<p><strong>Sammanfattning</strong></p><p><strong><em>Syfte och frågeställningar</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p>Det primära syftet med denna studie är att belysa hur piloter upplever att kommunikationen i cockpit påverkas av trötthet. Vårt sekundära syfte är att ge exempel på vad piloterna gör för att motverka trötthet under arbetet. </p><ul><li>Hur påverkas piloternas kommunikationsförmåga under trötthet? </li><li>Hur påverkas kommunikationen mellan piloterna under trötthet?</li><li>Vilka strategier använder piloterna för att minska tröttheten under flygningar; både förebyggande, livsstilsrelaterade strategier samt direkta åtgärder?</li></ul><p><strong><em></em></strong> </p><p><strong><em>Metod</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p>För att få en nyanserad bild av hur piloterna upplever att tröttheten påverkar kommunika-tionen dem emellan samt vilka strategier de använder sig av för att minska tröttheten under flygningen ansågs en kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer vara den lämpligaste datainsamlingsmetoden. Sex intervjuer med manliga piloter mellan 31 och 37 år genom-fördes.</p><p><strong><em>Resultat</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p>Studiens resultat följer det nuvarande forskningsläget. Samtliga piloter upplevde att tröttheten hade en negativ inverkan på kommunikationsförmågan samt kommunikationen dem emellan. Detta leder i sin tur till missförstånd och ökar risken för olyckor. Under flygningarna finns väl utarbetade strategier som piloterna använder sig av för att bli piggare. Den främsta förebyggande strategin är planering av vila. Däremot fanns ingen tydlig fokus på kost och fysisk aktivitet.</p><p><strong><em>Slutsats</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p>För att öka medvetenheten, möjligheten samt motivationen till en hälsosammare livsstil med syfte att minska tröttheten under arbetet, bör ett preventivt tankesätt först och främst grund-läggas inom flygbranschen. Ett första steg dit kan vara att ta de föreslagna schema-regleringarna från SubpartQ-utvärderingen på allvar.</p> / <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong><em>Aim</em></strong></p><p>The primary aim with this study is to illustrate how communication in cockpit interacts with fatigue according to the pilots’ experience. The secondary aim with the study is to exemplify what the pilots do to prevent fatigue during work. </p><ul><li>What effect does fatigue have on pilots’ ability to communicate?</li><li>How does fatigue affect the communication between the pilots?</li><li>Which strategies do the pilots use in order to decrease fatigue during flights; both preventive, lifestyle-related strategies and direct actions?</li></ul><p> </p><p><strong><em>Method</em></strong></p><p>To get a nuanced picture of how fatigue affects communication and which strategies the pilots use in minimizing the effects of fatigue on communication, a qualitative method with semi-structured interviews was chosen as the most suitable method for the collection of data. Six interviews with male pilots between 31 and 37 years were carried out.</p><p><strong><em>Results</em></strong></p><p>The result of this study follows the current research situation. All pilots experienced that fatigue had a negative effect on the ability to communicate and having communication between them. This leads to miscommunication and increases the risk for accidents. Established strategies during flights exist for the pilots to use in order to stay alert. The main preventive strategy is planning the rest, but no clear focus on nutrition and physical activity could be found.</p><p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong></p><p>In order to increase awareness, possibility, and motivation for a healthier lifestyle with purpose to decrease fatigue during work, should a preventive attitude first of all be implemented in aviation. A first step could be taking the suggested regulations in scheduling from the SubpartQ-evaluation seriously.</p>

The thesis is largely built on a collection of published and submitted papers where the main focus is to analyze and optimize single-carrier adaptive coded modulation systems with and without antenna diversity. Multidimensional trellis codes are used as component codes. The majority of the analysis is done with both estimation and prediction errors being incorporated. Both channel estimation and prediction are performed using a pilot-symbol-assisted modulation scheme. Thus, known pilot symbols (overhead information) must be transmitted; which consumes power and also degrades system spectral efficiency. Both power consumption and pilot insertion frequency are optimized such that they are kept at necessary values to maximize system throughput without sacrificing the error rate performance. The results show that efficient and reliable system performance can be achieved over a wide range of the considered average channel quality. Going from a single-input single-output system to both spatially uncorrelated and correlated single-input multiple-ouput (SIMO) systems, and further to an uncorrelated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) diversity system, is the evolution of the thesis. In the SIMO case, maximum ratio combining is used to combine the incoming signals, whereas the signals are space-time combined in the MIMO diversity system. The multiple-input single-output system comes out as a special case of a MIMO system. Besides the spatially uncorrelated antenna array, the effect of spatial correlation is also considered in the SIMO case. In this case, only prediction error is considered and channel estimation is assumed to be perfect. At first, the impact of spatial correlation in a predicted system originally designed to operate on uncorrelated channels is quanitifed. Then, a maximum a posteriori (MAP)-optimal “space-time predictor” is derived to take spatial correlation into account. As expected, the results show that the throughput is still lower than the uncorrelated system, but the degradation is decreased when the MAP-optimal space-time predictor is used. Thus, by exploiting the correlation properly, the degradation can be reduced. By numerical examples, we demonstrate the potential effect of limiting the predictor complexity, of fixing the pilot spacing, as well as of assuming perfect estimation. The two first simplifications imply lower system complexity and feedback rate, whereas the last assumption is usually made to ease the mathematical analysis. The numerical examples indicate that all the simplifications can be done without serious impact on the predicted system performance.

