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O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar e desenvolver um modelo para seleção completa de recursos energéticos com base na teoria de tomada de decisão para classificação de Recursos do lado da Oferta e do lado da Demanda. Sendo que a seleção completa, circunscrita em elementos de auxílio tipo atributos e sub-atributos, implica na consideração das dimensões do desenvolvimento, relativos a metodologia do Planejamento Integrado de Recursos Energéticos (PIR). Estes elementos são descritos através de algoritmos demonstrados a partir de uma escala matemática qualitativa e quantitativa distribuídos em quatro grandes dimensões: Técnico-econômica, Ambiental, Social e Política (dimensões do desenvolvimento energético e humano). Os algoritmos dos atributos e sub-atributos que caracterizam cada um dos Recursos Energéticos (REs) podem ser dados através de um valor numérico (mais comuns nos algoritmos das dimensões Técnico-econômica e Ambiental, onde o valor pode ser medido ou estimado) ou através de um valor na escala não numérica (escala utilizada com mais frequência nas dimensões Social e Política). Posteriormente a caracterização de cada um dos REs, estes passam por uma etapa denominada padronização, que consiste em converter diferentes unidades de caracterização para uma mesma base, dando a possibilidade de comparação entre os diferentes elementos de caracterização dos REs. A ferramenta matemática de comparação entre diferentes elementos utilizada no auxílio à tomada de decisão foi desenvolvida por Thomas L. Saaty e chama-se Processo Analítico Hierárquico (AHP do significado em inglês) A partir deste ponto é possível calcular os Ranqueamentos dos REs. São três Ranqueamentos: Padrão, dos En-In e o Final. O cálculo dos dois primeiros Ranqueamentos é equivalente, e é feito através da somatória da multiplicação dos dados convertidos pelos pesos dos atributos e subatributos correspondentes. O cálculo do Ranqueamento Final é feito através da média dos resultados dos dois Ranqueamentos citados. O valor final obtido deste processo, para cada um dos REs, é chamado de Custo Completo. Portanto, para este caso, quanto maior o Custo Completo, mais bem ranqueado estará o RE. Um estudo de caso foi feito para consolidação dos resultados deste trabalho. A região do estudo foi a Região Administrativa de Araçatuba (RAA) que engloba 43 municípios do Estado de São Paulo. Foram caracterizados e ranqueados 182 REs, e obteve-se como resultado do Ranqueamento Final, as 58 primeiras melhores colocações sendo ocupadas em sua integridade por Recursos Energéticos de Demanda e as 22 últimas posições ocupadas por algum Recurso Energético que tem como característica a termo-geração (nuclear ou pela queima direta de combustíveis). / The objective of this study is to analyze and develop a model for full selection of energy resources on the theory of decision making for classification of Supply Side and Demand Side Energy Resources. Considering the full selection limited aid elements in type attributes and sub-attributes, implies the consideration of development dimensions concerning the methodology of Energy Integrated Resource Planning (PIR acronym in Portuguese of the Planejamento Integrado de Recursos). These elements are described algorithmically shown from a qualitative and quantitative mathematical scale distributed into four main dimensions: Technical-Economic, Environmental, Social and Policy (dimensions of development energy and development human). The algorithms of the attributes and sub-attributes that characterize each of Energy Resources (REs) can be given by a numerical value (most common in the algorithms of Technical-Economic and Environmental Dimensions, where the value can be measured or estimated) or through a value in the no numeric scale (scale used more often in Social and Policy dimensions). Subsequent characterization of each of the REs, they undergo a step called \"standardization\", which consists in converting units of different characterization for a single base, giving the possibility of comparison between the different elements of characterization of REs. A mathematical tool for comparing different elements used in assisting decision making was developed by Thomas L. Saaty and called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). From this point its possible to calculate the Energy Resources Ranks. There are three Ranks: Padrão, dos En-In and Final (names in Portuguese). The calculation of the first two Ranks is equivalent and is done by the sum of the multiplying of weights of the converted data attributes and sub-attributes thereof. The calculation of the final ranking is done by averaging the results of both Ranks mentioned. The final value obtained from this process for each of REs is called full cost. Therefore, in this case, the higher the Full Cost Account ranked will be better RE. A case study was done to consolidate the results of this work. The study region was Araçatuba Administrative Region (RAA) that encompasses 43 municipalities in the state of São Paulo. Were characterized and ranked 182 REs, and was obtained as a result of final ranking, the 58 best placements being occupied in its entirety by Demand Side Energy Resources and 22 last positions occupied by some Energy Resource that is characterized by the thermal generation (nuclear or by direct burning of fuels).

