The objectives of this work were to investigate, design and implement beam steering antenna arrays for mobile and wireless applications using the genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimisation (PSO) techniques as optimisation design tools. Several antenna designs were implemented and tested: initially, a printed dipole antenna integrated with a duplex RF switch used for mobile base station antenna beam steering was investigated. A coplanar waveguide (CPW) to coplanar strip (CPS) transition was adopted to feed the printed dipole. A novel RF switch circuit, used to control the RF signal fed to the dipole antenna and placed directly before it, was proposed. The measured performance of the RF switch was tested and the results confirmed its viability. Then two hybrid coupled PIN diode phase shifters, using Branchline and Rat-Race ring coupler structures, were designed and tested. The generation of four distinct phase shifts was implemented and studied. The variations of the scattering parameters were found to be realistic, with an acceptable ±2 phase shift tolerance. Next, antenna beam steering was achieved by implementing RF switches with ON or OFF mode functions to excite the radiating elements of the antenna array. The switching control process was implemented using a genetic algorithm (GA) method, subject to scalar and binary genes. Anti-phase feeding of radiating elements was also investigated. A ring antenna array with reflectors was modelled and analysed. An antenna of this type for mobile base stations was designed and simulation results are presented. Following this, a novel concept for simple beam steering using a uniform antenna array operated at 2.4 GHz was designed using GA. The antenna is fed by a single RF input source and the steering elements are reactively tuned by varactor diodes in series with small inductors. The beam-control procedure was derived through the use of a genetic algorithm based on adjusting the required reactance values to obtain the optimum solution as indicated by the cost function. The GA was also initially used as an optimisation tool to derive the antenna design from its specification. Finally, reactive loading and time modulated switching techniques are applied to steer the beam of a circular uniformly spaced antenna array having a source element at its centre. Genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimisation (PSO) processes calculate the optimal values of reactances loading the parasitic elements, for which the gain can be optimised in a desired direction. For time modulated switching, GA and PSO also determine the optimal on and off times of the parasitic elements for which the difference in currents induced optimises the gain and steering of the beam in a desired direction. These methods were demonstrated by investigating a vertically polarised antenna configuration. A prototype antenna was constructed and experimental results compared with the simulations. Results showed that near optimal solutions for gain optimisation, sidelobe level reduction and beam steering are achievable by utilising these methods. In addition, a simple switching process is employed to steer the beam of a horizontally polarised circular antenna array. A time modulated switching process is applied through Genetic Algorithm optimisation. Several model examples illustrate the radiation beams and the switching time process of each element in the array.

Libyan Ministry of Higher Education. / The full text will be available at the end of the embargo: 28th Nov 2024 / Subtitle: Simulation and Measurement of Reconfigurable Antennas for Cognitive Radio, UWB Applications, Investigation of Antenna Gain and Efficiency, Frequency Tuneable Range, Antenna Radiation Performance and Antenna Design Optimization using Parametric Studies as well as using MIMO antenna for wireless body area networks

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit Hochleistungsdioden aus den Halbleitermaterialen Silizium und Siliziumkarbid. Analysiert werden die statischen und dynamischen Schalteigenschaften. Bei den SiC-Bauelementen handelt es sich um unipolare Schottky-Dioden und bei den Silizium-Dioden um bipolare pin-Dioden. Bei den SiC-Schottky-Dioden liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der Analyse des statischen Durchbruchverhaltens von Randstrukturen und auf der Untersuchung der Selbsterwärmung bei Einzel- und Mehrpulsbelastung. Bei den bipolaren Silizium-Dioden wird das Durchbruchverhalten bei niedrigen und hohen Stromdichten untersucht. Aus den Sperrcharakteristiken, die positiv und negativ differentielle Widerstandsäste aufweisen, lassen sich Schlussfolgerungen auf das dynamische Verhalten ziehen. Das Abschaltverhalten (reverse recovery) der mit Plasma überschwemmten Bauelemente wird zuerst im Hinblick auf den Einfluss von Strukturparametern untersucht, um die prinzipiellen Einflussgrößen zu erläutern. Dann folgen die Ergebnisse zur Filamentbildung, die bei den hohen Belastungen der Bauelemente während des Kommutierungsprozesses auftreten können. Die auftretenden Filamentstrukturen werden analysiert und - soweit möglich - Einflussgrößen herausgearbeitet. Schließlich wird noch auf den Einfluss von Randstrukturen auf das Filamentierungsverhalten, die als Inhomogenität in jedem Bauelement vorhanden sind, eingegangen.

