Resumo: O fator de transcrição Oct-4 é bem conservado entre as espécies e é conhecido por ser expresso em embriões e células-tronco embrionárias (CTE), sendo um importante marcador da pluripotência. Recentemente, foi relatado que a combinação de Oct-4 com três outros fatores de transcrição Klf-4, c-Myc e Sox2 foram capazes de reprogramar células somáticas a um estado indiferenciado pluripotente, chamadas células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas ("células iPS"), as quais apresentam várias das mesmas propriedades das CTE incluindo a pluripotência, auto-renovação e proliferação. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a funcionalidade do promotor Oct-4 de eqüino em CTE de murinos. Três vetores plasmidiais expressando GFP ("green fluorescent protein") sob o controle do promotor Oct-4 de equinos, camundongo e quatro vetores lentivirais, também contendo o gene reporter GFP e os promotores Oct-4 de equinos, camundongo e humanos, pLZ2-ecOCT-EGFP (meq) (sequência equivalente de camundongos), pLZ2-ecOCT-EGFP (heq) (sequência equivalente de humanos), pLZ2-mOCT-EGFP e pLZ2-hOCT-EGFP, respectivamente, foram construídos. Todos os vetores também contêm um sítio de resistência à blasticidina que permite a seleção das células estáveis e das células transduzidas. Essas construções plasmidiais foram verificadas se funcionavam eficientemente, bem como o efeito do promotor Oct-4 em transfectar transientes e estáveis CTE. As construções com promotor Oct-4 de camundongo, humano e eqüino (sequência análoga à de camundongo) produziram somente 6% de células GFP positivas com intensidade de fluorescência (IF) >1000 pela análise em citômetro de fluxo, enquanto que o plasmídeo contendo o promotor Oct-4 de eqüino (sequência equivalente à de humanos) produziu menos células GFP positivas (>3%) com IF >1000, quando... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The pluripotency transcription factor Oct-4 is well conserved among species and is known to be expressed in embryos and embryonic stem (ES) cells; it is being an important pluripotency marker. It was recently demonstrated that the combination of Oct-4 with three other factors Klf-4, c-myc and Sox2 were able to reprogram somatic cells to a pluripotent and undifferentiated state. These cells known as induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells share several properties with ES cells including self-renewal, proliferation and pluripotency. The aim of this study was to assess the functionality of the horse Oct-4 promoter in mouse ES cells. Three plasmids vectors expressing GFP (green fluorescent protein) under the control of the horse, mouse and four lentivirus vectors also containing reporter gene GFP and horse, mouse and human promoters, pLZ2-ecOCT-EGFP (mouse sequence equivalent), pLZ2-ecOCT-EGFP (human sequence equivalent), pLZ2-mOCT-EGFP and pLZ2-hOCT-EGFP, respectively, were built. All these vectors also contain a blasticidin resistance cassette to allow selection of transfected stable cells and transduced cells. Afterwards, to assess the functionality of the Oct-4 promoter all plasmids were tranfected the into transient and stable mouse ES cells. Constructs with mouse, human and horse (mouse analog sequence) Oct-4 promoter produced only 6% GFP positive cells with fluorescence intensity (FI)>1000 by 20 FACs assay, while plasmid horse (human analog sequence) Oct-4 promoter produced less GFP positive cells (>3%) with FI>1000, when compared with the positive control and among groups. However, GFP expression was not present in stable cells, whereas there were Blasticidin-resistant colonies-forming from 6 days post-transfection. To optimize the system in mouse ES cells, pLZ2-mOCT-EGFP and pLZ2-hOCT-EGFP lentivectors, were tested as controls. It was used HIV-1-derived... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientadora: Gisele Zoccal Mingoti / Coorientador: Joaquim Mansano Garcia / Banca: César Roberto Esper / Banca: Flávio Vieira Meirelles / Banca: Áureo Evangelista Santana / Banca: Simone Cristina Méo Niciura / Doutor

Este projeto teve como objetivo a construção de biosensores para a detecção de compostos monoaromáticos do grupo BTEX a partir dos componentes da via de degradação de compostos monoaromáticos codificada no plasmídeo TOL de Pseudomonas putida, mais precisamente: o promotor Pu e a proteína reguladora XylR, que ativa o promotor Pu após a ligação ao efetor monoaromático. Um objetivo secundário foi a verificação da existência de sequências reguladoras desconhecidas a montante do promotor Pu, construindo três variantes com fragmentos de Pu que se estendem por diferentes comprimentos a montante do promotor (Pu202 pb, Pu396 pb e Pu802 pb), cuja existência foi sugerida em trabalho anterior do laboratório. O promotor Pu foi ligado ao gene indicador para fosfatase alcalina isolado de E. coli. Todos os componentes das três variantes de biossensores foram clonados com sucesso. A construção de um dos plasmídeos de biossensoramento com a variante mais curta de Pu (Pu202) foi concluída. / Monoaromatic compounds are mainly responsible for the contamination of areas, this is because they are components of gas and the fuel stations most of accidents sites. Such compounds are highly toxic and, in between non-polar compounds, present high solubility and vapor pressure which assists them in dispersion at groundwaters and soil. This work aim to develop a biosensor based on alkaline phosphatase indicator gene under the regulation of the Pu promoter and its regulatory protein, XylR, that is activated by monoaromatic. Moreover, this work will continue a previous project of the research group that indicated a possible regulatory region not described for Pu, that hypothesis will be tested by producing different plasmids biosensors with varying sizes of Pu (202 bp, 396 bp and 802 bp). All biosensor fragments were purified and cloned on pGem T Easy and biosensor with Pu 202 pb was produced. Next goals are finishing others biosensors assemble and perform induction tests.