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar e desenvolver um modelo para seleção completa de recursos energéticos com base na teoria de tomada de decisão para classificação de Recursos do lado da Oferta e do lado da Demanda. Sendo que a seleção completa, circunscrita em elementos de auxílio tipo atributos e sub-atributos, implica na consideração das dimensões do desenvolvimento, relativos a metodologia do Planejamento Integrado de Recursos Energéticos (PIR). Estes elementos são descritos através de algoritmos demonstrados a partir de uma escala matemática qualitativa e quantitativa distribuídos em quatro grandes dimensões: Técnico-econômica, Ambiental, Social e Política (dimensões do desenvolvimento energético e humano). Os algoritmos dos atributos e sub-atributos que caracterizam cada um dos Recursos Energéticos (REs) podem ser dados através de um valor numérico (mais comuns nos algoritmos das dimensões Técnico-econômica e Ambiental, onde o valor pode ser medido ou estimado) ou através de um valor na escala não numérica (escala utilizada com mais frequência nas dimensões Social e Política). Posteriormente a caracterização de cada um dos REs, estes passam por uma etapa denominada padronização, que consiste em converter diferentes unidades de caracterização para uma mesma base, dando a possibilidade de comparação entre os diferentes elementos de caracterização dos REs. A ferramenta matemática de comparação entre diferentes elementos utilizada no auxílio à tomada de decisão foi desenvolvida por Thomas L. Saaty e chama-se Processo Analítico Hierárquico (AHP do significado em inglês) A partir deste ponto é possível calcular os Ranqueamentos dos REs. São três Ranqueamentos: Padrão, dos En-In e o Final. O cálculo dos dois primeiros Ranqueamentos é equivalente, e é feito através da somatória da multiplicação dos dados convertidos pelos pesos dos atributos e subatributos correspondentes. O cálculo do Ranqueamento Final é feito através da média dos resultados dos dois Ranqueamentos citados. O valor final obtido deste processo, para cada um dos REs, é chamado de Custo Completo. Portanto, para este caso, quanto maior o Custo Completo, mais bem ranqueado estará o RE. Um estudo de caso foi feito para consolidação dos resultados deste trabalho. A região do estudo foi a Região Administrativa de Araçatuba (RAA) que engloba 43 municípios do Estado de São Paulo. Foram caracterizados e ranqueados 182 REs, e obteve-se como resultado do Ranqueamento Final, as 58 primeiras melhores colocações sendo ocupadas em sua integridade por Recursos Energéticos de Demanda e as 22 últimas posições ocupadas por algum Recurso Energético que tem como característica a termo-geração (nuclear ou pela queima direta de combustíveis). / The objective of this study is to analyze and develop a model for full selection of energy resources on the theory of decision making for classification of Supply Side and Demand Side Energy Resources. Considering the full selection limited aid elements in type attributes and sub-attributes, implies the consideration of development dimensions concerning the methodology of Energy Integrated Resource Planning (PIR acronym in Portuguese of the Planejamento Integrado de Recursos). These elements are described algorithmically shown from a qualitative and quantitative mathematical scale distributed into four main dimensions: Technical-Economic, Environmental, Social and Policy (dimensions of development energy and development human). The algorithms of the attributes and sub-attributes that characterize each of Energy Resources (REs) can be given by a numerical value (most common in the algorithms of Technical-Economic and Environmental Dimensions, where the value can be measured or estimated) or through a value in the no numeric scale (scale used more often in Social and Policy dimensions). Subsequent characterization of each of the REs, they undergo a step called \"standardization\", which consists in converting units of different characterization for a single base, giving the possibility of comparison between the different elements of characterization of REs. A mathematical tool for comparing different elements used in assisting decision making was developed by Thomas L. Saaty and called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). From this point its possible to calculate the Energy Resources Ranks. There are three Ranks: Padrão, dos En-In and Final (names in Portuguese). The calculation of the first two Ranks is equivalent and is done by the sum of the multiplying of weights of the converted data attributes and sub-attributes thereof. The calculation of the final ranking is done by averaging the results of both Ranks mentioned. The final value obtained from this process for each of REs is called full cost. Therefore, in this case, the higher the Full Cost Account ranked will be better RE. A case study was done to consolidate the results of this work. The study region was Araçatuba Administrative Region (RAA) that encompasses 43 municipalities in the state of São Paulo. Were characterized and ranked 182 REs, and was obtained as a result of final ranking, the 58 best placements being occupied in its entirety by Demand Side Energy Resources and 22 last positions occupied by some Energy Resource that is characterized by the thermal generation (nuclear or by direct burning of fuels).

The work deals with the available options of security devices for basements, design and implementation of its own security equipment. An FPGA chip from Xilinx was used as a device control. The device also contains a GSM module for sending information via SMS about space violation. Intrusion signaling can also be signaled by a siren. Intrusion detection is performed using a door and motion sensor. The whole device is powered by a battery, but there is also the possibility of mains power.

