A indústria de papel e celulose passa por constantes desafios para solucionar problemas relacionados ao alto consumo de água industrial. Uma alternativa é utilizar ferramentas como a Integração de Processos, onde é possível aplicar técnicas gráficas como o \"Water Pinch\" ou técnicas com programação matemática para otimizar o circuito de água. Para contribuir com o setor, as técnicas foram aplicadas no presente trabalho utilizando-se dados reais coletados em uma unidade produtora de polpa termomecânica e papel imprensa. Com os dados, um caso base em um simulador foi desenvolvido para iniciar a análise por Integração de Processos. A análise é baseada no aproveitamento das correntes de águas residuais em outras etapas do processo sob restrições na concentração limite de contaminantes, especificamente finos e sólidos dissolvidos. Diferentemente dos trabalhos apresentados na literatura que alegam que a solução encontrada trata-se de valores otimizados, os resultados mostram que os valores encontrados através da programação matemática e do método Pinch são teoricamente corretos, porém, quando novamente simuladas sob estas novas condições obtidas por Integração de Processos, as condições operacionais da unidade industrial mostram-se inadequadas. As concentrações limites de contaminantes previamente estabelecidos pelas técnicas utilizadas são frequentemente ultrapassadas nos resultados de recálculo por simulação, e portanto, as soluções de Integração de Processos devem ser corrigidas antes de implantação. Por isso, os valores previstos, por exemplo, de redução de consumo de até 38% no projeto realístico atinge o valor de 23%, o que ainda é um bom resultado. O trabalho ainda mostra que a programação matemática é eficaz e rápida para encontrar soluções com múltiplos contaminantes, enquanto o método Pinch é mais voltado para casos com contaminante simples. / The Pulp and Paper industry has constantly struggled to solve problems related to high water consumption. One alternative is to use tools like Process Integration, where graphical methods and mathematical programming can be applied to optimize the water circuit. To contribute to the Pulp and Paper sector, the methods were applied in the present work using real process data that have been collected in an integrated thermomechanical and newsprint mill. With these data, a base case simulation was developed to initiate the analysis by Process Integration. The analysis is based on residual water reuse in other process stages under propriety constraints like contaminants concentration limits, specifically the dissolved solids and fine fibers. Differently from works presented in the references that claim that solutions found are optimized values, the results of this work show that values found by mathematical programming and pinch method are theoretically correct, however, the operational conditions of the mill become inadequate when simulated under new conditions achieved by Process Integration. The concentration limits of contaminants previously established for the methods have their values frequently exceed after recalculation by simulation, and thus, the solutions by Process Integration must be corrected before using them. So, if the predicted value for reduction of fresh water consumption is, for example, 38%, in the realistic project this value will reach only 23%, which is still a good result. The work also shows that mathematical programming is efficient to find solutions when there are multiple contaminants, while pinch method is more adequate for those cases with single contaminant.

This thesis is focused on the design of steam boiler like a supplement for cogeneration unit of biogas plant. The main idea is to use a waste heat from the exhaust gasses to produce a technological steam of required parameters. The thesis contains of a calculation an amount of the heat in exhaust gasses and a heat exchange surface. An Aerodynamic loss and a wall thickness of the boilers are verified by strength calculation in the next parts of this thesis. At the end of this thesis are made projection drawings and diagram, which are made of the calculations.

No description available.

The purpose of this thesis is to use a model to optimize the heat exchanger network for process industry and to estimate the minimum cost required for the heat exchanger network without compromising the energy demand by each stream as much as possible with the help of MATLAB programming software. Here, the optimization is done without considering stream splitting and stream combining. The first phase involves with deriving a simple heat exchanger network consisting of four streams i.e... Two hot streams and two cold streams required for the heat exchanger using the traditional Pinch Analysis method. The second phase of this work deals with randomly placing the heat exchanger network between the hot and cold streams and calculating the minimum cost of the heat exchanger network using genetic coding which is nothing but thousands of randomly created heat exchangers which are evolved over series of population.

