Em sistemas de irrigação por pivô central, a eficiência de aplicação em campo esta diretamente relacionada com a uniformidade de distribuição, afetando a economia de energia, num manejo adequado da irrigação. Foram utilizados dados de lâmina aplicada, lâmina média, vazão e comprimento de um pivô central, da região de Guaíra SP, através de uma avaliação de desempenho. Foram simuladas lâminas de água aplicadas para valores de 70%, 73%, 75%, 78%, 80%, 83%, 85%, 88%, 90%, 93% 95% e 98% do coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC), mantendo-se constante o valor da lâmina média e conseqüentemente a vazão. As receitas líquidas obtidas com essas distribuições de água foram comparadas utilizando-se cinco preços do feijão: R$1,75, R$2,00, R$2,25, R$2,50, R$2,75, R$3,00 e R$3,25 kg-1e, de igual forma, para cinco custos por consumo da água: R$ 0,01, R$ 0,02, R$ 0,03, R$ 0,04, e R$ 0,05m-3. Os resultados foram analisados considerando-se irrigação total e suplementar de 50% e 75%, nos períodos seco e úmido. A partir dos dados obtidos nas simulações verificouse que os maiores coeficientes de uniformidade proporcionam maior receita líquida e maior economia de energia para os maiores preços do produto. As irrigações suplementares possibilitaram maiores lucros e maiores economia de energia, especialmente para irrigações realizadas no período úmido / In irrigation systems by center pivot, the efficiency of applying in field is directly related to distribution uniformity, influencing in energy saving inside an appropriate irrigation management program. Were used data from applied layer, average layer, flow, and central pivot length, from Guairá SP, determined by IDE (1989) by a performance assessment. By simulation of collected layers values of 70%, 73%, 75%, 78%, 80%, 83%, 85%, 88%, 90%, 93% 95% and 98% were obtained from the Christiansen (CUC) Uniformity Coefficiency, keeping constant the average layer value and consequently the same flow. The obtained net income from those water distributions were compared using five beans prices in Brazilian currency R$1,75, R$2,00, R$2,25, R$2,50, R$2,75, R$3,00 and R$3,25 kg-1 and the same way, for five water consume costs: R$ 0,01, R$ 0,02, R$ 0,03, R$ 0,04, and R$ 0,05m-3. The outcomes were analyzed considering the supplementary and total irrigation of 50% an 75% in humid and dry seasons. From obtained data by simulations were verified that the higher uniformity coefficiencies give higher liquid recipe and greater energy saving related to higher products prices. Supplementary irrigation gives the possibility of higher profit and greater energy saving, especially when made in the humid season

A crescente busca por tecnologias com melhor desempenho energético faz com que a engenharia da irrigação desenvolva emissores que apresentem coeficientes de descarga mais elevados. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar os coeficientes de descarga dos emissores comerciais (Senninger, Nelson e Fabrimar), utilizados em sistema de irrigação pivô central, visando desenvolver equações de regressão para cálculo do Cd, de acordo com o diâmetro do bocal e a pressão de serviço dos emissores, assim como comparar o dimensionamento hidráulico destes sistemas de irrigação com base no Cd médio e no Cd específico de cada diâmetro de bocal. Os ensaios foram realizados no Laboratório de Irrigação do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas da ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, seguindo o padrão de pressão utilizado na comercialização destes emissores (PSI). Foram avaliados 45 bocais Senninger, 42 bocais Nelson e 36 bocais Fabrimar, de diferentes diâmetros nominais, compreendidos entre 1/16 e 13/32 (1,59 e 10,32 mm), com três repetições, totalizando 369 bocais ensaiados. As pressões de operação variaram entre a faixa de 6 a 30 PSI (41,37 a 206,84 kPa), com intervalos de leituras a cada 2 PSI (13,79 kPa), totalizando 13 pressões analisadas por bocal. Foram ajustadas as curvas do coeficiente de descarga em função do diâmetro do bocal, para quatro pressões de operação 10, 15, 20, e 30 PSI (68,95, 103,42, 137,90 e 206,84 kPa). Utilizaram-se dois manômetros de precisão (analógico e digital) previamente calibrados em um manômetro de peso morto. As vazões foram obtidas utilizando-se três medidores eletromagnético-indutivos calibrados em recipiente volumétrico. O diâmetro dos bocais foi