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit Hochleistungsdioden aus den Halbleitermaterialen Silizium und Siliziumkarbid. Analysiert werden die statischen und dynamischen Schalteigenschaften. Bei den SiC-Bauelementen handelt es sich um unipolare Schottky-Dioden und bei den Silizium-Dioden um bipolare pin-Dioden. Bei den SiC-Schottky-Dioden liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der Analyse des statischen Durchbruchverhaltens von Randstrukturen und auf der Untersuchung der Selbsterwärmung bei Einzel- und Mehrpulsbelastung. Bei den bipolaren Silizium-Dioden wird das Durchbruchverhalten bei niedrigen und hohen Stromdichten untersucht. Aus den Sperrcharakteristiken, die positiv und negativ differentielle Widerstandsäste aufweisen, lassen sich Schlussfolgerungen auf das dynamische Verhalten ziehen. Das Abschaltverhalten (reverse recovery) der mit Plasma überschwemmten Bauelemente wird zuerst im Hinblick auf den Einfluss von Strukturparametern untersucht, um die prinzipiellen Einflussgrößen zu erläutern. Dann folgen die Ergebnisse zur Filamentbildung, die bei den hohen Belastungen der Bauelemente während des Kommutierungsprozesses auftreten können. Die auftretenden Filamentstrukturen werden analysiert und - soweit möglich - Einflussgrößen herausgearbeitet. Schließlich wird noch auf den Einfluss von Randstrukturen auf das Filamentierungsverhalten, die als Inhomogenität in jedem Bauelement vorhanden sind, eingegangen.

The ability to control the path a signal takes through microwave circuitry is crucial when designing RF systems. The component that allows for the control of the signal path is called a switch, and it is the microwave component that this thesis will focus on. Switches are widely used in the growing defense and space industries, both of which have strict requirements on their systems. This thesis aims to investigate four switch topologies and compare them to establish which topology is most suitable in high-performance systems where high isolation and wide bandwidths are essential parameters. The different topologies were simulated using Cadence AWR Microwave Studio to evaluate the parameters of interest. Built-in models for PIN diodes were employed to capture the nonlinear nature of the diodes and quantify the linearity of the switches. Measurements of PIN diodes using a spectrum analyzer and a vector network analyzer were used to confirm that the models of the PIN diode resembled the actual characteristics of PIN diodes. Out of the four topologies investigated, the series, shunt, series-shunt and double shunt, it was concluded that the series-shunt topology was most suitable for wideband multiple-throw switches. The double shunt topology was more suitable for SPST switches and narrowband SPDT switches. From this thesis, it will be possible to conclude which topology is most suitable for a particular need and what key design parameters will impact the switch’s performance. / Förmågan att styra vägen en signal tar genom mikrovågskretsar är en avgörande förmåga i konstruktionen av de flesta RF-system. Komponenten som tillåter styrning av signalvägen kallas en omkopplare och är den mikrovågskomponent som detta examensarbete kommer att fokusera på. RFomkopplare kan realiseras på många olika sätt och kan integreras i flera typer av vågledande strukturer såsom mikrostrips, striplines och vågledare. Omkopplingselementen kan realiseras på många sätt, med användning av transistorer och dioder är de mest etablerade sätten. Sådana omkopplare används i stor utsträckning inom försvars- och rymdindustrin som båda har strikta krav på dess komponenter. Avhandlingen syftar därför till att undersöka ett antal switchtopologier och jämföra dessa för att fastställa vilken topologi som är mest lämplig i högpresterande system där hög isolering och breda bandbredder är viktiga parametrar. De olika topologierna simulerades med hjälp av Cadence AWR Microwave Studio för att utvärdera parametrarna av intresse. Den inbyggda modellen för PIN-dioder användes också för att fånga diodernas olinjära natur för att kvantifiera omkopplarnas linjäritet. Mätningar av PIN-dioder med användning av en spektrumanalysator och en Nätverksanalysator gjordes för att bekräfta att modellerna av PIN-dioderna efterliknade PIN-diodernas faktiska beteende. Det fastslogs att series-shunt-topologin var mest lämpad för bredbandsomkopplare med flera utgångar. Dubbel-shunt-topologin var mer lämplig i SPSTomkopplare och i smalbandiga SPDT-omkopplare. Från detta examensarbete kommer det att vara möjligt att dra slutsatser kring vilken topologi som är mest lämplig för ett särskilt behov tillsammans med vilka designparametrar som kommer att påverka omkopplarens prestanda.