Power system fault detection is conventionally achieved using current and potential measurements. An alternate and unconventional form of protective relaying is feasible using rigid bus conductor motion as the means of detection. The research presented focuses on the detection of power system faults using visual displacement of conductor spans. Substation rigid bus conductor motion is modeled using dual spring-mass systems for accurate representation of conductor response to electromagnetic forces generated during system faults. Bundled rigid conductors have advantages including detection independent of system load currents and improved ability to detect polyphase and single phase faults. The dynamic motion of the conductors during the fault is optically monitored with a laser detection system. Timeovercurrent characteristics are derived for the application of fault detection. The response time of the conductor detector system is slower than conventional relays due to the natural frequencies of the conductor span limiting the speed of its displacement. This response time makes the fault detection system using conductor displacement an ideal candidate for a backup relay in power system protection schemes.

Objetivo: O presente estudo pretendeu avaliar a força de preensão digital em trabalhadores de enfermagem a fim de determinar as médias desta força e correlacionar com os fatores pessoais e ocupacionais Métodos: Estudo descritivo, correlacional, quantitativo, realizado em um hospital de ensino de Ribeirão Preto. Os sujeitos foram categorizados por meio de um questionário que abordou características pessoais e profissionais; para a mensuração da força de preensão digital foi utilizado um dinamômetro hidráulico Preston Pinch Gauge® (North Coast Medical - Estados Unidos), por meio deste foram realizadas três mensurações consecutivas para cada medida de força e utilizou-se a média destas pinças para as análises. As coletas de dados foram realizadas em 2013, este estudo recebeu a aprovação de Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa. Compuseram a amostra 41 profissionais de enfermagem do sexo feminino, que trabalhavam no período matutino. Foram realizados testes estatísticos e o nível de significância considerado foi ? = 0, 05; o programa utilizado nas análises foi a IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) versão 22.0. Resultados: As trabalhadoras encontravam-se na faixa etária entre 21 e 60 anos; 56,1% eram casadas e 58,5% possuíam filhos; com relação ao nível de escolaridade 43,9% tinham ensino médio completo.No que diz respeito ao vínculo empregatício atual na enfermagem, 56,1% faziam seis horas semanais e 68,3% horas extras neste vinculo; 7,3% possuíam outro vínculo na área da enfermagem, porém sem realizar horas extras. Já se afastaram do trabalho por motivo de doença 63,4%; referiram sentir dor no dedo da mão 26,8%; 95,1% das trabalhadoras realizavam atividades domésticas em sua própria casa; 70,7% não praticavam atividade física; 58,5% possuíam algum tipo de atividade de lazer, foram observadas ainda doenças osteomusculares (27,3%). Os valores da médias gerais da pinças foram: 3,64 (kgf) polpa-a-polpa,3,85 (kgf), trípode; 6,08(kgf) lateral.Conclusão: Mesmo que não se tenha identificado uma porcentagem alta em relação a carga horária de trabalho associada as horas extras e o duplo vínculo, as variáveis independentes identificadas, influenciaram o desempenho dos testes de preensão de pinça, consequentemente, na diminuição bilateral das forças de preensão das pinças digitais estudadas. Entre as categorias profissionais e as médias de pinça houve correlação positiva e significativa, destacando pinças polpa-a-polpa (mão dominante). A força de preensão digital pode ser um indicador para determinar a função da mão e poder ser usada para indicar o grau de disfunção da extremidade superior acometida, não se pode afirmar que existam alterações relacionadas aos membros superiores das trabalhadoras de enfermagem, mesmo tendo em vista que a literatura infere que muitas das patologias associadas ao membro superior têm como alguns de seus sintomas iniciais a diminuição da força de pinças, fraqueza e dor nos dedos. Seria necessário agregar aos dados avaliados de preensão de digitais mais avaliações, como as clinicas, motoras e sensitivas. Diante do incipiente número de investigações relacionadas à força de preensão digital entre estas trabalhadoras, este estudo pretendeu contribuir na prevenção do desenvolvimento de disfunções ocupacionais, com a sugestão de inserção desta avaliação nos exames médicos admissionais, periódicos, de retorno ao trabalho e demissionais / Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the digital grip strength of nursing staff in order to determine the averages of this strength and correlate it to personal and occupational factors. Methods: Descriptive, co-relational, quantitative study carried out at a teaching hospital in Ribeirão Preto. Subjects were categorised by means of a questionnaire which addressed personal and professional characteristics; for the measurement of digital grip strength the hydraulic dynamometer Preston Pinch Gauge® (North Coast Medical - the United States) was used, with which three consecutive readings were made for each strength measurement and the mean of the pinches was used for the analysis. Data collection was performed in 2013 and this study was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee. 41 female nursing staff members composed the samples, all of whom worked in the morning. Statistical tests were made and the significance level considered was ? = 0.05; the program used for the analysis was IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) version 22.0. Results: The workers were aged between 21 and 60 years; 56.1% were married and 58.5% had children; regarding the level of education 43.9% were high- school graduates. Concerning the current nursing employment relationship 56.1% worked six hours per week and 68.3% overtime in such relationship; 7.3% had other nursing labour bonds although not working overtime. 63.4% were away from work due to health complications; 26.8% indicated to suffer from finger pain; 95.1% of the workers performed household chores in their own houses; 70.7% did not do any physical activity; 58.5% had some kind of leisure activity, and osteomuscular conditions were still observed (27.3%). General mean values found were: 3.64 (kgf) pulp to pulp, 3.85 (kgf) three points and 6.08 (kgf) lateral pinch. Conclusion: Although there was not an identification of a higher percentage related to the working hours associated to overtime and double labour bond, the independent variables identified affected the pinch grip test performance, consequently reducing bilaterally the digital pinch grip strengths analysed. There was positive and significant correlation between the professional categories and the pinch means, highlighting pulp to pulp pinch(dominant hand). Digital grip strength can be an indicator to determine hand function and can be used to demonstrate the level of dysfunction of the affected upper limb ends, but it cannot be stated that there are alterations related to the upper limbs of nursing staff, even considering that the literature infers that many pathologies associated to the upper limbs present the reduction of pinch strength and finger weakness and pain as some of their initial symptoms. It would be necessary to add more evaluations to the already analysed data on digital grip, such as clinical, motor and sensitive evaluations. Before the incipient number of investigations related to the digital grip force among these workers, this study intended to contribute to the prevention of the development of occupational dysfunctions, suggesting the further introduction of this evaluation to admission, periodic, return to work and discharge medical examinations

