No contexto mundial atual, a busca de fontes de energia renováveis e menos poluentes que o petróleo tornou-se inevitável. O uso da biomassa como fonte de energia é extremamente importante, devido principalmente ao seu caráter renovável e a sua abundância. Os resíduos florestais são cada vez mais preconizados como uma importante fonte de biomassa. Isto se deve a sua abundância, facilidade de aprovisionamento e baixo custo. Podemos citar, como exemplo, os resíduos gerados durante a colheita florestal (cascas, folhas, galhos, ponteiros, entre outros) e durante o processamento mecânico da madeira (costaneiras, aparas, pó de serra, entre outros). O uso deste tipo de material para fins energéticos vem crescendo, porém, há um grande espaço para melhorias a serem implementadas nesse campo, envolvendo o melhor conhecimento de suas características e o potencial de aplicação de processos para sua conversão em produtos mais otimizados em relação aos seus valores energéticos. Diante desse quadro, e em se considerando a madeira, surge a oportunidade para adoção de processos de tratamento térmico, para os quais já existem referências que indicam a ocorrência de mudanças nas características desse material, o que conduz à previsão de se poder obter resultados positivos em relação ao que se exige para usos energéticos. Além do tradicional e amplamente usado processo de secagem, constatase, no campo do tratamento térmico, o crescimento do interesse pela aplicação da chamada torrefação e da termorretificação, compreendendo faixas de temperatura entre 150 e 300 °C. Neste contexto, resíduos da colheita florestal de eucalipto e pinus foram submetidos a tratamento térmico conduzido em estufa elétrica laboratorial, numa faixa de temperatura entre 140 e 300 °C. O objetivo foi estudar as alterações que o tratamento pudesse proporcionar às características do material, no sentido de se potencializar ainda mais o seu uso para fins energéticos, mediante a avaliação da densidade a granel do material, tamanho das partículas dos resíduos, poder calorífico superior, índice de combustão, análise imediata, resistência à moagem (redução granulométrica) e avaliação de imagens microscópicas. Os resultados indicaram, para ambas as espécies, que o aquecimento exerceu influência significativa nos rendimentos mássicos e nas características dos ensaios acima citados, com alteração dos valores com a elevação da temperatura, exceto para o teor de cinzas do eucalipto. A influência exercida pelo tratamento térmico foi mais evidente a partir de 220 °C, sendo isto mais fortemente observado à temperatura de 300 °C, com a constatação da maior fragmentação dos materiais tratados em comparação ao material testemunha. Além do aumento da friabilidade dos materiais estudados, constatado pelo ensaio de resistência à moagem, onde houve um relevante aumento da quantidade de material de baixa granulometria (menor que 4 mm), os mesmos apresentaram um maior ganho energético (maior poder calorífico) levando-se em conta a testemunha, principalmente a 300 °C, com índices de combustão elevados para os resíduos de eucalipto e pinus. / In the current worldwide context, the search for renewable energy sources and less polluting fuels than petroleum has become unavoidable. The use of biomass energy as source of energy is extremely important, especially due to its renewable character and abundance. The forest residues have been increasingly recommended as an important source of biomass. This is due to its abundance, facility of provision and low cost. We can cite examples such as the residues generated during the forest harvest (bark, leaves, branches, stem tips, among others) and during the mechanical processing of wood (slabs, chips, sawdust, among others). The use of this kind of material for energetic purposes has been increasing, however, there is room for benefits to be implemented in this field, involving a deeper knowledge on its characteristics and the potential for the application of processes to its conversion into more optimized products in relation to its energy values. In this scenario, and considering the wood, there comes the opportunity to the adoption of thermal treatment processes, to which there are already references that indicate the occurrence of changes in the characteristics of this material, which leads to the prediction of the possibility to obtain positive results in relation to what is demanded for energetic uses. Besides the traditional and widely used process of drying, it is observed, in the field of thermal treatment, the increase in the interest for the application of the so-called torrefaction and thermal rectification, comprising zones of temperature between 150 and 300 °C. In this context, residues of eucalyptus and pine forest harvest were submitted to a thermal treatment conducted in an electric laboratory oven, at temperatures between 140 and 300 °C. The goal was to study the alterations that the treatment might provide to the characteristics of the material, aiming at empowering its use to energetic purposes, through the density evaluation of a sample of the material, the size of residue particles, gross calorific value, combustion index, immediate analysis, resistance to grinding (particle size reduction) and the evaluation of microscopic images. The results indicated, for both species, that the heating caused a significant influence on the gravimetric yields and on the characteristics of the experiments cited above with changes in the values with the increase of the temperature, except for the ash content of eucalyptus. The effect of the thermal treatment was more evident from 220 °C, which is more strongly observed at the temperature of 300 °C, with a larger fragmentation of the treated materials in comparison to the control material. Besides the increase in the friability of the studied materials, found in the experiment of resistance to grinding, in which there was a relevant increase in the amount of low granulometry material (smaller than 4 mm), they presented a higher energetic gain (more calorific value) considering the witness, mainly at 300 °C, with high combustion indexes for the eucalyptus and pine residues.