False alarms in home surveillance systems are an annoyance for customers and it has become a much-debated topic. There are several previous studies where the purpose is to reduce the number of false alarms in home surveillance systems, but not about combining different types of sensors in different sensitivities that complement each other.The purpose of the thesis is to combine three motion detectors; two passive infrared (PIR) sensors and a microwave sensor coupled to an Arduino Uno with different sensitivities and compare it with each individual motion detector with different sensitivities, to determine what gives the best results in detecting people for an indoor monitoring system. An experiment with these sensors has been carried out and the data from the sensors is trained in a machine learning function which then plotted a ROC graph with a curve summarizing the result.PIR-sensors are triggered by heat and detect human thermal energy. Combined with a microwave sensor that senses human movements, the number of false alarms was reduced with an area under curve (AUC) of up to 97% with the lowest sensitivity of the sensors.The method that has been used can be reused for further studies for tests with other sensors and combinations. The method selection with machine learning function that trains data from the sensors and draws out a ROC graph gave a very clear picture of how well that particular combination of sensors and sensitivity works. By interpreting the ROC curve, combining several sensors has shown to give better results. The PIR-sensor has shown to give a low false positive rate by reducing the number of false alarms when no person passes, the microwave sensor has shown to give a high true positive rate, by reducing the number of misses when a person passes. The combination of the sensors has led to the sensors complementing each other which reduced the number of false alarms.

The work deals with the available options of security devices for basements, design and implementation of its own security system. An FPGA chip from Xilinx called XC3S50A was used as a device control. The device contains two motion sensors and a door passage sensor. There are two ways to report a breach. One way is the sound signaling by means of a siren and the other is the notification to the mobile phone by means of the GSM network.

This diploma work discusses the design of an automatic lighting for the home. Each access point in the rooms is designed to detect with two laser beams. Laser beams can be extended with PIR sensor and a mechanical switch. An access point can be, for example frames . By this is achieved that when entering the room the light is switched on and the light goes off when leaving. Automatic lighting controls consists of the central panel, the remote sensing and the detection frame. The control panel controls laser beams and lights. Remote control is used to switch on/off the light in the certain room. The detection frame is used to detect a person who enters or leaves the room.

Högpresterande isolering är en typ av material som finns tillgängligt men inte används på den svenska marknaden i den utsträckning som de bör göra. I denna rapport kommer det högpresterande isoleringsmaterialet PIR att ligga i fokus och det jämförs främst med det traditionella isoleringsmaterialet cellplast men paralleller dras även till mineralullen. PIR- isoleringen har 40 % bättre värmekonduktivitet än cellplasten och detta innebär att materialet har bättre isoleringsförmåga som bidrar till tunnare konstruktioner. Isoleringen är därför idealiskt att använda för passiv-, lågenergi och nollenergihus. En annan egenskap som utmärker PIR- isoleringen är dess brandegenskaper som uppfyller en högre brandklass än cellplasten, trots att det är ett plastmaterial. PIR- isoleringen är ett dyrare material, dock sparas pengar in redan vid produktion då fukt- och vindskydd kan uteslutas i en konstruktion. Om högre energikrav ska uppfyllas kan pengar även sparas in på sikt genom lägre energikostnader. / High performance insulation is a type of material that is available but has not been used at the Swedish market as it should have. In this rapport the high performance insulation material PIR will be the major subject. This material will be compared to the traditional insulation material cellular plastic; parallels will also be drawn to the mineral fiber. PIR- insulation has 40 % better thermal conductivity than the cellular plastic and means that the material has a better insulation ability, which leads to a thinner construction. This insulation is therefore ideal for use in passive-, low-energy- and zero-energy houses. Another property that makes PIR- insulation stand out is its fire resistant capacity which fulfill a higher fire class than the cellular plastic, despite that it also is a plastic material. PIR-insulation is a more expensive material; however, money can be saved during production when moisture and wind protection can be excluded. If a building has a higher energy requirement money can be saved over time trough lower energy costs.