"March, 2009". / Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Faculty of Science, Dept. of Physics & Engineering, 2008. / Bibliography: p. 145-158. / Introduction -- Frequency selective surfaces -- Absorb/transmit frequency selective surface absorber -- Switchable frequency selective surface for wireless applications -- Energy-saving glass characterisation -- Frequency selective surface solution for energy-saving glass -- Conclusion. / This thesis presents three topics related to frequency selective surfaces (FSSs), namely bsorb/transmit FSSs, active FSSs and passive bandpass FSSs for energy-saving glass used in modern buildings. These three FSSs are unique in their design and functionalities. The absorb/transmit FSS is a novel dual-layer frequency selective surface for 5 GHz WLAN applications. This FSS can stop propagation of specific bands by absorbing as opposed to re ecting, while passing other useful signals. This is in contrast to the conventional Salisbury and Jaumann absorbers, which provide good absorption in the desired band while the out-of-band frequencies are attenuated. The second topic is a single-layer bandpass active FSS that can be switched between ON and OFF states to control the transmission in 2.45 GHz WLAN applications. Previously, researchers have focused on the bandstop and dual-layer versions of the active FSS. This is in contrast to the design presented in this thesis which is single-layer and provides extra advantage in a practical WLAN environment. Also the dc biasing techniques that were used for the active FSS design are easier to implement and provide good frequency stability for different angles of incidence and polarisations in both ON and OFF states. The last topic is on the use of a bandpass FSS in energy-saving glass panels used in building design. The manufacturers of these glass panels apply a very thin metal-oxide coating on one side of the glass panels to provide extra infrared (heat) attenuation. However, due to the presence of the coating, these energy-saving glass panels also attenuate communication signals such as GSM 900, GSM 1800/1900, UMTS and 3G mobile signals etc. This creates a major communication problem when buildings are constructed with windows of this glass. In this thesis, a solution to this problem is presented by designing and etching a cross-dipole bandpass FSS on the coated side of the glass to pass the useful signals while keeping infrared attenuation at an acceptable level. One of the advantages of this FSS design is that measured material values of the metal-oxide coating are used for simulations, which have not been done previously. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / 166 p. ill. (some col.)

The topic of this master’s thesis is energy measurement of the optical intensity distribu-tion at the far field. Properties of the optical intensity and the optical power are described. In this thesis solution of wave equation is done. The plane wave, spherical wave and Gaussian beam are described. In this thesis, optical trace of laser beam from transmitter laser diode to receiver PIN photodiode is described. One of the solved problems is diffraction on the lens socket. The basic configuration for diffraction investigation on lens socket was created. There were transmitting laser diode, stop with circular apertures and PIN photodiode used in the experiment. In the other part, thesis deals with measuring and detection of the optical beam. Sorts of photodiodes and their characteristics were analysed.

This thesis deals with modeling and produce of reconfigurable multi-band planar antennas, which allow electrical shifting of frequency band. After antennas simulation with PIN diode and FET switch in a commercial program CST MW, another step is to optimize the antenna for a new substrate. The next step was to produce antennas. Finally, the optimized antennas are compared with the measurement on experimental antennas.