The Southern Pine Beetle, or SPB, (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman) is a bark beetle that is endemic to the Southern forest ecosystem. Beetle populations remain stable for years at a time; however, for reasons not fully understood the beetle undergoes accelerated population growth on approximate ten-year cycles, culminating in increased beetle activity. Although most trees can withstand a beetle assault when populations are reduced, healthy trees, and even pine species that are not generally attacked can become a host tree for millions of beetles during infestations. Much of Appalachia was paralyzed by an unusually heavy snowstorm on January 27, 1998, resulting in major power failures and tremendous tree damage. Environmental hazards such as this storm have historically been a factor with southern pine beetle populations. This study hypothesizes that the blizzard of January 27, 1998, significantly increased the southern pine beetle population. The evidence, however, did not support this hypothesis.

Extensive deer migrations have been observed for many, years in western mountain regions. More recently several complex interstate migrations have become the objects of careful study and the subjects of special wildlife movement programs. The interstate deer migrations between the Sublett-Black Pine, Idaho, areas and the East Raft River Mountain, Utah, area are not exceptional. These migrations are now of such a magnitude that they are creating management problems of increasing importance to the 2 states involved.

Arceuthobium americanum is a vascular plant which is parasitic upon Pinus contorta var murrayana. Its documented effects include reductions in host growth, vigor and wood quality. The specific physiological changes that occur in the host are, for the most part, unknown.

Nurse plant and object facilitation is an important factor mitigating abiotic stress, improving seedling recruitment, and shaping the fine-scale spatial patterns of many plant communities. I investigate the role of facilitation on lodgepole pine regeneration following blowdown in central Oregon. My objective is to examine the importance of nurse objects on seedling recruitment under varying stand conditions. I base my analysis on 1) the mapped locations and attributes of seedlings, saplings, trees, shrubs, snags, stumps, and sound and decomposed logs in each of five, 500 m2 circular plots, 2) water holding capacity estimates of woody and leafy litter and pumice soil, and 3) growing-season air temperatures. My analysis identifies seedling patterns at multiple spatial scales (~0-8 m) using nearest neighbor and Ripley’s K statistics and identifies differences in canopy structure, seedling development, and temperature using non-parametric rank-sum tests. My results show blowdown severity varies with pre-disturbance stand structure, resulting in a multi-modal stand structure with a wide range of canopy and seedling microhabitat conditions. Stand-wide, post-blowdown regeneration patterns reveal >80% of seedlings grow near nurse shrubs, logs, and woody litter, suggesting preferential germination and survival in these microhabitats. High seedling densities correspond with median shrub diameters, and up to 38% of seedlings grow near recently downed logs, indicating both shrubs and logs serve as important nurse objects. The role of nurse objects in mitigating moisture stress is implicated by the potentially high evaporative stress under extreme growing season temperatures in areas of severe blowdown and by the high moisture-holding capacity of woody litter relative to the pumice soil. Stand-wide, 91% of all seedlings and 87% of all shrubs grow on woody litter, and seedlings growing on woody litter show the greatest development. The positive spatial correlation of seedlings and shrubs with nurse plants and woody litter supports the assertion that both are important facilitators for seedling regeneration and emerging spatial patterns of stand recovery. These results have important management implications, suggesting that the removal of nurse plants and objects through salvage logging or prescribed burning may have negative long-term impacts on local and regional forest regeneration.