Rapporten behandlar och utvärderar tre olika isolermaterial, Polyisocyanurat (PIR), grafitcellplast och mineralull, vid tilläggsisolering av miljonprogrammets byggnationer.  Stora delar av miljonprogrammet är nu i behov av upprustning. Samhällets skärpta krav gällande energiförbrukning gör att nya rationella metoder och material krävs för att tillgodose ställda krav. Att tilläggsisolera är en del i denna upprustning, och eftersom valet av isolermaterial ofta faller på gamla beprövade metoder och materialval, såsom mineralull, syftar denna rapport till att öka kunskapen om alternativa, mer högpresterande isolermaterial. Isolermaterialens egenskaper tas först upp och behandlas i en generell jämförelse där ekonomiska och tekniska aspekter beaktas. För att konkretisera och påvisa utfallet i ett specifikt fall genomförs en studie för ett referensprojekt, kvarteret Hundlokan, som ägs och förvaltas av Fastighets AB Förvaltaren. I studien undersöks tre olika alternativ för vart och ett av materialen vid tilläggsisolering utvändigt av Hundlokans fasader. Samtliga alternativ ställs sedan mot varandra och utvärderas med hjälp av: fukt-, U-värdes-, energi-, kostnads- och LCC-beräkningar (livscykelkostnad). Enklare fuktberäkningar som påvisar relativ fuktighet (RF), ånghalt och temperatur i väggens olika skikt genomförs. Resultatet visar att alla alternativ anses vara möjliga att tillämpa utan att fuktproblem ska behöva uppstå. Mer avancerade beräkningar bör genomföras vid projektering. Energiberäkningarna för de olika alternativen och även ursprungsfallet görs i ”VIP-energy” för att möjliggöra en realistisk jämförelse där skillnaderna i transmissionsförluster ställs mot varandra. I kostnadsberäkningarna påvisas skillnaderna i produktionskostnaderna för de olika alternativen. Dessa tillsammans med energibesparingen i form av minskade transmissionsförluster ligger sedan till grund för LCC-beräkningarna. Då stora ytor av fasaden i kv. Hundlokan upptas av fönster och indragna balkonger som skapar köldbryggor görs med ökad isolertjocklek ingen stor energibesparing i form av minskade transmissionsförluster. Initialkostnaderna för de tjockare isoleralternativen blir för höga för att möjliggöra återbetalning inom rimlig tidsram. Slutsatsen blir att tilläggsisolering med alternativa material till mineralull kan vara lönsamt och bör alltid undersökas i ombyggnadsprojekt. I det specifika fallet kvarteret Hundlokan är tilläggsisolering med 10 cm PIR det mest lönsamma alternativet. / This report treats and evaluates three different types of insulation materials: Polyisocyanurate (PIR), graphite foam and mineral wool, at additional insulation of houses from the Swedish “millionprogram”. Large parts of the houses from the millionprogram are now in need of restoration. The stricter rules laid down by the society regarding the use of energy, demands new, rational methods and materials to satisfy the regulations. Additional insulation is a step in meeting the energy regulatory requirements, and since the choice of insulation often is limited to traditional out tried methods and choices of materials, such as mineral wool, this report will explore the alternative, high-performance insulation materials. The insulation material’s qualities will be treated in a general comparisment where economical and technical aspects will be covered. In order to concretize and demonstrate the outcome in a specific case, a case study will be executed for the neighborhood Hundlokan owned and managed by Fastighets AB Förvaltaren. In the case study, three different alternatives will be examined, for each and every material at the additional insulation, outwardly at Hundlokan’s facades. All these alternatives are compared with each other and evaluated with regards to moister, u-value, energy, costs and LCC- calculations (Life cycle analysis). Simpler moisture calculations are implemented demonstrating the relative humidity (RF), steam level and temperature in the walls different layers. The results of the moisture calculations demonstrate that all alternatives seem possible to apply without the risk of the occurrence of any moisture problems. But more advanced moisture calculations are recommended to be carried out for restoration projects. Energy calculations regarding the different alternatives and the current state will be performed with “VIP-energy” in order to enable a realistic comparisment between the differences at transmission losses. Differences are shown within the cost’s calculations in production costs for the different alternatives. These along together with the energy savings in terms of less transmission losses are bases for the LCC-calculations. A large surface of the facade is covered by windows and recessed balconies which create thermal bridges, increased thickness of the isolation results in no larger energy savings in terms of decreased transmission losses.  The initial costs for the thicker isolation alternatives will be high in order to enable repayment within a reasonable time frame. The conclusion is that adding insulation with alternative materials than mineral wool can be profitable and should always be examined in reconstruction projects. For the specific case, Hundlokan additional insulation with 10 cm PIR is the most profitable option.

<p>This paper describes the work done trying to diminish the noise present in the signal from an IR-detector. The project was aiming towards two different kinds of applications; heat protection and presence detection. The hypothesis was that the signal-noise ratio would decrease if a filter and a proper installation were used for the detector. Some experiments were executed to determine what kind of filter were the most suitable for each application and how these could be installed. After executing the experiments and evaluate the results we recommend to use a specific filter for each application. To install the filter over the detector we evaluated which one of gluing and taping was the best and found that tape is better to use when small amounts are desirable and gluing with silicon is better if large-scale are desired.</p>