mensurado por meio de uma ampliação em projetor de perfil. Os resultados evidenciam que o coeficiente de descarga varia em função do diâmetro do bocal, da pressão de operação e do ângulo de convergência (fator construtivo). Nos ensaios conduzidos, obtiveram-se valores de Cd compreendidos na faixa de 0,88 a 0,98 para a faixa de emissores analisados. O coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição não se diferenciou entre os sistemas hidráulicos dimensionados com Cd médio e especifico para cada diâmetro de bocal. / The necessity for more energy efficient technologies makes the engineering of irrigation develop emitters with higher discharge coefficients. This study aimed to determine the discharge coefficients of commercial emitters (Senninger, Nelson and Fabrimar) used in center pivot irrigation system, in order to develop regression equations to calculate the Cd, of according to the diameter of the nozzle and pressure service of the emitters, and compare the hydraulic design of this irrigation system based on the average Cd and Cd specific nozzles for each nozzle diameter. The tests were carried out at the Irrigation Department of Biosystems Engineering, ESALQ, University of Sao Paulo, following the standards of the American unit system. It was evaluated a set of 45 Senninger nozzles, 42 Nelson nozzles and 36 Fabrimar nozzles, of different nominal diameters, ranging from 1/16\" to 13/32\" (1.59 and 10.32 mm) with three replications, totalizing 369 nozzles tested. The operation pressures ranged from 6 to 30 psi (41,37 a 206,84 kPa), at intervals of 2 psi (13,79 kPa), totalizing 13 pressures for nozzle. Curves were drawn for the discharge coefficient as a function of nozzle size for four operating pressures 10, 15, 20, e 30 psi (68,95, 103,42, 137,90 e 206,84 kPa) and for each manufacturer. It was used two precision pressure gauges (analogue and digital) calibrated agaisnt a dead weight gauge. Flow rates were obtained using three inductive electromagnetic gauges calibrated with volumetric readings. Nozzle diameters were measured using a profile projector model Starrett HB 400. The results evidence that the discharge coefficient varies with the diameter of the nozzle, the operation pressure and the convergence angle (constructive factor). The trials resulted Cds included in the range from 0.88 to 0.98, range for the analyzed issuers. The CUC was not different between the hydraulic systems with Cd designs considering medium and specific Cd for each nozzle.

This Thesis is titled The Energy Geopolitics of Russia and its main purpose is to analyze the energy geopolitics of Russia and the country's shifting energeopolitical pivot to Asia, especially to China. The Thesis is divided into three respective sections -- a theoretical approach, Russian geopolitics of energy, and one descriptive and exploratory case study. It strives to answer three main research questions considering Russia's shifting energeopolitical pivot, Ukraine crisis, and the development of Russia's foreign policy in regard to her energy geopolitics.

Russia's pivot to Asia has become one of the highly discussed topics among political and international relations theorists. However, diverse opinions exist on the timeframe of the pivot and on the level of favourable results of the new policies of Russia's turn to the East. Mostly, Russia is thought to be intensifying its relations with countries of the Asia-Pacific region, increasingly since the Western trade sanctions were applied on Russia after the 2014 Ukraine crisis. Academic discussion also revolves around Russia's opportunities and challenges in the region. Progressive cooperation, mainly with China, is suggested due to the growing importance of Asia and its countries: China's rapidly rising economy and military strength has made the country into a candidate for the most important world powers. On the other hand, development and modernisation of Siberia and Russia's Far East region would be necessary for efficient maintenance of any progressive relations with Asian countries. Russia would have to develop its infrastructure in the regions to enable connection and cooperation with China and other countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Among all potential partners in Asia, China is mostly indicated as the most probable and suitable economic and political partner for Russia in the region....

