Dans le domaine de la tomographie par rayons X préclinique, la tomographie spectrale est une voie de plus en plus en plus explorée. Les objectifs de la tomographie spectrale sont la caractérisation et la quantification des tissus et agents de contraste que l'amélioration de contraste entre tissus mous. Cela passe par l'exploitation de l'information spectrale (ou énergétique) des photons X et non plus seulement par leur quantité détectée comme en tomographie standard par rayons X. L'intérêt de la tomographie spectrale se trouve renforcé par l'arrivée des caméras à pixels hybrides comme le XPAD qui ont la capacité de sélectionner les photons X en fonction de leur énergie. La caméra XPAD3, la troisième version du XPAD est construite pour fonctionner dans le micro-tomodensitomètre, PIXSCAN développé au CPPM.Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a deux buts~: participer au développement du PIXSCAN et effectuer une preuve de concept de la tomographie spectrale à l'aide du PIXSCAN. Le premier but est rempli grâce au développement de l'interface d'acquisition du PIXSCAN. Le second est accompli par l'implantation de la méthode par séparation de composantes dont le but est d'isoler les contributions photoélectrique, Compton et des agents de contraste. Ce travail débute par la caractérisation de la méthode et se termine par la preuve de concept sur données réelles acquises à l'aide du PIXSCAN. / In the field of preclinical X-ray tomography, spectral tomography is actively explorated. The aims of spectral tomography are the caracterisation of tissues and contrast agentstogether with the quantification of the latter and the enhancement of contrast between soft tissues. This is achived by the exploitation of spectral information (i.e. energy) and not only the detected quantities of photons X. The interest in spectral tomography is enforced by the arrival of hybrid pixel cameras like XPAD, because of their ability to select photons according to their energy. The XPAD3 camera, third version of XPAD, is built to be used in the micro-CT demonstrator PIXCAN fully developped at CPPM.In this context, this thesis has two goals : a contribution to the developement of the PIXSCAN and a realisation of a proof of concept of spectral tomography in PIXSCAN. The first goal is done by developing the data acquisition system of PIXSCAN. To accomplish the second one, we perform spectral tomography by implementing component separation in order to isolate photoelectric, compton and contrast agents contribution. This work begins by the caracterisation of this method and ends by a proof of concept on real data acquired by PIXSCAN.

A Single pixel camera is just that, a camera that uses only a single pixel to take images. Though, it is a bit more to it than just a pixel. It requires several components which will be explained in the thesis. For it to be viable it also needs the sampling technology Compressive sensing which compresses the data in the sampling stage, thus reducing the amount of data required to be sampled in order to reconstruct an image. This thesis will present the method of building an SPC with the required hardware and software. Different types of experiments, such as detection of small changes in a scene and different wavelength bands, has been conducted in order to test the performance and application areas for the SPC. The resulting system is able to produce images of resolutions up to 512x512 pixels. Disturbances such as movement in the scene or the camera itself being shaken became less of a problem with the addition of a second pixel. This thesis proves that an SPC is a viable technology with many different areas of application and it is a relatively cheap way of making a camera for the infrared spectrum.