The biweekly diets of tame elk (Cervus canadensis nelsoni) were established on a species dry-weight basis for different habitat segments of the lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) type, Principal species in the diets (5% or more) on each habitat segment were generally composed of preferred species. However, some highly abundant but non-preferred species took on principal dietary status, whereas some preferred species, scarce in the vegetation, contributed less than 5 percent to diets. Forbs contributed most to total consumption; grasses and sedges were the second largest contributors. Browse appeared to be of limited importance, but mushrooms had special significance in forested habitat segments. Preference changes were evident as forb species matured. Consumption rates were significantly higher in habitat segments having greater species diversity and forage density. The time tame elk spent grazing, ruminating, lying, grooming, traveling, standing, drinking, and playing was referenced to specific habitat segments in which each activity occurred. One thousand and eight hours of individual elk activity were observed over a series of six 24-hour periods. Wet meadows, dry meadows, clearcuts. and revegetated roads were preferred as grazing sites, while mature and stagnated forests were clearly non-preferred. Wet meadows, revegetated roads, and mature forest were preferred for resting and non-grazing activities. The distribution of pellet groups deposited by tame elk was determined with reference to habitat segment and form of activity at the time of deposition. Pellet group distributions thus obtained, were strongly unrepresentative of relative time spent in various habitat segments.

Natural disturbance events influence the patterns and processes in many forest ecosystems. Ecosystem management of coniferous forests in western North America requires the recognition of the importance that natural disturbance regimes have in achieving sustainable resource production and maintaining biological diversity . Mountain pine beetle epidemics have played an historic role in the succession and structure of lodgepole pine forests in this region. Their effects on wildlife habitat and communities are undocumented, but are presumed to be substantial. I sought to quantify these effects in forty 1-ha stands of monotypic, even-aged, mature lodgepole pine forest in northern Utah approximately 3-8 years following an extensive epidemic. I selected 5 stands that were unaffected by the epidemic and 35 that had tree mortalities ranging from 14 to 95 %. Mean understory biomass in 50 1-m2 plots demonstrated an exponential increase from 4g m-2 in unaffected stands, 40 g m-2 in stands with moderate (51-75% dead) tree mortalities, and up to 110 g m-2 in severely (76-100 % dead) affected stands. Plant species diversity and heterogeneity were highest in stands with moderate tree mortality. Horizontal visual obscurity (from 0- 2.5 m high) was highest in stands with> 40% tree mortality. Canopy cover and volume decreased linearly and curvilinearly, respectively, with increasing tree mortality. Foliage height diversity was higher in stands with moderate tree mortality than in stands with high, low, or no mortality. Abundance and diversity of avian species were highest in stands with moderate tree mortality. Small and medium-sized mammal species were more abundant and diverse in stands with moderate and severe tree mortality than in stands with no or low (26-50 % dead) tree mortality, but the pattern is less clear than for avian species. Fecal pellet groups of large ungulates increased linearly with increasing tree mortality, but the pattern of occurrence of snowshoe hare fecal pellets to increasing tree mortality was less clear. Insect abundance and species diversity increased linearly with tree mortality. Canonical correspondence analysis of insect, avian, and mammalian communities revealed that understory vegetation biomass, diversity, and heterogeneity, as well as foliage height diversity, were the habitat factors that consistently explained the distribution of these species in stands affected by beetle-caused tree mortality.

No description available.

No description available.

Includes bibliographical references