This thesis describes OLAP and data mining technologies and methods of their communication with users by using dynamic tables. Key theoretical and technical information is also included. Next part focuses on particular implementation of dynamic tables used in Vema portal solution. Last parts come close to analysis and implementation of the metadata editor which enables the metadata to be effectively designed.

L’annonce d’un diagnostic de cancer devrait être considérée par les professionnels de la santé, comme un processus constitué de plusieurs étapes que doit traverser la personne atteinte, plutôt que comme un évènement en soi (Tobin & Begley, 2008). Lors de la période entourant l’annonce du diagnostic, la personne peut être confrontée à des difficultés reliées à la navigation dans un système de santé complexe, en plus des sentiments négatifs engendrés par la crainte de la maladie. Pour soutenir les personnes atteintes de cancer, le programme québécois de lutte contre le cancer (PQLCC), a instauré le rôle de l’infirmière pivot en oncologie (IPO) en 2000. À l’heure actuelle, peu d’études, à notre connaissance, se sont attardées au soutien de l’IPO dans cette période. La présente étude avait pour but, d’explorer les perceptions de personnes atteintes de cancer quant au soutien offert par l’IPO, dans la période entourant l’annonce du diagnostic. L’étudiante-chercheuse s’est inspirée du Cadre de soins de soutien de Fitch (1994) pour entreprendre cette étude qualitative descriptive. Des entrevues individuelles auprès de sept personnes atteintes de différents cancers ont été réalisées. L’analyse de données a été effectuée à l’aide de la méthode de Miles et Huberman (2003), par la transcription intégrale des entrevues. Elle a permis d’identifier trois thèmes soit : le soutien formel requis pour faire face au chaos, le soutien informationnel et émotionnel à parfaire et le soutien disponible apportant sécurité et assurance. Les résultats ont mis en évidence les perceptions de personnes atteintes de cancer quant au soutien offert par l’IPO soit la nécessité de rendre accessible les soins et services de l’IPO plus tôt dans la période entourant l’annonce du diagnostic. Les personnes atteintes de cancer ont besoin d’être aidées à faire face aux difficultés rencontrées lors de cette période, notamment à l’incertitude reliée aux résultats d’examens diagnostics, à l’incompréhension des informations reçues et aux sentiments négatifs engendrés par la menace de la maladie. Les résultats évoquent le souhait des participants, à l’effet que, l’offre de soutien de l’IPO, soit axée sur leurs besoins essentiellement dans les domaines informationnel et émotionnel. Ils auraient souhaité pouvoir, partager leur expérience avec l’IPO, mieux comprendre le diagnostic de cancer et savoir davantage à quoi s’attendre lors du début des traitements. Par ailleurs, savoir que le soutien de l’IPO est disponible apporte aux personnes atteintes de cancer une assurance et une confiance en leur capacité à faire face aux traitements et leur apporte un sentiment de sécurité. / The announcement of a diagnosis of cancer should be considered by health professionals, a composed process of several steps that must pass through the person, rather than as an event in itself (Tobin & Begley, 2008). During the period surrounding the announcement of the diagnosis, the person may be faced with difficulties related to navigation in a complex health system, in addition to the negative feelings engendered by the fear of disease. To support people with cancer, the PQLC (French acronym of the Quebec Cancer Control Program) has established the oncology nurse navigator (ONN) role in 2000. At the present time, few studies, to our knowlecdge, are both in support of the ONN in this period. This study was designed, to explore the perceptions of people with cancer as regards the support offered by the ONN, in the period surrounding the announcement of the diagnosis. The student-researcher is inspired by the framework of Fitch supportive care (1994) to undertake this descriptive qualitative study. Individual interviews with seven people with different types of cancer were performed. Data analysis was performed using the method of Miles and Huberman (2003), by the full transcripts of the interviews. It has identified three themes is: formal support required to deal with the chaos, the informational and emotional to perfect and available support bringing security and insurance. The results highlighted the perceptions of people with cancer as regards the support offered by ONN or the need for accessible health care and services of the ONN earlier in the period surrounding the announcement of the diagnosis. People with cancer need to be helped to cope with the difficulties encountered during this period, including uncertainty about the results of diagnostic tests, to the bemusement of the information received and the negative feelings engendered by the threat of the disease. The results suggest the wish of the participants, to the effect that, the offer of support from the ONN, focuses on their needs mainly in both informational and emotional. They would have liked to be able to share their experience with the IPO, better understand the diagnosis of cancer and know more what to expect at the beginning of treatment. On the other hand, know that the support of the ONN is available brings to people with cancer insurance and a confidence in their ability to cope with treatment and brings them a sense of security.