O sucesso das cirurgias de implantes depende de diversos fatores como a saúde sistêmica dos pacientes, qualidade e quantidades ósseas disponíveis e, o tipo de macro e microarquitetura dos implantes osseointegráveis. Este estudo propõe avaliar o tecido ósseo em radiografias panorâmicas antes e após cirurgias de implantes correlacionando com análises das Dimensões Fractais (DF), Intensidade de pixel (IP), Índice mentual (IM) e análises de estabilidade primária de implantes (AFR e TI). Foram analisadas 138 regiões de interesse de 50 pacientes, homens e mulheres com idade entre 22 e 77 anos cujas imagens pertencem ao banco de dados do curso de pós-graduação em Implantodontia da Universidade de Santos (Unimes). Foram obtidos dados cirúrgicos do ato da instalação dos implantes, análises de Frequência de Ressonância (AFR) e Torque de Inserção dos implantes (TI) e, com os dados quantitativos obtidos das radiografias panorâmicas antes e após a instalação dos implantes, DF, IP e IM foram realizados testes estatísticos de Correlação de Spearmam, Teste Kruskal Wallis e Wilcoxon para amostras relacionadas com auxílio do software IBM SPSS Advanced Statistics ® (IBM, USA) com nível de significância de 95% (p<0,05). Os resultados obtidos para as Correlações significantes foram entre a Idade e DF (r=-.647) e TI e DF (r=0.434). O teste de Wilcoxon identificou diferença significante (p>0,05) para as amostras relacionadas IP antes e IP depois (p=0,020 e 0,000) entre os grupos 1 e 2. Foram analisadas as possíveis diferenças entre as variáveis independentes para os grupos 1 e 2 em relação a Idade, com diferenças entre IP (p=0,046), TI (p=0,044), AFR_MD (p=0,040) e AFR_VL (p=0,010), em relação ao gênero encontrados diferenças entre as variáveis DF (p=0,039), IP_antes (p=0,001) e IP_depois (p=0,033). O estudo concluiu que a IP pode detectar alterações de mineralização óssea antes e após a instalação de implantes; DF é correlacionada com TI para pacientes jovens (até 45 anos) e, a análise da Idade e Gênero devem ser considerados na avaliação de exames por imagem para planejamento com implantes. / The success of dental implants depends on several factors as patient´s systemic health, bone quality and quantity, geometry of dental implants and their microarquitecture relationship to the alveolar bone. The aim of this study is to assess changes of alveolar bone of panoramic radiographs correlating with Fractal Dimension (FD), Pixel Intensity (PI), Mentual Index (MI) and Implant Stability Quocient (ISQ) measured with Insertion Torque (IT) and Resonance Frequency (RF). 138 regions of interest (ROI) of 50 participants (22 to 77 years old) have been analyzed, all data belonged to the Implantology graduate course of the Universidade de Santos (Unimes). Retrospective surgical data from dental implant surgeries were obtained (RF and IT) and statistically tested with ROI values achieved from DF, PI and MI of panoramic radiographs taken before and after all dental implants placement. Spearman correlation, Kruskal Wallis and Wilcoxon tests were done with the IBM SPSS Advanced Statistics ® software (IBM, USA), level of significance of 95% (p<0,05). Significant correlation was obtained between Age and DF (r=-.647) and TI and DF (r=0.434). Wilcoxon test identified significant difference (p>0,05) for related samples PI before and PI after implant (p=0,020 e 0,000) between groups 1 and 2. Possible differences were analyzed among the independent variables for groups 1 and 2 related to Age, the results showed differences between PI (p=0,046), IT (p=0,044), RF_MD (p=0,040) e RF_VL (p=0,010), between Gender the results showed differences between the variables FD (p=0,039), PI_before (p=0,001) e PI_after (p=0,033). The study concluded that PI can detect bone mineralization changes before and after dental implant placement. FD correlates with the variable IT for younger participants (22 to 45 years old). Age and Gender should be considered regarding imaging exams tests (FD and PI) for dental implant planning.