No description available.

The determination of the plasma confinement propertiesdemand data as the electron temperature, the ionic and electrondensity profiles and the radiative emissivity profiles. Thefocus of this thesis is the importance of radial profiles inspectroscopic diagnostics applied to the EXTRAP-T2Rreversed-field pinch. EXTRAP-T2R is a resistive shell reversed-field pinch with amagnetic field shell penetration time much longer than therelaxation cycle time scale. Significant improvements inconfinement properties derived by quantitative plasmaspectroscopy in the vacuum ultraviolet are observed compared tothe previous device EXTRAP-T2. The low level of magneticturbulence and the good magnetic surfaces in the edge regionexplain this observed improvement. A current profile controlexperiment reduces the stochastic transport, which is connectedto the dynamo, and improves the confinement in EXTRAP-T2R evenmore. A comparison of the electron temperature estimated by usinga ratio of line intensities from the same ionization stage ofoxygen and the Thomson scattering system shows that thedifference is explained by the different spatial dependence ofthe excited state populations and the corresponding emissivityof these spectral lines. A collisional radiative model givesestimates for radial profiles of impurities which are notmeasured in EXTRAP-T2R. The estimated profiles can in turn beused to determine the radial profile of the effective ioncharge, the emissivity and finally the radiative power. Asinput, the model uses radial profiles. Neutral hydrogen is predominantly present in the boundaryregion of the plasma. Spectroscopic investigations in this areashow very asymmetric spectral lines of hydrogen due to themovement of atoms. The velocity of the hydrogen atoms dependson the type of plasma-wall interaction and their measurementhelps to identify the different interaction processes. Theexistence of hydrogen molecules in the edge complicates theinterpretation of the line shapes and on the determination ofthe particle confinement time. <b>Keywords:</b>Reversed-field pinch, EXTRAP-T2R, quantitativeplasma spectroscopy, VUV spectroscopy, line-integrated electrontemperature, oxygen, profiles, confinement properties, powerbalance, hydrogen, particle confinement time.