Syftet med denna examensuppsats var att undersöka och beskriva svenska stridspiloters upplevda mentala hälsa. En enkät utformades bestående av ett skattningsbatteri med frågor om sömn och trötthet, OSLO-3, CAGE, HADS, frågor om fysiska symptom, GHQ-12 och SRE. Enkäten skickades ut till 129 JAS 39 piloter i ordinarie tjänst vid flygdivisioner i Försvarsmakten och Förvarets Materielverk (FMV). Resultatet visade att 77% av piloterna i studien bedömdes ha symptom på mild depression och 46% hade symptom på mild ångest. De flesta av de deltagande piloterna hade inte några alkoholrelaterade problem och 83% uppgav att de hade lätta fysiska besvär. ANOVA-analysen visade att de deltagande piloterna på utbildningsförbandet i medeltal hade signifikant högre poäng på GHQ-12 än piloterna på insatsförbanden. ANOVA visade också att utbildningsförbandets piloter hade signifikant fler fysiska symptom än utvecklingsförbandens. Pearson-korrelationer mellan bakgrundsfaktorerna och de olika självskattningsdelarna i enkäten samt korrelationer mellan de olika delarna i skattningsformuläret uppvisade relativt svaga samband varav några var signifikanta. Slutsatsen är att de svenska stridspiloterna i studien mådde sämre än vad man kunde förvänta sig med tanke på det gedigna uttagnings- och uppföljningsförfarandet. Det kan därför finnas anledning att se över den nu icke anonyma hälsouppföljningen av svenska stridspiloter eftersom den inte bedöms vara tillräcklig för att upptäcka personer med symptom på psykisk ohälsa. Detta är viktigt för att i ett tidigt skede minska och förebygga mental ohälsa inom denna yrkesgrupp, inte bara ur ett flygsäkerhetsperspektiv utan också på grund av att tidiga interventioner ger bättre resultat. / The purpose of this study was to investigate and describe the mental health among Swedish fighter pilots. A questionnaire comprising questions concerning sleep and fatigue, OSLO-3, CAGE, HADS, physical symptoms, GHQ-12 and SRE was presented. The questionnaire was distributed to 129 JAS 39 pilots on regular flying duty in the Swedish Air Force and the Swedish Defence Material Administration. The results indicated that 77% of the respondents were found to have mild depression and 46% had symptoms of mild anxiety. ANOVA-analysis indicated that the pilots at the training unit on average scored significantly higher on GHQ-12 than the pilots at the fighter squadrons. ANOVA also indicated that the pilots at the training unit had significantly more physical symptoms than the pilots at the development units. Pearson correlations between background factors and the different self-evaluation parts of the questionnaire in addition to correlations between the different parts of the evaluation questionnaire were relatively weak although some of them were significant. These findings imply that the Swedish fighter pilots, considering the rigorous selection and evaluation processes, were not as free from mental health problems as expected. Thus there is a reason to revise the follow-up study on the pilots’ mental health. It is important to detect any mental health vulnerability early, not only for maintaining high flight safety standards, but also because of the advantage of implementing early therapeutic intervention.

