritmen för SP. För det andra är simuleringsmodellen designad och byggd på Matlab/ Simulink. Baserat på simuleringsmodellen implementeras styralgoritmen i modellen. Därefter erhålls resultaten av simuleringen. Därefter är SP-modellen byggd på Linux/ROS. Sedan kopplas modellen ihop och kommuniceras med den verkliga plattformen. Slutligen analyseras utdata och systemprestanda i termer av kontrollprestanda, realtidsprestanda, anti-brusprestanda, etc. Result visar att både simuleringen och det faktiska plattformssystemet kan följa referensbanan väl. Även om det finns brus i resultaten av själva plattformen, dämpas bruset i hög grad av Kalman-filter.

This dissertation advances tools for the certification of unmanned aircraft system (UAS) flight controllers. We develop two thrusts to this goal: (1) the validation and improvement of an uncertain UAS framework based on integral quadratic constraint (IQC) theory and (2) the development of novel IQC theorems which allow the analysis of uncertain systems having time-varying characteristics. Pertaining to the first thrust, this work improves and implements an IQC-based robustness analysis framework for UAS. The approach models the UAS using a linear fractional transformation on uncertainties and conducts robustness analysis on the uncertain system via IQC theory. By expressing the set of desired UAS flight paths with an uncertainty, the framework enables analysis of the uncertain UAS flying about any level path whose radius of curvature is bounded. To demonstrate the versatility of this technique, we use IQC analysis to tune trajectory-tracking and path-following controllers designed via H2 or H-infinity synthesis methods. IQC analysis is also used to tune path-following PID controllers. By employing a non-deterministic simulation environment and conducting numerous flight tests, we demonstrate the capability of the framework in predicting loss of control, comparing the robustness of different controllers, and tuning controllers. Finally, this work demonstrates that signal IQCs have an important role in obtaining IQC analysis results which are less conservative and more consistent with observations from flight test data. With regards to the second thrust, we prove a novel theorem which enables robustness analysis of uncertain systems where the nominal plant and the IQC multiplier are linear time-varying systems and the nominal plant may have a non-zero initial condition. When the nominal plant and the IQC multiplier are eventually periodic, robustness analysis can be accomplished by solving a finite-dimensional semidefinite program. Time-varying IQC multipliers are beneficial in analysis because they provide the possibility of reducing conservatism and are capable of expressing uncertainties that have unique time-domain characteristics. A number of time-varying IQC multipliers are introduced to better describe such uncertainties. The utility of this theorem is demonstrated with various examples, including one which produces bounds on the UAS position after an aggressive Split-S maneuver. / Doctor of Philosophy / This work develops tools to aid in the certification of unmanned aircraft system (UAS) flight controllers. The forthcoming results are founded on robust control theory, which allows the incorporation of a variety of uncertainties in the UAS mathematical model and provides tools to determine how robust the system is to these uncertainties. Such a foundation provides a complementary perspective to that obtained with simulations. Whereas simulation environments provide a probabilistic-type analysis and are oftentimes costly, the following results provide worst-case guarantees—for the allowable disturbances and uncertainties—and require far less computational resources. Here we take two approaches in our development of certification tools for UAS. First we validate and improve on an uncertain UAS framework that relies on integral quadratic constraint (IQC) theory to analyze the robustness of the UAS in the presence of uncertainties and disturbances. Our second approach develops novel IQC theorems that can aid in providing bounds on the UAS state during its flight trajectory. Though the applications in this dissertation are focused on UAS, the theory can be applied to a wide variety of physical and nonphysical problems wherein uncertainties in the mathematical model cannot be avoided.

Esta dissertação apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma plataforma inercial autônoma com três graus de liberdade para aplicação em estabilização de sensores - por exemplo, gravimétricos estacionários e embarcados - podendo ser utilizada também para estabilização de câmeras. O sistema é formado pela Unidade de Medida Inercial, IMU, desenvolvida utilizando um sensor micro eletromecânico, MEMS - que possui acelerômetro, giroscópio e magnetômetros nos três eixos de orientação - e um microcontrolador para aquisição, processamento e envio dos dados ao sistema de controle e aquisição de dados. Para controle dos ângulos de inclinação e orientação da plataforma, foi implementado um controlador PID digital utilizando microcontrolador. Este recebe os dados da IMU e fornece os sinais de controle utilizando as saídas PWM que acionam os motores, os quais controlam a posição da plataforma. Para monitoramento da plataforma foi desenvolvido um programa para aquisição de dados em tempo real em ambiente Matlab, por meio do qual se pode visualizar e gravar os sinais da IMU, os ângulos de inclinação e a velocidade angular. Testou-se um sistema de transmissão de dados por rádio frequência entre a IMU e o sistema de aquisição de dados e controle para avaliar a possibilidade da não utilização de slip rings ou fios entre o eixo de rotação e os quadros da plataforma. Entretanto, verificou-se a inviabilidade da transmissão em razão da baixa velocidade de transmissão e dos ruídos captados pelo receptor de rádio frequência durante osmovimentos da plataforma. Sendo assim, dois pares de fios trançados foram utilizados fios para conectar o sensor inercial ao sistema de aquisição e processamento. / This work presents the development of a three-degree of freedom autonomous inertial platform for the use in sensors stabilization - for example, stationary and embedded gravimeters. It can also be used to stabilize cameras. The system is composed by the Inertial Measurement Unit, IMU, developed using a micro electromechanical sensor, MEMS - which has an accelerometer, a gyroscope and a magnetometer in the three axes of orientation - and a microcontroller for data acquisition, data processing and data sending to the control and data acquisition system. To control the platform angles and its orientation, a digital PID controller was implemented using a microcontroller. It receives data from the IMU and provides the control signals using the PWM outputs that drive the motors to control the platform position. In order to supervise the platform operation, a real time data acquisition software was developed in Matlab, where IMU signals, inclination angles and angular velocities can be displayed and recorded. Data transmission via radio frequency between the IMU and the data acquisition and control system was tested in order to evaluate the possibility of not using slip rings or wires between the rotation axis and platform frames. This approach was unsuccessful due to the low speed of data transmission and to the noise that affected the radio frequency receiver during the platform\'s movements. In view of that wire was used to directly connect the inertial sensor to the acquisition and processing system.