美國總統歐巴馬自2009年上任後，立即著手將美國的全球戰略重心向亞太地區轉移，同時提出「亞太再平衡」政策指導方針，逐步實現以美國利益為依歸的全球戰略重新布局。2012年美國公布國防戰略指導原則《維持美國的全球領導地位：21世紀國防優先任務》，列出21世紀的國防任務優先順序，文件中提及「戰略再平衡」亦即要發展「空海整體戰」，以反制中共的「反介入／區域拒止」（A2AD)為主要關鍵任務之一，由此可見，美國仍將中共視為亞太地區的重要競爭對手。 回顧美國公開宣稱重返亞洲的戰略布局以來，先後於2010年1月、2011年9月及2015年12月三次對臺軍售，總價值高達140.75億美元。臺灣是美國在亞太地區防衛中共所建構反介入的第一道防線，對美國當然存在重要的軍事意義。就美國「亞太再平衡」與戰略替代方案中，華美共同利益或美方缺漏不足之處，應積極尋求雙方更緊密之軍事合作，以因應共軍「反介入/區域拒止」(A2/AD)能力對其亞太利益威脅，同時兼顧減輕美軍的防衛負擔及信守對盟邦的安全承諾。 在傳統戰爭中，臺灣面對中共之勝算極低，但我國絕無鬆懈建軍備戰之理由，而建構一個「財力可負擔、戰力可信賴」的國防，亦是國軍當前的重大挑戰。研究發現，在結合美國「亞太再平衡」策略中，我國應朝1.強化國家利益經營對美關係；2.結合區域安全發展國防武力；3.加強整合國防資源及推動國防自主等面向努力。在無立即危安的情況下，國防建設宜結合國家經濟發展需要，即「以經濟建構國防、以國防支援經濟」，把軍事投資轉型為具附加價值的產業發展策略，並著重在前瞻先進與軍民兩用的科研上，促進武器更新，減少偏重消費性質的武器彈藥採購，以提升國防自主能力，帶動國內產業發展，創造國防的多元價值。 / Since President Obama took over the oval office in 2009, immediate actions are taken to pivot U.S. global strategy emphasis to Asia Pacific area and “Rebalancing” policy was introduced. The idea was to realize the re-plotting of global strategy which is centered on U.S. interest. The priorities of defense mission for U.S. in 21st century was clearly listed in 2012 defense strategy guidance “Sustaining U.S. Global leadership: Priorities for 21st century defense.” When the document talked about “Strategy rebalancing”, it actually talked about Air-Sea battle(ASB), which is one of the critical mission in countering China’s A2AD measures. Hence we can see that U.S. still sees China as her primary competition in Asia Pacific area. Since the proclamation of “Pivot to Asia” strategy, U.S. has granted Taiwan’s arms sales requests in Jan 2010, Sept 2011, and Dec 2015 for a total worth of 14.075 B USD. Taiwan no doubt has great military meaning to U.S. for which is considered as U.S.’s first line of defense in Asia Pacific area when dealing with China. As for the strategic alternative and U.S.’s “Rebalancing” policy, closer military cooperation should be conducted to fulfill the mutual interest of Taiwan and U.S. or the missing link in U.S. strategy. So is to cope with the threat that inflicted by China’s anti-access / area denial" (A2 / AD), ease U.S. defense burden, and comply the security promise to allies. In conventional warfare, the odd is against Taiwan greatly when confronting China. However, that is not the reason to go easy on force building and enhancing combat readiness. Certainly, it is a big challenge to Taiwan’s arms forces when comes to constructing “financial affordable, force creditable” national defense. The study has shown, when integrate with U.S. “Rebalancing” policy, Taiwan should work toward 1. emphasize national interest and nourish the relationship with U.S.; 2. develop defense capability to cope with regional security situation; 3. increase defense resources integration and promote “self-reliant defense”. Under the condition of without immediate danger, national defense construction should combine with the need of national economy development. That means “use economy to build national defense, and use national defense to support economy development”. Military investment can be transformed into industry development strategy added value. The focus should be fore sighting and advance science research that can be applied on both military and civilian domain. We should stimulate weapon innovation instead of weapon or munitions procurement which is plain consuming nature. Hence, self-reliant defense capability can be improved, domestic industries development can be driven, and multiple values of national defense can be created.