Ytters är skälen till undersökningarna i denna avhandling ekonomiska. Att flyga moderna krisgsflygplan är dyrt. Kan effektiv träning bedrivas intermittent i stället för kontinuerligt? Kan billigare skolflygplan vara ett komplement till krigsflygplan i systemutbildningen? En studie av intermittent flygning på jaktflygplan gjordes i två etapper, först i simulator - del I i avhandlingen - och sedan i luften - del II i avhandlingen. En del av en attackstudie med kompletteringsflygning i skolflygplan är del III.  Studierna hade en experiment-kontrollgrupps-design. I jaktstudien jämfördes avgångna flygförare med aktiv personal. I attackstudien jämfördes aktiva förare vid en experimentdivision med likaledes aktiva förare vid en kontrolldivision. Prestationsvärdering är av avgörande betydelse i undersökningarna. Parallellt med flygförarnas prestation har även deras arbetsbelastning mätts både i simulator och i luften, liksom deras ansträngning, motivation och sinnesstämning. Prognosen från simulator till luften angående förarnas kapacitet och operativa användbarhet kunde förbättras, när hänsyn togs även till andra variabler än prestation. Modeller av flygförares funktion och prestation under flygning kunde konstrueras med utgångspunkt från den utmaning, d v s risk och svårighet, som upplevdes före flygning.

Under 12 arbetsveckor har vi i projektgruppen producerat en dokumentärfilm för en extern kund, Svenska Kyrkan. En film med 70 procent samtal och de övriga procenten har fördelat emellan, reportage, miljö och klippbilder. Samarbetet oss mellan oss tre har fungerat bra, med samarbetet med uppdragsgivaren inte fungerat lika önskvärt. Där problem med löften, förseningar i tidsplanen och snabba omstruktureringar tillstötte. Jag har applicerat Bill Nichols modus på mitt verk samt jämfört verk som håller kriterierna för de modus som Nichols beskriver. Jag har kommit fram till att  min dokumentärfilm bestod av tre modus, det observerande, det deltagande och det förklarande, där det sistnämnda dominerar. Det slutgiltiga resultatet blev en 28 minuters lång film som handlar om en stridspilots vardag, tro och han syn på hur livet ska vara. / Mellan Himmel och Jord

Sammanfattning Syfte och frågeställningar Det primära syftet med denna studie är att belysa hur piloter upplever att kommunikationen i cockpit påverkas av trötthet. Vårt sekundära syfte är att ge exempel på vad piloterna gör för att motverka trötthet under arbetet.  Hur påverkas piloternas kommunikationsförmåga under trötthet? Hur påverkas kommunikationen mellan piloterna under trötthet? Vilka strategier använder piloterna för att minska tröttheten under flygningar; både förebyggande, livsstilsrelaterade strategier samt direkta åtgärder?   Metod För att få en nyanserad bild av hur piloterna upplever att tröttheten påverkar kommunika-tionen dem emellan samt vilka strategier de använder sig av för att minska tröttheten under flygningen ansågs en kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer vara den lämpligaste datainsamlingsmetoden. Sex intervjuer med manliga piloter mellan 31 och 37 år genom-fördes. Resultat Studiens resultat följer det nuvarande forskningsläget. Samtliga piloter upplevde att tröttheten hade en negativ inverkan på kommunikationsförmågan samt kommunikationen dem emellan. Detta leder i sin tur till missförstånd och ökar risken för olyckor. Under flygningarna finns väl utarbetade strategier som piloterna använder sig av för att bli piggare. Den främsta förebyggande strategin är planering av vila. Däremot fanns ingen tydlig fokus på kost och fysisk aktivitet. Slutsats För att öka medvetenheten, möjligheten samt motivationen till en hälsosammare livsstil med syfte att minska tröttheten under arbetet, bör ett preventivt tankesätt först och främst grund-läggas inom flygbranschen. Ett första steg dit kan vara att ta de föreslagna schema-regleringarna från SubpartQ-utvärderingen på allvar. / Abstract Aim The primary aim with this study is to illustrate how communication in cockpit interacts with fatigue according to the pilots’ experience. The secondary aim with the study is to exemplify what the pilots do to prevent fatigue during work.  What effect does fatigue have on pilots’ ability to communicate? How does fatigue affect the communication between the pilots? Which strategies do the pilots use in order to decrease fatigue during flights; both preventive, lifestyle-related strategies and direct actions?   Method To get a nuanced picture of how fatigue affects communication and which strategies the pilots use in minimizing the effects of fatigue on communication, a qualitative method with semi-structured interviews was chosen as the most suitable method for the collection of data. Six interviews with male pilots between 31 and 37 years were carried out. Results The result of this study follows the current research situation. All pilots experienced that fatigue had a negative effect on the ability to communicate and having communication between them. This leads to miscommunication and increases the risk for accidents. Established strategies during flights exist for the pilots to use in order to stay alert. The main preventive strategy is planning the rest, but no clear focus on nutrition and physical activity could be found. Conclusions In order to increase awareness, possibility, and motivation for a healthier lifestyle with purpose to decrease fatigue during work, should a preventive attitude first of all be implemented in aviation. A first step could be taking the suggested regulations in scheduling from the SubpartQ-evaluation seriously.