É apresentado o desenvolvimento de um modelo computacional que visa relacionar imagens digitais obtidas em diferentes escalas e resoluções com aplicação de Wavelets. Seu desenvolvimento encontra-se no contexto multidisciplinar e situa-se na intersecção das linhas de pesquisa de áreas da Física, da Matemática e da Computação. Desta forma, optou-se na implementação por uma abordagem computacional dos estudos, com aplicação em imagens digitais provenientes da reconstrução de dados de tomografia computadorizada de Raios-X. Resultados indicam que a implementação do modelo computacional desenvolvido tem sua funcionalidade comprovada, uma vez que os atributos vetoriais dos objetos considerados para análise (poros) foram mantidos estáveis em diferentes resoluções estudadas. O modelo foi implementado em linguagem de programação C++ com uso de orientação a objetos e organizado em classes. Adicionalmente, sua aplicação é viabilizada para diversas plataformas computacionais no que tange a sistemas operacionais e processadores. Do ponto de vista científico, o sistema resultante, além de ser uma ferramenta importante no estudo de meios porosos através de imagens de tomografia computadorizada por Raios-X, contribui com métodos inovadores que fazem uso de Wavelets e são aplicados na suavização de bordas por técnica sub-pixel, na otimização de desempenho e no processamento de dados para interpolação / This work consists of the development of a computational model aimed at relating digital images obtained on different scales and resolutions to the application of Wavelets. The development of this model lies within a multidisciplinary context, at the intersection of the research lines of areas of Physics, Mathematics and Computation. The choice of these studies therefore fel1 on a computational approach, with the application of digital images originating from the reconstruction of computerized tomographic X-ray data. The results of the implementation of the computational model developed here confirm the model\'s functionality, since the vectorial attributes of the objects utilized for our analysis (pores) remained stable under different resolutions. The model was implemented in the C++ programming language using object orientation, and the model\'s methods were organized into classes based on their application on different computational platforms, from the standpoint of operational systems and processors. In the scientific point of view, the resulting system is an important tool in the porous means researches using computerized tomography by X-rays and it has exclusive methods. These methods use Wavelets and they have application in edge smoothing processes by sub-pixel technique, in optimizing processing time and in data processing for interpolation

No description available.

Ce travail a montré que l’apport de la technologie d’intégration 3D, permet de surmonter les limites imposées par la technologie monolithique sur les performances électriques (« coupling » et consommation) et sur l’implémentation physique (aire du pixel) des imageurs. Grâce à l’analyse approfondie sur la technologie d’intégration 3D, nous avons pu voir que les technologies d’intégration 3D les plus adaptées pour l’intégration des circuits dans le pixel sont : 3D wafer level et 3D construction séquentielle. La technologie choisie pour cette étude, est la technologie d'intégration 3D wafer level. Cela nous a permis de connecter 2 wafers par thermocompression et d’avoir une interconnexion par pixel entre wafers. L’étude de l’architecture CAN dans le pixel a montré qu’il existe deux limites dans le pixel : l’espace de construction et le couplage entre la partie analogique et numérique « digital coupling ». Son implémentation dans la technologie 3D autorise l’augmentation de 100% l’aire de construction et la réduction du « digital coupling » de 70%. Il a été implémenté un outil de calcul des éléments parasites des structures 3D. L’étude des imageurs rapides, a permis d’étendre l’utilisation de cette technologie. L’imageur rapide type « burst » a été étudié principalement. Cet imageur permet de dissocier la partie d’acquisition des images de la sortie. La limite principale, dans la technologie monolithique, est la taille des colonnes (pixels vers mémoires). Pour une haute cadence d’acquisition des images, il faut une grande consommation de courant. Son implémentation dans la technologie 3D a autorisé à mettre les mémoires au-dessous des pixels. Les études effectuées pour ce changement (réduction de la colonne à une interconnexion entre wafers), ont réduit la consommation totale de 90% et augmenté le temps d’acquisition des images de 184%, en comparaison à son pair monolithique. / This work has shown that the contribution of 3D integration technology allows to overcome the limitations imposed by monolithic technology on the electrical performances (coupling and consumption) and on the physical implementation (area of the pixel) of imagers. An in-depth analysis of the 3D integration technology has shown that the most suitable 3D integration technologies for the integration of the circuits at the pixel level are: 3D wafer level and 3D sequential construction. The technology chosen for this study is the 3D wafer level integration technology. This allows us to connect 2 wafers by thermocompression bonding and to have an interconnection or “bonding point” par pixel between wafers. The study of the architecture CAN at the pixel level showed that there are two limits in the pixel: the construction area and the coupling between the analog and digital part «digital coupling». Its implementation in 3D technology allows the construction area to be increased by 100% and the digital coupling reduced by 70%. It has been implemented a tool for computing the parasitic elements of 3D structures. The study of high speed imagers has allowed the use of this technology to be extended. The "burst" imager was mainly studied. This kind of imager’s architecture can dissociate the image acquisition from the output part. The main limit, in monolithic technology, is the size of the columns (pixels to memories). For a high rate of image acquisition, a high current consumption is required. Its implementation in 3D technology allowed to put the memories below the pixels. The studies carried out for this change (reduction of the column to an interconnection between wafers) reduced the total consumption by 90% and increased the acquisition time of the images by 184%, compared to its monolithic peer.