A estacionalidade da produção de forragens é um fator de grande importância, porque se relaciona com os baixos índices de lucratividade na pecuária de corte nacional. Nos últimos 5 anos, alguns pecuaristas capitalizados dos Estados de Goiás e Mato Grosso do Sul, implantaram aproximadamente, 120 equipamentos de irrigação (pivô central), totalizando cerca de 10.000 ha de pastagens irrigadas com gado de corte no Brasil Central. Os resultados econômicos obtidos até o presente momento, apresentam-se variáveis e imprevisíveis, sendo que alguns pecuaristas já apresentaram insucessos na condução desses projetos, enquanto outros, demonstram lucros surpreendentes para esse setor agropecuário. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é apresentar uma metodologia de análise econômica da viabilidade de irrigação de pastagens em diferentes regiões do Brasil, estimando-se a produtividade do capim tanzânia irrigado, através de um modelo matemático, calibrado em um experimento de campo, conduzido no município de Piracicaba - SP, com base na disponibilidade mensal local de unidades fototérmicas (temperatura e fotoperíodo) para diferentes níveis de adubações nitrogenadas. No estudo realizado, foram ajustados os parâmetros da função de Gompertz para as diferentes doses de adubação nitrogenada analisadas, sendo os melhores ajustes observados para as maiores dosagens de nitrogênio: 275, 756 e 2079 kg N ha-1 ano-1 com r2 = 0,9650; 0,8938 e 0,9784 respectivamente; já as menores dosagens estudadas, 0 e 100 kg N ha-1 ano-1, a equação ajustada apresentou precisão moderada para estimativa da produção, r2 = 0,7047 e 0,7112 respectivamente. As simulações efetuadas da viabilidade econômica da irrigação (pivô central elétrico) em pastagens de capim tanzânia em território nacional apresentaram retornos econômicos interessantes (R$ 400,00 a 600,00 ha-1 ano-1) em diversas regiões analisadas (Cuiabá - MT, Aragarças - GO, Petrolina - PE, Porto Nacional - TO). Em outros casos, os retornos econômicos foram pouco atraentes aos investidores (R$ -100,00 a 300,00 ha-1 ano-1), (Campo grande - MS, Uberaba - MG, Rio Verde - GO, Piracicaba - SP), o que justifica a utilização da metodologia desenvolvida no processo de tomada de decisão do pecuarista, visando minimizar os riscos de insucesso nesse tipo de empreendimento. / The seasonality in forage production is one of the most important factors related to low profit indexes concerning the national beef cattle raising activities. In the last 5 years, some cattle breeders captalized in Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul states, have set up nearly 120 irrigation machines (center pivot), totalizing around 10.000 ha of irrigated pastures for beef cattle in Central Brazil. The economic results achieved so far, have shown to be variable and unpredictable, as while some cattle breeders have already failed to carry on these projects, others have obtained surprising profitability for this activity. The purpose of this study is to present a methodology for the economic analysis of pasture irrigation viability in different Brazilian regions, estimating the productivity of irrigated Tanzania grass through a mathematical model adjusted by means of a field experiment carried out in Piracicaba - SP, based on the local monthly availability of photo-thermal units (temperature and photoperiod) for different nitrogen fertilization levels. In the present study, the parameters of the Gompertz function were adjusted for the different nitrogen doses analyzed, being the best adjustments observed for the highest nitrogen doses: 275, 756 and 2079 kg N ha-1 year-1, with r2 = 0,9650; 0,8938 and 0,9784 respectively. Yet, for the lowest nitrogen doses studied, 0 and 100 kg N ha-1 year-1, the adjusted equation presented moderate precision for the production estimative, r2 = 0,7047 and 0,7112, respectively. The simulations carried out for the center pivot irrigation of tanzania grass pastures in the Brazilian territory, presented interesting economic responses (R$ 400,00 to 600,00 ha year-1) in several regions analyzed (Cuiabá - MT, Aragarças - GO, Petrolina - PE, Porto Nacional - TO). In other cases, the profit was little attractive to investors (R$ -100,00 to 300,00 ha year-1), (Campo Grande - MS, Uberaba - MG and Rio Verde - GO, Piracicaba - SP), justifying the use of the developed methodology in the cattle raiser’s decision making process, aiming to minimizing the risks of failure in this business.

O pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L) é uma espécie da família da Euforbiácea que tem se destacado por ser uma planta perene, rústica e com elevada produção de óleo. A avaliação dos efeitos da poda e da irrigação no crescimento e produção do pinhão-manso é relevante para o manejo de um cultivo com essa espécie. Este estudo teve como objetivo principal avaliar os efeitos de diferentes tipos de poda e manejos hídricos no cultivo do pinhão-manso em Piracicaba, SP. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas (ESALQ/USP), com plantas de quatro anos de idade dispostas em espaçamento 3 x 4 m, totalizando 833 plantas ha-1. Os tratamentos foram arranjados de forma aleatória em blocos compostos de quatro repetições, sendo que os fatores foram constituídos de dois manejos hídricos (irrigado e sem irrigação) e três tipos de poda, sendo P1 (sem poda), P2 (1,5 m de altura x 1,5 m de diâmetro de copa) e P3 (poda a 2 m de altura e 1,5 m de diâmetro da copa). A irrigação teve influência no diâmetro da copa, nas taxas de crescimento absoluto em altura e diâmetro, na taxa de crescimento relativo em diâmetro e nas variáveis produtivas. O fator poda apresentou diferenças em todas as variáveis de crescimento, sendo a poda drástica (P2) a que exibiu as maiores taxas médias de crescimento. As plantas irrigadas apresentaram os maiores rendimentos por planta e por hectare. A análise de ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (RMN de 1H) revelou que a irrigação e a poda não influenciaram o teor de óleo nas sementes de pinhão-manso. Em relação ao perfil graxo, a irrigação teve influência em plantas submetidas a poda drástica (P2), de modo que a ausência de irrigação favoreceu o maior acúmulo de ácido oleico no óleo. Pela análise energética, observou-se que os fertilizantes foram os insumos com maior participação na demanda energética (42,57 GJ ha-1) para os dois sistemas estudados, seguido dos combustíveis (32,96 GJ ha-1). A área irrigada consumiu 100,4 GJ ha-1, sendo 16% devido ao acionamento do pivô central. A energia bruta dos frutos de pinhão-manso foi de 69,82 e 45,31 GJ ha-1 para o sistema irrigado e o sem irrigação, respectivamente. O balanço energético (BE) para as duas áreas foi negativo e a lucratividade energética (EROI) foi de 0,63 para a área irrigada e 0,49 para a área sem irrigação, evidenciando a ineficiência e a não sustentabilidade do cultivo de pinhão-manso nas condições deste estudo para geração de energia. / Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L) is a species from Euforbiácea family that has been widely studied because of some particular characteristics such as being a perennial plant, its rusticity and the high oil production. The evaluation of pruning and irrigation on growth development and yield of jatropha is very important for the culture management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects on jatropha under different types of pruning and water management in Piracicaba, SP. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Department of Biosystems Engineering (ESALQ/USP) during the fourth year crop growing and with 3 x 4 m planting spacing, totalizing 833 plants ha-1. The treatments were randomly arranged in blocks with two water management (irrigation and rainfed) and three pruning types (P1, no pruning; P2, with 1.5 m height x 1.5 m canopy diameter and; P3, with 2.0 height x 1.5 m canopy diameter). In each block, there were three pruning types with 4 blocks in each water management. Irrigation have influenced the canopy diameter values, absolute growth rates for height and canopy diameter, relative growth rate for canopy diameter and yield parameters., pruning