Leadership is important to quality improvement initiatives in healthcare. However, few studies have evaluated leadership interventions to enhance nurses’ use of guideline recommendations in the field of knowledge translation. Purpose: To develop and evaluate an intervention designed to operationalize a leadership strategy composed of relations, change, and task-orientated leadership behaviours, and to examine its influence on nurses’ use of guideline recommendations in home-care nursing. Design: Sequential mixed methods pilot study with post-only cluster randomized controlled trial. Methods Phase I: Intervention Development 1. A participatory approach was used at a community healthcare organization with 23 units across the province of Ontario, Canada. The guideline selected was developed by the Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario for the assessment and management of foot ulcers for people with diabetes. 2. Integrative literature review, qualitative interviews, and baseline chart audits were conducted. 3. Four units were randomized to control or experimental groups. 4. Clinical and management leadership teams participated in a 12-week intervention consisting of printed materials, interactive workshop, and teleconferences. Participants received summarized chart audit data, identified priority indicators for change, and created a team leadership action plan to address barriers and influence guideline use. Phase II: Evaluation 5. Chart audits compared differences in nursing process and patient outcomes. Primary outcome: eight-item nursing assessment score. 6. Qualitative interviews evaluated the intervention and leadership behaviours. Results: No significant difference was found in the primary outcome. A significant difference was observed in nurses’ documentation of five priority indicators chosen by the experimental groups (p=.02). Gaps in care included: 53%, 76%, and 94% of patients not assessed for ulcer depth, foot circulation, or neuropathy (respectively); 75% and 93% did not receive wound debridement or hydrogel dressings. Receiving data to identify priority indicators for change and developing a leadership action plan were reported as useful to guideline implementation. The experimental group described using more relations-oriented leadership behaviours conducting audit and feedback, and sending reminders. Conclusion: Findings from this pilot study suggest that leadership is a team process involving relations, change, and task-oriented behaviours enacted by managers and clinical leaders. A leadership model is proposed as a beginning taxonomy to inform future leadership intervention studies.