Os micoplasmas são os menores microrganismos capazes de autoreplicação conhecidos na natureza, responsáveis por uma série de doenças no homem e nos animais, infectando ainda plantas e insetos. Constituem um grande grupo de bactérias, ordenadas em diferentes gêneros na classe Mollicutes, cuja principal característica em comum, além do genoma reduzido, é a ausência de parede celular. Mycoplasma mycoïdes subsp. mycoïdes SC, responsável pela Pleuropneumonia Contagiosa Bovina, foi o primeiro microrganismo desta classe de bactérias a ser identificado. Esta é uma doença bastante grave, com altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade. A variedade Mycoplasma mycoïdes subsp. mycoïdes LC é responsável principalmente por casos de Pleuropneumonia Contagiosa Caprina, mastite no gado bovino, e ainda artrite em ovinos e caprinos em menor extensão. M. capricolum é um patógeno caprino, responsável principalmente por casos de artrite com grande importância econômica na medicina veterinária. M. pulmonis é um patógeno de roedores, considerado como o melhor modelo experimental para o estudo das micoplasmoses respiratórias. M. genitalium, o menor microrganismo conhecido capaz de se autoreplicar, é um patógeno humano responsável por casos de uretrite não gonocócica, cujo seqüenciamento completo do cromossomo tornou-se um marco na era da genômica. O estudo funcional do genoma destes micoplasmas, para a compreensão de sua biologia e patogenicidade, requer o desenvolvimento de ferramentas genéticas eficientes. No presente trabalho, análises in silico das seqüências na região das prováveis origens de replicação cromossômica (oriC) destes micoplasmas demonstraram a existência de possíveis DnaA boxes localizados em torno do gene dnaA. Estas regiões oriC foram caracterizadas funcionalmente após sua clonagem em vetores artificiais e a transformação dos micoplasmas com os plasmídeos recombinantes resultantes. O plasmídeo pMPO1, contendo a região oriC de M. pulmonis, sofreu integração no cromossomo do micoplasma por recombinação homóloga após poucas passagens in vitro. A redução desta oriC para o fragmento contendo somente os DnaA boxes localizados nas estremidades 5´ou 3´do gene dnaA não foi capaz de produzir plasmídeos replicativos em M. pulmonis, exceto quando estes dois fragmentos foram clonados no mesmo vetor, espaçados pelo determinante de resistência à tetraciclina tetM. Um fragmento interno do gene da hemolisina A (hlyA) de M. pulmonis foi clonado nestes plasmídeos oriC, e os vetores resultantes foram utilizados para transformar o micoplasma. A integração destes vetores por um crossing-over com o gene hlyA, causando a sua dirupção, foi documentada. Deste modo, estes plasmídeos oriC podem vir a se tornar ferramentas genéticas valiosas para o estudo do papel de genes específicos, notadamente aqueles potencialmente envolvidos na patogênese. / Mycoplasmas are the smallest microorganisms capable of self replication known to date, responsible for many diseases in man and animals, infecting also plants and insects. They constitute a large group of bacteria, classified in different genera in the class Mollicutes, which main common characteristic, besides the small genome, is the absence of a cell wall. Mycoplasma mycoïdes subsp. mycoïdes SC, responsible for the Bovine Contagious Pleuropneumonia, was the first microorganism of this class of bacteria to be identified. That is a quite severe disease, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Mycoplasma mycoïdes subsp. mycoïdes LC is responsible mainly for cases of Caprine Contagious Pleuropneumonia, mastitis in cattle, and also arthritis in goats and sheep in less extension. M. capricolum is a pathogen of goats, responsible mainly by cases of arthritis with large economic impact in veterinary medicine. M. pulmonis is a rodent pathogen, considered to be the best experimental model for studying respiratory mycoplasmoses. M. genitalium, the smallest microorganism capable of self replication, is an human pathogen responsible for cases of non gonococcal urethritis, which complete chromosome sequencing has become a benchmark in the era of genomics. Functional studies of these mycoplasma genomes, for comprehension of their biology and pathogenicity, requires the development of efficient genetic tools. In the present work, in silico analysis of sequences of the putative origin of chromosome replication (oriC) region of these mycoplasmas demonstrates the existence of putative DnaA boxes located around the dnaA gene. These oriC regions were functionally characterized after cloning into artificial vectors and transformation of mycoplasmas with the resulting recombinant plasmids. The plasmid pMPO1, which contains the M. pulmonis oriC region, has integrated into the mycoplasma chromosome by homologous recombination after a few in vitro passages. Reduction of this oriC to the fragment containing only the DnaA boxes located upstream or downstream the dnaA gene could not produce plasmids able to replicate in M. pulmonis, except when these two fragments were cloned in the same vector, spaced by tetracycline resistance gene tetM. An internal fragment of the M. pulmonis hemolysine A gene (hlyA) was cloned into these oriC plasmids, and the resulting vectors were used to transform the mycoplasma. Integration of these disruption vectors by one crossing-over with the hlyA gene could be documented. Therefore, these oriC plasmids may become valuable genetic tools for studying the role of specific genes of mycoplasmas, specially those potentially involved in pathogenesis.