[ES] La Teoría de los Modos Característicos, formulada originalmente en 1968, permite obtener un conjunto de valores propios reales y modos de corriente reales que se pueden utilizar para expandir la corriente total en un cuerpo conductor o dieléctrico. La información proporcionada por las corrientes características (modos) y los valores propios se puede utilizar para realizar el diseño de la antena de una manera sistemática. La gran ventaja de la Teoría de los Modos Característicos sobre otros métodos de diseño tradicionales es la clara visión física que se proporciona sobre los fenómenos que contribuyen a la radiación de la antena. Esta visión física permite comprender mejor el funcionamiento de la antena, de modo que el diseño y la optimización de la misma se pueden llevar a cabo de forma rápida y coherente. El objetivo de esta Tesis es extender el uso de la Teoría de los Modos Característicos al diseño de antenas reconfigurables de manera sistemática. El uso de antenas reconfigurables se ha vuelto cada vez más importante en los últimos años, como una forma de cumplir con los requisitos impuestos y el rendimiento deseado en los nuevos sistemas de comunicaciones inalámbricas. El enfoque de hacer una antena reconfigurable implica la capacidad de una antena para ajustar sus características, como la frecuencia de operación, el diagrama de radiación y la polarización. Diversos componentes activos como diodos varactor, diodos PIN, MEMS, interruptores de RF, elementos fotoconductores o materiales inteligentes pueden usarse para cambiar estas características básicas de la antena. La reconfiguración dinámica de los parámetros operativos de una antena conduce a un sistema de comunicación flexible. Las antenas reconfigurables por frecuencia permiten el mantenimiento de múltiples estándares mientras se mantienen las mismas características físicas de las antenas. La antena reconfigurable por radiación y la diversidad de polarización permiten aumentar la eficiencia de las comunicaciones interiores al reducir significativamente el nivel de interferencia. En esta tesis, la investigación gira en torno al análisis y diseño de estructuras de antenas con la Teoría de los Modos Característicos de manera que los parámetros de las antenas sean sintonizables, por lo que el diseño final de la estructura es una antena reconfigurable que modifica dinámicamente su rendimiento de una forma razonada y coherente. Se analizarán los modos característicos y sus propiedades para diseñar antenas reconfigurables, que combinarán diferentes modos y producirán diferentes características de radiación. En este trabajo se implementará un método sistemático para obtener las características requeridas de la antena. Además, se analizarán y evaluarán diferentes técnicas de conmutación para evaluar su efecto real en la antena y en los modos característicos. El trabajo se centrará en el diseño de pequeñas antenas reconfigurables para aplicaciones IoT y sistemas 5G. / [CA] La Teoria dels Modes Característics, formulada originalment el 1968, permet obtenir un conjunt de valors propis reals i modes de corrent reals que es poden utilitzar per expandir el corrent total en un cos conductor o dielèctric. La informació proporcionada pels corrents característics (modes) i els valors propis es pot utilitzar per fer el disseny de l'antena d'una manera sistemàtica. El gran avantatge de la Teoria dels Modes Característiques sobre altres mètodes de disseny tradicionals és la clara visió física que es proporciona sobre els fenòmens que contribueixen a la radiació de l'antena. Aquesta visió física permet comprendre millor el funcionament de l'antena, de manera que el disseny i l'optimització de la mateixa es poden dur a terme de forma ràpida i coherent. L'objectiu d'aquesta Tesi és estendre l'ús de la Teoria dels Modes Característics al disseny d'antenes reconfigurables de manera sistemàtica. L'ús d'antenes reconfigurables s'ha tornat cada cop més important en els darrers anys, com una forma de complir amb els requisits imposats i el rendiment desitjat en els nous sistemes.temes de comunicacions sense fil. L'enfocament de fer una antenna reconfigurable implica la capacitat duna antena per ajustar les seves característiques, com la frequ¿ència d'operació, el diagrama de radiació i la polarització. Diversos components actius com va donar dos varactor, díodes PIN, MEMS, interruptors de RF, elements fotoconductors o materials intel·ligents poden utilitzar-se per canviar aquestes característiques bàsiques de l'antena. La reconfiguració dinàmica dels paràmetres operatius duna antena condueix a un sistema de comunicació flexible. Les antenes reconfigurables per frequ¿ència permeten el manteniment de múltiples estàndards mentre es mantenen les mateixes característiques físiques de les antenes. L'antena reconfigurable per radiació i diversitat de polarització permeten augmentar l'eficiència de les comunicacions interiors en reduir significativament el nivell dinterferència. En aquesta tesi, la investigació gira al voltant de l'anàlisi i el disseny de estructures d'antenes amb la Teoria dels Modes Característics de manera que els paràmetres de les antenes siguin sintonitzables, per això que el disseny final de lestructura és una antena reconfigurable que modifica dinàmicament el seu rendiment d'una