The Reversed-Field Pinch (RFP) is one of the major alternatives for realizing energy production from thermonuclear fusion. Compared to alternative configurations (such as the tokamak and the stellarator) it has some advantages that suggest that an RFP reactor may be more economic. However, the conventional RFP is flawed with anomalously large energy and particle transport (which leads to unacceptably low energy confinement) due to a phenomenon called the "RFP dynam". The dynamo is driven by the gradient in the plasma current in the plasma core, and it has been shown that flattening of the plasma current profile quenches the dynamo and increases confinement. Various forms of current profile control schemes have been developed and tested in both numerical simulations and experiments. In this thesis an automatic current profile control routine has been developed for the three-dimensional, non-linear resistive magnetohydrodynamic computer code DEBSP. The routine utilizes active feedback of the dynamo associated fluctuating electric field, and is optimized for replacing it with an externally supplied field while maintaining field reversal. By introducing a semi-automatic feedback scheme, the number of free parameters is reduced, making a parameter scan feasible. A scaling study was performed and scaling laws for the confinement of the advanced RFP (an RFP with enhanced confinement due to current profile control) have been obtained. The conclusions from this research project are that energy confinement is enhanced substantially in the advanced RFP and that poloidal beta values are possible beyond the previous theoretical limit beta βΘ &lt; ½. Scalings toward the reactor regime indicate strongly enhanced confinement as compared to conventional RFP scenarios, but the question of reactor viability remains open. / QC 20101101

According to classical linearized resistive magnetohydrodynamics theory, pressuredriven modes are unstable in the reversed-field pinch (RFP) due to unfavorable magnetic field line curvature. The result is based on the assumption of an adiabatic energy equation where anisotropic thermal conduction effects are ignored as compared to convection and compression. In this thesis the effects of heat conduction in the energy equation have been studied. We have examined these effects on the linear stability of pressure-driven resistive modes using boundary value theory (Δ´ ) and a novel initial-value full resistive MHD code employing the Generalized Weighted Residual Method (GWRM). In the Δ´ method, a shooting technique is employed by integrating from the resistive layer to boundaries. The GWRM method, on the other hand, is a time-spectral Galerkin method in which the fully linearized MHD equations are solved. For detailed computations, efficiency requires the temporal and spatial domains to be divided into subdomains. For this purpose, a number of challenging test cases including linearized ideal MHD equations are treated. Numerical and analytical investigations of equilibria reveal that thermal conduction effects are not stabilizing for reactor relevant values of Lundquist number, S0, and normalized pressure, βθ, for tearing-stable plasmas. These studies show that growth rate scales as  γ~_ S0−1/5 , which is weaker than for the adiabatic case, γ~_ S0−1/3. A numerical study of optimized confinement for an advanced RFP scenario including ohmic heating and heat conduction, is also part of this thesis. The fully nonlinear resistive MHD code DEBSP has been employed. We have identified, using both Δ´ and GWRM methods, that the observed crash of the high confinement is caused by resistive, pressure-driven modes. / <p>QC 20130503</p>