O sucesso das cirurgias de implantes depende de diversos fatores como a saúde sistêmica dos pacientes, qualidade e quantidades ósseas disponíveis e, o tipo de macro e microarquitetura dos implantes osseointegráveis. Este estudo propõe avaliar o tecido ósseo em radiografias panorâmicas antes e após cirurgias de implantes correlacionando com análises das Dimensões Fractais (DF), Intensidade de pixel (IP), Índice mentual (IM) e análises de estabilidade primária de implantes (AFR e TI). Foram analisadas 138 regiões de interesse de 50 pacientes, homens e mulheres com idade entre 22 e 77 anos cujas imagens pertencem ao banco de dados do curso de pós-graduação em Implantodontia da Universidade de Santos (Unimes). Foram obtidos dados cirúrgicos do ato da instalação dos implantes, análises de Frequência de Ressonância (AFR) e Torque de Inserção dos implantes (TI) e, com os dados quantitativos obtidos das radiografias panorâmicas antes e após a instalação dos implantes, DF, IP e IM foram realizados testes estatísticos de Correlação de Spearmam, Teste Kruskal Wallis e Wilcoxon para amostras relacionadas com auxílio do software IBM SPSS Advanced Statistics ® (IBM, USA) com nível de significância de 95% (p<0,05). Os resultados obtidos para as Correlações significantes foram entre a Idade e DF (r=-.647) e TI e DF (r=0.434). O teste de Wilcoxon identificou diferença significante (p>0,05) para as amostras relacionadas IP antes e IP depois (p=0,020 e 0,000) entre os grupos 1 e 2. Foram analisadas as possíveis diferenças entre as variáveis independentes para os grupos 1 e 2 em relação a Idade, com diferenças entre IP (p=0,046), TI (p=0,044), AFR_MD (p=0,040) e AFR_VL (p=0,010), em relação ao gênero encontrados diferenças entre as variáveis DF (p=0,039), IP_antes (p=0,001) e IP_depois (p=0,033). O estudo concluiu que a IP pode detectar alterações de mineralização óssea antes e após a instalação de implantes; DF é correlacionada com TI para pacientes jovens (até 45 anos) e, a análise da Idade e Gênero devem ser considerados na avaliação de exames por imagem para planejamento com implantes. / The success of dental implants depends on several factors as patient´s systemic health, bone quality and quantity, geometry of dental implants and their microarquitecture relationship to the alveolar bone. The aim of this study is to assess changes of alveolar bone of panoramic radiographs correlating with Fractal Dimension (FD), Pixel Intensity (PI), Mentual Index (MI) and Implant Stability Quocient (ISQ) measured with Insertion Torque (IT) and Resonance Frequency (RF). 138 regions of interest (ROI) of 50 participants (22 to 77 years old) have been analyzed, all data belonged to the Implantology graduate course of the Universidade de Santos (Unimes). Retrospective surgical data from dental implant surgeries were obtained (RF and IT) and statistically tested with ROI values achieved from DF, PI and MI of panoramic radiographs taken before and after all dental implants placement. Spearman correlation, Kruskal Wallis and Wilcoxon tests were done with the IBM SPSS Advanced Statistics ® software (IBM, USA), level of significance of 95% (p<0,05). Significant correlation was obtained between Age and DF (r=-.647) and TI and DF (r=0.434). Wilcoxon test identified significant difference (p>0,05) for related samples PI before and PI after implant (p=0,020 e 0,000) between groups 1 and 2. Possible differences were analyzed among the independent variables for groups 1 and 2 related to Age, the results showed differences between PI (p=0,046), IT (p=0,044), RF_MD (p=0,040) e RF_VL (p=0,010), between Gender the results showed differences between the variables FD (p=0,039), PI_before (p=0,001) e PI_after (p=0,033). The study concluded that PI can detect bone mineralization changes before and after dental implant placement. FD correlates with the variable IT for younger participants (22 to 45 years old). Age and Gender should be considered regarding imaging exams tests (FD and PI) for dental implant planning.

Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-11-25T15:39:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Ewerton G. Oliveira.pdf: 6135162 bytes, checksum: 3a074865f59774e056e5a06dd0c49501 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-11-25T15:39:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Ewerton G. Oliveira.pdf: 6135162 bytes, checksum: 3a074865f59774e056e5a06dd0c49501 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-11-25T15:39:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Ewerton G. Oliveira.pdf: 6135162 bytes, checksum: 3a074865f59774e056e5a06dd0c49501 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-25T15:39:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Ewerton G. Oliveira.pdf: 6135162 bytes, checksum: 3a074865f59774e056e5a06dd0c49501 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-18 / This work presents a study on the behavior and effectiveness of different Fixed-Pattern Noise (FPN) reduction techniques applied to different pixel topologies operating in logarithmic mode. The purpose of such study is the establishment of a consistent way to perform fair cross comparison of the effectiveness of different FPN attenuation techniques applied to pixels with different topologies and designed in the same technological node, and thus establish judgment criteria for determining which topology will be most suitable for implementation of an image sensor operating in logarithimic mode. Investigations of the effectiveness of two similar FPN reduction techniques applied to four different pixel topologies were performed through Monte Carlo simulations. The analyses of results of output signal swing, total and residual FPN, signal-to-distortion ratio, power consumption and fill factor are able to demonstrate which pixel topologies yield better results in each of these criteria. Such results provide valuable data that allows a more concise decision on which pixel topology and FPN reduction technique to choose in the design of an imager array with wide dynamic range. / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o comportamento e eficácia de diferentes técnicas de redução de ruído de padrão fixo, do inglês fixed-pattern noise (FPN), aplicadas a diferentes topologias de pixel operando em modo logarítmico. A finalidade deste estudo é o estabelecimento de um meio consistente para realizar comparação cruzada imparcial da eficácia de diferentes técnicas de redução de FPN aplicadas a pixeis com diferentes topologias e projetados sob o mesmo rótulo tecnológico, e assim estabelecer critérios de julgamento que permitam determinar qual topologia será a mais adequada para implementação de um sensor de imagem operando em modo logarítmico. Investigações da eficácia de duas técnicas de redução de FPN similares aplicadas a quatro diferentes topologias de pixel foram realizadas através de simulações Monte Carlo. As análises dos resultados de excursão do sinal de saída, FPN total e residual, razão de distorção do sinal, consumo de energia e fator de preenchimento são capazes de demonstrar que topologias de pixel produzem melhores resultados em cada um destes critérios. Tais resultados proporcionam dados valiosos que permitem uma mais concisa decisão sobre qual topologia de pixel e técnica de redução de FPN escolher no projeto de um sensor de imagem com largo alcance dinâmico.