forma raonada i coherent. S'analitzaran els modes característics i les propietats per dissenyar antenes reconfigurables, que combinaran diferents maneres i produiran diferents característiques de radiació. En aquest tractament baix s'implementarà un mètode sistemàtic per obtenir les característiques requerides de l'antena. A més, s'analitzaran i avaluaran diferents tècniques de commutació per avaluar el seu efecte real a la antena i en les maneres característiques. El treball se centrarà en el disseny de petites antenes reconfigurables per a aplicacions IoT i sistemes 5G. / [EN] The Theory of Characteristic Modes, originally formulated in 1968, allows to obtain a set of real eigenvalues and real current modes that can be used to expand the total current on a conducting or dielectric body. The information provided by characteristic eigencurrents (modes) and eigenvalues can be used to perform antenna design in a systematic way. The great advantage of the Theory of Characteristic Modes over other traditional design methods is the clear physical vision provided about the phenomena that contribute to the radiation of the antenna. This physical vision allows to better understand the operation of the antenna, so that the design and the optimization of it can be carried out quickly and coherently. The objective of this Thesis is to extend the use of the Theory of Characteristic Modes to the design of reconfigurable antennas in a systematic way. The use of reconfigurable antennas has become more and more important during the last years, as a way to meet the imposed requirements and desired performance of novel wireless communication systems. The approach of making an antenna reconfigurable implies the capability of an antenna system to adjust its characteristic such as operating frequency, radiation pattern and polarization. Active components such as varactor diodes, PIN diodes, MEMS, RF switches, photoconductive elements or smart materials can be used to change these base characteristics. The dynamic reconfigurability of the operating parameters of an antenna leads to a flexible communication system. Frequency reconfigurable antennas enable multi-standard performances to be maintained while preserving the same physical characteristics of the antennas. Radiation reconfigurable and polarisation diversity antennas enable to increase the efficiency of indoor communications by significantly decreasing the level of interference. In this thesis, the research is turning around the analysis and design of antenna structures with the Theory of Characteristic Modes in a way that the antenna parameters will be tuneable, so the final design of the structure is a reconfigurable antenna that modifies dynamically its performance in a reasoned and coherent way. Characteristic modes and their properties will be analysed in order to design reconfigurable antennas, which combine different modes and produce different radiation characteristics. A systematic method to obtain the required characteristics of the antenna will be implemented during this work. Moreover, different switching techniques will be analysed and evaluated in order to asses their real effect on the antenna and on the characteristic modes. In this work, small reconfigurable antenna prototypes will be designed for IoT applications and 5G systems. / This study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Ministerio Ciencia e Innovación) under project no. PID2019-107885GB-C32 and Generalitat Valenciana under project no. AICO/2019/018. This work has also been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Ministerio Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades) under the project TEC2016- 78028-C3-3-P and by “Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CNRST, Maroc)” as part of the research excellence scholarships program / Mahlaoui Boudallaa, Z. (2023). Analysis and Design of Reconfigurable Antennas Using the Theory of Characteristic Modes [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/201555

This doctoral thesis is focused on problems of modulators based on six-ports. It begins with description of current state of the art of six-ports used like modulators, their transfer functions and SIW technology. A design part of this thesis consists from experimental six-port based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. There is presented step-by-step development of this six-port using this technology and also there is introduced micro-strip technology based six-port. Final design of six-ports and variable impedances were measured, the results are discussed and compared with expected ones in next chapters. Second part of this thesis deals with influences of internal parameters of six-ports to final signal transmission and derives theirs transfer functions for more than one reflection in structure. The computation results are compared with experimental measurements for fixed loads. With using of ideal loads sweeps, modulations with shaped input signals were calculated. For designed variables impedances, there was founded the optimal biasing points for demanded IQ diagram and discussed which from tested active circuit is suitable. In the last part there are shown results of experiment with these variable loads connected to both types of designed six-ports.