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We show that a carefully crafted probabilistic morphological analyzer significantly outperforms a reasonable, naive baseline for Syriac. Syriac is an under-resourced Semitic language for which there are no available language tools such as morphological analyzers. Such tools are widely used to contribute to the process of annotating morphologically complex languages. We introduce and connect novel data-driven models for segmentation, dictionary linkage, and morphological tagging in a joint pipeline to create a probabilistic morphological analyzer requiring only labeled data. We explore the performance of this model with varying amounts of training data and find that with about 34,500 tokens, it can outperform the baseline trained on over 99,000 tokens and achieve an accuracy of just over 80%. When trained on all available training data, this joint model achieves 86.47% accuracy — a 29.7% reduction in error rate over the baseline.

For decades, digital design has been primarily dominated by clocked circuits. With larger scales of integration made possible by improved semiconductor manufacturing techniques, relying on a clock signal to orchestrate logic operations across an entire chip became increasingly difficult. Motivated by this problem, designers are currently considering circuits which can operate without a clock. However, the wide acceptance of these circuits by the digital design community requires two ingredients: (i) a unified design methodology supported by widely available CAD tools, and (ii) a granularity of design techniques suitable for synthesizing large designs. Currently, there is no unified established design methodology to support the design and verification of these circuits. Moreover, the majority of clockless design techniques is conceived at circuit level, and is subsequently so fine-grain, that their application to large designs can have unacceptable area costs. Given these considerations, this dissertation presents a new clockless technique, called self-resetting stage logic (SRSL), in which the computation of a block is reset periodically from within the block itself. SRSL is used as a building block for three coarse-grain pipelining techniques: (i) Stage-controlled self-resetting stage logic (S-SRSL) Pipelines: In these pipelines, the control of the communication between stages is performed locally between each pair of stages. This communication is performed in a uni-directional manner in order to simplify its implementation. (ii) Pipeline-controlled self-resetting stage logic (P-SRSL) Pipelines: In these pipelines, the communication between each pair of stages in the pipeline is driven by the oscillation of the last pipeline stage. Their communication scheme is identical to the one used in S-SRSL pipelines. (iii) Delay-tolerant self-resetting stage logic (D-SRSL) Pipelines: While communication in these pipelines is local in nature in a manner similar to the one used in S-SRL pipelines, this communication is nevertheless extended in both directions. The result of this bi-directional approach is an increase in the capability of the pipeline to handle stages with random delay. Based on these pipelining techniques, a new design methodology is proposed to synthesize clockless designs. The synthesis problem consists of synthesizing an SRSL pipeline from a gate netlist with a minimum area overhead given a specified data rate. A two-phase heuristic algorithm is proposed to solve this problem. The goal of the algorithm is to pipeline a given datapath by minimizing the area occupied by inter-stage latches without violating any timing constraints. Experiments with this synthesis algorithm show that while P-SRSL pipelines can reach high throughputs in shallow pipelines, D-SRSL pipelines can achieve comparable throughputs in deeper pipelines.

Le présent mémoire porte sur l’analyse des conditions juridiques de l’effectivité de la participation du public dans les régimes juridiques canadien et québécois dans les examens de projets de pipelines interprovinciaux. Les mécanismes et les processus de participation mis en œuvre par le gouvernement fédéral, dans le cadre de l’examen des projets par l’Office national de l’énergie, ceux développés par la Couronne dans le cadre de son obligation constitutionnelle de consultation des Premières Nations ainsi que ceux intervenant lors des audiences du Bureau d’audiences publiques sur l’environnement au Québec seront à l’étude. L’hypothèse de ce mémoire est que malgré leur apparence participative, les mécanismes mis en œuvre à cette fin par les différents ordres de gouvernement s'apparentent davantage à une consultation qu'à une véritable participation. L'analyse des conditions juridiques de l'effectivité de la participation du public permettra de déceler les éventuelles lacunes des processus participatifs. Il sera alors possible de proposer de pistes de réflexion sur la façon de garantir une meilleure participation du public en droit fédéral et québécois, tout en s’inscrivant dans le contexte de réforme que traverse actuellement le pays. / This paper focuses on the analysis of the conditions of the effectiveness of public participation in the Canadian and Quebec legal regimes when examining interprovincial pipeline projects. Participation mechanisms and processes implemented by the federal government, as part of the National Energy Board's review of projects, those developed by the Crown as part of its constitutional obligation to consult First Nations and those participating in the hearings of the Bureau of Public Hearings on the Environment in Quebec will be under consideration. The assumption in this essay is that despite their appearance as participatory, the mechanisms implemented by the various levels of government for this purpose are more akin to consultation than to true participation. The analysis of the legal conditions for the effectiveness of public participation will make it possible to identify potential gaps in participatory processes. It will then be possible to propose ways of thinking about how to guarantee better public participation in federal and Quebec law, while taking into account the current reforms in the country.

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