É apresentado o desenvolvimento de um modelo computacional que visa relacionar imagens digitais obtidas em diferentes escalas e resoluções com aplicação de Wavelets. Seu desenvolvimento encontra-se no contexto multidisciplinar e situa-se na intersecção das linhas de pesquisa de áreas da Física, da Matemática e da Computação. Desta forma, optou-se na implementação por uma abordagem computacional dos estudos, com aplicação em imagens digitais provenientes da reconstrução de dados de tomografia computadorizada de Raios-X. Resultados indicam que a implementação do modelo computacional desenvolvido tem sua funcionalidade comprovada, uma vez que os atributos vetoriais dos objetos considerados para análise (poros) foram mantidos estáveis em diferentes resoluções estudadas. O modelo foi implementado em linguagem de programação C++ com uso de orientação a objetos e organizado em classes. Adicionalmente, sua aplicação é viabilizada para diversas plataformas computacionais no que tange a sistemas operacionais e processadores. Do ponto de vista científico, o sistema resultante, além de ser uma ferramenta importante no estudo de meios porosos através de imagens de tomografia computadorizada por Raios-X, contribui com métodos inovadores que fazem uso de Wavelets e são aplicados na suavização de bordas por técnica sub-pixel, na otimização de desempenho e no processamento de dados para interpolação / This work consists of the development of a computational model aimed at relating digital images obtained on different scales and resolutions to the application of Wavelets. The development of this model lies within a multidisciplinary context, at the intersection of the research lines of areas of Physics, Mathematics and Computation. The choice of these studies therefore fel1 on a computational approach, with the application of digital images originating from the reconstruction of computerized tomographic X-ray data. The results of the implementation of the computational model developed here confirm the model\'s functionality, since the vectorial attributes of the objects utilized for our analysis (pores) remained stable under different resolutions. The model was implemented in the C++ programming language using object orientation, and the model\'s methods were organized into classes based on their application on different computational platforms, from the standpoint of operational systems and processors. In the scientific point of view, the resulting system is an important tool in the porous means researches using computerized tomography by X-rays and it has exclusive methods. These methods use Wavelets and they have application in edge smoothing processes by sub-pixel technique, in optimizing processing time and in data processing for interpolation

The resolution of CMOS image sensor is becoming higher and higher, while for identifying its performance, designers need to do a series of simulations, and this work consumes large CPU time in classical design environment. This thesis titled "Fast Scalable and Variability Aware CMOS Image Sensor Simulation Methodology" is dedicated to explore a new simulation methodology for improving the simulation capability. This simulation methodology is used to study the image sensor performance versus low level design parameter, such as transistor size and process variability. The simulation methodology achieves error less than 0.4% on 3T-APS architecture. The methodology is tested in various pixel architectures, and it is used in simulating image sensor with 15 million pixels, the simulation capability is improved 64 times and time consumption is reduced from days to minutes. The potential application includes simulating array-based circuit, such as memory circuit matrix simulation. / L’amélioration de la résolution de ces capteurs implique la nécessité pour les concepteurs de réaliser des séries de simulation de plus en plus longue dans le but de caractériser leurs performances, et ces simulations qui génèrent des résultats difficiles à analyser requièrent de très grandes ressources de calcul ainsi qu’une grande quantité de mémoire. Cette thèse intitulée "Méthode de simulation rapide de capteur d'image CMOS prenant en compte les paramètres d'extensibilité et de variabilité" explore une nouvelle méthodologie de simulation pour améliorer les capacités de traitement actuelles. La méthode qui a été développée est utilisée pour étudier et comparer les performances d’un capteur d’images avec les paramètres de bas niveau de conception de tels circuits ; par exemple la taille des transistors ainsi que la variabilité. La méthodologie obtient l'erreur de sortie moins de 0,4% sur le capteur d’image de style APS-3T. La méthode a été testée avec diverses architectures de pixel, et elle a permis de simuler un capteur d'image de 15 millions de pixels. La vitesse de simulation est améliorée 64 fois, passant de plusieurs jours à plusieurs minutes. La simulation des circuits présentant une structure en matrice comme les mémoires est une autre application potentielle de ce type de méthodologie.