A utilização de sistemas de controle para estabilidade de conjuntos de barras para pulverizadores agrícolas é uma tendência devida principalmente aos problemas ambientais e de custo. Neste trabalho, o comportamento dinâmico de um pulverizador de arrasto é analisado através de um modelo não linear, obtido através de técnicas de modelagem de sistemas multicorpos utilizando-se o programa ADAMS. Foram utilizadas duas estratégias de controle PID e \"fuzzy\" a partir de medidas obtidas com fusão de sensores. A estratégia de controle clássica PID foi desenvolvida e implementada no modelo não linear no ADAMS através de ferramentas internas existentes no programa. Já a estratégia \"fuzzy\" foi desenvolvida e implementada no modelo não linear no ADAMS através da técnica de co-simulação ADAMS/Matlab. O comportamento dos sistemas de controle foi investigado através de simulação computacional. Foram testados alguns tipos de entradas (entrada degrau, entrada harmônica, entrada randômica e entrada randômica com descontinuidades bruscas). Em todas as simulações os resultados obtidos com os sistemas de controles ativos mostraram melhor estabilidade do conjunto de barras. Entre as leis de controle implementadas (PID e \"fuzzy\") não houve grandes diferenças entre as oscilações da barra exceto na entrada do tipo randômica com descontinuidades bruscas. Neste caso a lei de controle \"fuzzy\" apresentou uma grande melhoria com boa atenuação das oscilações do conjunto de barras quando comparadas com a aplicação do sistema de controle PID. / The use of active control systems for stability of booms in agricultural sprayers trend is mainly due to the environmental and costs question. In this work, the dynamic behavior of a trailed sprayer is analyzed using a nonlinear model, obtained through techniques of modeling multibody systems using the ADAMS. It is used two active control strategies, PID classical control and fuzzy, with measured data from sensor fusion. The classical PID control strategy was developed and implemented in a nonlinear model on ADAMS software using existing tools built into the program. Fuzzy was another strategy developed and implemented in the nonlinear model on ADAMS software using a technique of co-simulation ADAMS/Matlab. The behavior of control systems was investigated through computer simulation. It was tested some types of inputs (step input, harmonic input, random input and random input with abrupt discontinuities). All simulations data obtained from the applications of active systems showed better stability for boom assembly. Among the implemented two active control laws (PID and \"fuzzy\") there were no significant differences between the oscillations attenuation of the boom, except with the random input with abrupt discontinuities. wherein this case the application of the active control \"fuzzy\" strategy developed better stability on boom than the application of PID control.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-31T13:33:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosATJ_DISSERT.pdf: 1400259 bytes, checksum: 184796e233464e3bc2273006b4336ffc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-18 / Given the recent technological advances in the area of control engineering, advances many studies were performed to develop more precise and efficient controllers. According to the classical control theory, the main method currently used in process control is the Proportional Integrative Derivative controller (PID). Other technologies have also been developed to achieve similar results under other theoretical point of view. A specific tool that allows its application in process control is fuzzy logic. Besides allowing modeling in accordance with the PID controller, fuzzy logic also provides their use in nonlinear systems or in cases who do not admit mathematical modeling. Results obtained in academic studies that showed improvements in control systems, when the unification of classical control theory with fuzzy logic, there is a need to assess such effects. For this purpose, it is proposed mathematical modeling of a plant controlled by the level of a tank, in order to allow simulation and analysis from the point of view of the application of two different controllers: Fuzzy PD+I and the conventional PID. The results of this study demonstrated that the Fuzzy PD+I controller presented a satisfactory performance during the task of regulating the plant from standard input signals / Diante dos recentes avanços tecnológicos na área de engenharia de controle, muitas pesquisas foram realizadas no sentido de desenvolver controladores cada vez mais precisos e eficientes. De acordo com a teoria de controle clássica, o principal método utilizado atualmente no controle de processos é o controlador Proporcional Integrativo Derivativo (PID). Outras tecnologias também foram desenvolvidas para alcançar resultados semelhantes, sob outro ponto de vista teórico. Uma ferramenta específica que permite a sua aplicação em controle de processos é a Lógica Fuzzy. Além de permitir a modelagem em conformidade com o controlador PID, a Lógica Fuzzy também proporciona a sua utilização em sistemas não lineares ou em casos que não admitem modelagem matemática. Diante dos resultados obtidos em estudos acadêmicos que apontaram melhorias em sistemas de controle, quando da unificação da teoria de controle clássica com a Lógica Fuzzy, verificou-se a necessidade de avaliar tais efeitos. Com este objetivo, é proposta a modelagem matemática de uma planta, controlada pelo nível de um tanque, de forma a permitir a simulação e análise sob o ponto de vista da aplicação de dois controladores diferentes: O Fuzzy PD+I e o PID convencional. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho demonstraram que o controlador Fuzzy PD+I apresentou desempenho satisfatório durante a tarefa de regulação da planta a partir de sinais de entrada padrão