This thesis outlines the development of Royal Flying Corpss (RFC) training programme from 1912 to 1918. It is based largely on archival sources from the National Archives and Imperial War Museum (London) and the Bundesarchiv (Freiburg, Germany). It considers the changes to the theoretical, practical and in-flight instruction methods used by the Royal Flying Corps. Within this discussion it analyzes the difficulties encountered by the RFC while attempting to train their aviators. It argues that initially the training programme was a detriment to British war effort in the air, as many pilots entered combat without sufficient training. This, however, was not the result of a flawed training regimen. Actually, the RFC training programme remained in tune with the realities of the war over the Western Front. The problems encountered by the RFC were largely the result of the circumvention or ignorance of the training programme by instructors. Nevertheless, British pilot training improved as the war went on both theoretically and practically and ultimately became more efficient than the training programmes in France and Germany. It pays special attention to the use of dual-control aircraft for the purposes of training and the positive effects these changes had on the British war effort. It also touches on some thematic issues such as gender, individuality, modernity and technology.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier modulation technique which is robust against multipath fading and very easy to implement in transmitters and receivers using the inverse fast Fourier transform and the fast Fourier transform. A guard interval using cyclic prefix is inserted in each OFDM symbol to avoid the inter-symbol interference. This guard interval should be at least equal to, or longer than the maximum delay spread of the channel to combat against inter-symbol interference properly.<p> In coherent detection, channel estimation is required for the data detection of OFDM systems to equalize the channel effects. One of the popular techniques is to insert pilot tones (reference signals) in OFDM symbols. In conventional method, pilot tones are inserted into every OFDM symbols. Channel capacity is wasted due to the transmission of a large number of pilot tones. To overcome this transmission loss, incoherent data detection is introduced in OFDM systems, where it is not needed to estimate the channel at first. We use differential modulation based incoherent detection in this thesis for the data detection of OFDM systems. Data can be encoded in the relative phase of consecutive OFDM symbols (inter-frame modulation) or in the relative phase of an OFDM symbol in adjacent subcarriers (in-frame modulation). We use higher order differential modulation for in-frame modulation to compare the improvement of bit error rate. It should be noted that the single differential modulation scheme uses only one pilot tone, whereas the double differential uses two pilot tones and so on. Thus overhead due to the extra pilot tones in conventional methods are minimized and the detection delay is reduced. It has been observed that the single differential scheme works better in low SNRs (Signal to Noise Ratios) with low channel taps and the double differential works better at higher SNRs. Simulation results show that higher order differential modulation schemes don¡¯t have any further advantages. For inter-frame modulation, we use single differential modulation where only one OFDM symbol is used as a reference symbol. Except the reference symbol, no other overhead is required. We also perform channel estimation using differential modulation. Channel estimation using differential modulation is very easy and channel coefficients can be estimated very accurately without increasing any computational complexity. Our simulation results show that the mean square channel estimation error is about ¡¼10¡½^(-2) at an SNR of 30 dB for double differential in-frame modulation scheme, whereas channel estimation error is about ¡¼10¡½^(-4) for single differential inter-frame modulation. Incoherent data detection using classical DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying) causes an SNR loss of approximately 3 dB compared to coherent detection. But in our method, differential detection can estimate the channel coefficients very accurately and our estimated channel can be used in simple coherent detection to improve the system performance and minimize the SNR loss that happens in conventional method.

Leadership is important to quality improvement initiatives in healthcare. However, few studies have evaluated leadership interventions to enhance nurses’ use of guideline recommendations in the field of knowledge translation. Purpose: To develop and evaluate an intervention designed to operationalize a leadership strategy composed of relations, change, and task-orientated leadership behaviours, and to examine its influence on nurses’ use of guideline recommendations in home-care nursing. Design: Sequential mixed methods pilot study with post-only cluster randomized controlled trial. Methods Phase I: Intervention Development 1. A participatory approach was used at a community healthcare organization with 23 units across the province of Ontario, Canada. The guideline selected was developed by the Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario for the assessment and management of foot ulcers for people with diabetes. 2. Integrative literature review, qualitative interviews, and baseline chart audits were conducted. 3. Four units were randomized to control or experimental groups. 4. Clinical and management leadership teams participated in a 12-week intervention consisting of printed materials, interactive workshop, and teleconferences. Participants received summarized chart audit data, identified priority indicators for change, and created a team leadership action plan to address barriers and influence guideline use. Phase II: Evaluation 5. Chart audits compared differences in nursing process and patient outcomes. Primary outcome: eight-item nursing assessment score. 6. Qualitative interviews evaluated the intervention and leadership behaviours. Results: No significant difference was found in the primary outcome. A significant difference was observed in nurses’ documentation of five priority indicators chosen by the experimental groups (p=.02). Gaps in care included: 53%, 76%, and 94% of patients not assessed for ulcer depth, foot circulation, or neuropathy (respectively); 75% and 93% did not receive wound debridement or hydrogel dressings. Receiving data to identify priority indicators for change and developing a leadership action plan were reported as useful to guideline implementation. The experimental group described using more relations-oriented leadership behaviours conducting audit and feedback, and sending reminders. Conclusion: Findings from this pilot study suggest that leadership is a team process involving relations, change, and task-oriented behaviours enacted by managers and clinical leaders. A leadership model is proposed as a beginning taxonomy to inform future leadership intervention studies.