management have influenced in all growth parameters, with drastic pruning (P2) representing the highest average growth rates. The irrigation have showed the highest yield per plant and per hectare. The analysis of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of hydrogen (1H NMR) have shown that the irrigation and pruning have not influenced the oil content on jatropha seeds. Regarding the fatty profile, the irrigation management have influenced only the P2, since that no irrigation have influenced to largest accumulation of oleic acid in the oil. In energy analysis, it was noted that fertilizers were the inputs with the largest participation in energy input (42.57 GJ ha-1) for both water management, followed by fuels (32.96 GJ ha-1). The irrigated area consumed 100.4 GJ ha-1 energy, representing 16% due to the central pivot usage. The gross energy of jatropha fruits was 69.82 and 45.31 GJ ha-1 for irrigated and rainfed system, respectively. The energy balance for the two areas was negative and the energy return over investment, with 0.63 and 0.49 for irrigated and rainfed, respectively, have showed the inefficiency and unsustainability of jatropha cultivation to generate energy.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Walter da Costa Mendes - 2016.pdf: 18186028 bytes, checksum: 929f8cf89490e9b207c2c363003c05fa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / The growing global demand for food and a decrease in opening up new areas for expansion due to pressure by environmental preservation, has intensified the process of verticalization of agricultural production, resulting in the shift of extensive to intensive standard. In the Brazilian Cerrado, traditionally with low soil fertility and well defined hydrological cycle, it is observed that this of intensification process has characterized itself by applying large amounts of fertilizer and irrigation. However, mismanagement of irrigation and the doses and times of application of nutrients, especially these with high mobility in soil, can cause losses per leaching, resulting in economic and environmental damage. The objective of this thesis was to quantify the losses of nitrate (NO3-) and potassium (K+), under different managements of irrigation, in sandy and clay soils in greenhouse, and at field, the effects in bean crop irrigated by sprinkling in clay soil. The first experiment was conducted in 2014, Urutaí, Goiás, Brazil. Indeformed soil columns were arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. As nitrogen source was used calcium nitrate with 15.5% of Total Nitrogen (N) and as source of K+ was used potassium chloride with 58% of K2O. In fertilized columns were used four blades of water, equivalent to 50, 100, 150 and 200% of the water layer obtained by the mass difference of the columns of the treatments 100%. The irrigations were applied every three days for a period of 81 days. The losses of NO3- and K+ in the columns were quantified. Joint analysis of data was performed according to the time factor. The second experiment was conducted in 2014 in Oxisol Red Dystrophic clayey, in Urutaí, Goiás, Brazil. Four irrigation levels were applied, the equivalent to 50, 100, 150 and 200% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), estimated by the method of Class A tank. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications, and seven evaluations of soil solution throughout the experiment. As K+ source was used the potassium chloride with 58% K2O and as N source was used calcium nitrate with 15.5% of N. To collect soil solution, extractors of solution were installed at depths of 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80 and 1.00 m, and certain of the extracted solution, the concentrations of NO3- and K+. In crop harvest were evaluated the production components and productivity of beans. With the first experiment it is concluded that the movements of N-NO3- and K+ varied depending on the soil and irrigation levels, being that, the higher the applied water blade, the greater the amount of leached ions NO3- and K+. With the second experiment it is concluded that the movements of NO3- and K+ in the soil profile varied between the treatments, showing increased losses, below the roots, due to the application of greater irrigation blade, and that the correct irrigation management in the bean (100% the ETc), combined with appropriate doses and periods of nitrogen and potassium applications provide the best yield of grains / A crescente demanda mundial por alimentos e a diminuição na abertura de novas áreas para expansão, devido à pressão pela preservação ambiental, vem intensificando o processo de verticalização da produção agrícola, resultando na mudança do padrão extensivo para o padrão intensivo. Na região do Cerrado, tradicionalmente com solos de baixa fertilidade e ciclo hidrológico bem definido, observa-se que este processo de intensificação, tem se caracterizado por aplicação de grandes quantidades de fertilizantes e irrigação. Entretanto, o manejo incorreto da irrigação e das doses e épocas de aplicação de nutrientes, principalmente os de alta mobilidade no solo, podem causar perdas por lixiviação, resultando em prejuízos tanto econômicos quanto ambientais. Assim, o objetivo desta tese foi quantificar as perdas de nitrato (NO3-) e potássio (K+), sob diferentes manejos de irrigação, em solos arenoso e argiloso em ambiente protegido, e a campo, os efeitos na cultura do feijoeiro irrigado por aspersão em solo argiloso. O primeiro experimento foi conduzido em 2014, em Urutaí, Goiás. As colunas de solo indeformado foram arranjadas em blocos completos casualizados com três repetições. Como fonte de nitrogênio utilizou-se o nitrato de cálcio com 15,5% de Nitrogênio Total (N) e como fonte de K+ utilizou-se o cloreto de potássio com 58% de K2O. Nas colunas adubadas foram aplicadas quatro lâminas de água, equivalentes a 50, 100, 150 e 200% da lâmina de água obtida pela diferença de massa das colunas dos tratamentos 100%. As irrigações foram realizadas a cada três dias, por um período de 81 dias. As perdas de NO3- e K+ nas colunas foram quantificadas. Foi realizada análise conjunta dos dados de acordo com o fator tempo. O segundo experimento foi conduzido em 2014, num Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico de textura argilosa, em Urutaí, Goiás. Foram aplicadas quatro lâminas de irrigação, equivalentes a 50, 100, 150 e 200% da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), estimadas pelo método do tanque Classe A. As parcelas foram arranjadas em blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições, sendo sete avaliações da solução do solo ao longo do experimento. Como fonte de K+ utilizou-se o cloreto de potássio com 58% de K2O e como fonte de N utilizou-se o nitrato de cálcio com 15,5% de N. Para coleta da solução do solo foram instalados extratores de solução nas profundidades de: 0,20, 0,40, 0,60, 0,80 e 1,00 m, sendo determinadas da solução extraída, as concentrações de NO3- e K+. Na colheita da cultura avaliaram-se os componentes de produção e a produtividade dos grãos de feijão. Do primeiro experimento concluiu-se que as movimentações de N-NO3- e K+ variaram em função do solo e das lâminas de irrigação, sendo que, quanto maior a lâmina de água aplicada, maiores as quantidades lixiviadas dos íons NO3- e K+. Do segundo experimento concluiu-se que as movimentações de NO3- e K+ no perfil do solo variaram entre os tratamentos, evidenciando perdas cada vez maiores, abaixo das raízes, em função da aplicação de maiores lâminas de irrigação, e que o manejo correto da irrigação no feijoeiro (100% da ETc), combinado com doses e épocas adequadas de aplicações de nitrogênio e potássio, proporcionam o melhor rendimento de grãos da cultura.