Em aplicações biotecnológicas, a estabilização de informações e a expressão gênica em bactérias Gram-negativas são fundamentais. Neste trabalho, analisou-se o efeito de estabilização plasmidial promovido pelo lócus parB (hok/sok) nas bactérias E. coli, C. metallidurans e C. necator transformadas com os plasmídeos pCM2, pBBR1MCS e seus respectivos derivados contendo o lócus parB, pCM3 e pBBPAR. As bactérias transformadas com pCM2 exibiram perda plamidial acentuada após 50 gerações, e as bactérias transformadas com pCM3 e pBBPAR exibiram estabilidade próxima a 100%, após 100 gerações. Também foi avaliada a força relativa de expressão dos promotores hok e sok em relação ao promotor lac, inseridos no plasmídeo pBBEGFP. Por microscopia de fluorescência, foi observado que regulado pelos promotores sok e hok, os transformantes expressaram EGFP. Utilizando citometria de fluxo, foi observado que o promotor hok apresentou maior força de expressão nas bactérias transformantes de E. coli e C. metalliduras; já o promotor sok apresentou maior força de expressão em C. necator. / In biotechnological applications, stabilization of information and gene expression in Gram-negative bacteria are important. In this work, we analyzed the effect of plasmid stabilization promoted by locus parB (hok/sok) in the bacteria E. coli, C. metallidurans and C. necator transformed with the plasmids pCM2, pBBR1MCS, and their derivatives containing the parB locus, pCM3 and pBBPAR. The Bacteria transformed with pCM2 showed a pronounced plasmidial loss after 50 generations, and bacteria transformed with pCM3 and pBBPAR exhibited stability close to 100 % after 100 generations. We also evaluated the relative expression strength of hok and sok promoters relative to the lac promoter, inserted into plasmid pBBEGFP. For fluorescence microscopy, it was observed that regulated by hok and sok promoter, transformants expressed EGFP. Using flow cytometry, it was observed that the hok promoter showed higher expression levels in E. coli and C. metallidurans transformants; as sok promoter showed higher expression level in C. necator.

Les bactéries sont des organismes extrêmement sociaux, qui présentent de multiples comportements de coopération. De plus, les génomes bactériens sont caractérisés par la présence de nombreux éléments génétiques mobiles, tels que les plasmides. Ces éléments mobiles sont la cause de transferts génétiques horizontaux, et jouent un rôle important dans l'évolution bactérienne. La coopération et le transfert horizontal ont tous deux des conséquences importantes sur la santé humaine: des comportements coopératifs sont souvent à l'origine de propriétés de virulence chez les bactéries pathogènes, et le transfert horizontal entraîne la dissémination de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques. L'évolution du transfert horizontal a jusqu'ici été analysée essentiellement en termes de bénéfices infectieux apportés à des éléments génétiques égoïstes. Cependant, le taux de transfert des plasmides est extrêmement variable et partiellement contrôlé par les gènes des bactéries hôtes, suggérant une co-évolution complexe entre hôtes et plasmides. De plus, les plasmides sont particulièrement riches en gènes liés à des comportements coopératifs, et semblent donc jouer un rôle-clé dans les phénomènes de socialité bactérienne. Ce travail porte sur la coévolution entre mobilité génétique et socialité chez les bactéries. Nous analysons ici les pressions de sélection agissant sur le transfert de plasmides et la production de biens publics, à l'aide de modèles mathématiques et d'un système synthétique que nous avons construit chez Escherichia coli, dans lequel nous pouvons contrôler indépendamment la coopération et la conjugaison. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons expérimentalement que le transfert horizontal favorise le maintien de la coopération dans une population structurée, en augmentant la sélection de parentèle agissant au niveau des gènes transférés. Dans un second temps, nous montrons expérimentalement et théoriquement que l'échange génétique lui-même peut être sélectionné: les bactéries transférant des plasmides codant pour des biens publics sont favorisées dans une population structurée. Le transfert de gènes codant pour des biens privés peut également être sélectionné, à condition que ce transfert s'effectue entre bactéries apparentées. Finalement, ces interactions entre transfert horizontal et coopération peuvent mener à une association entre allèles de coopération et de transfert, expliquant la fréquence élevée de gènes sociaux situés sur des plasmides.Ces résultats permettent de mieux comprendre le maintien de comportements coopératifs chez les bactéries, et suggèrent des moyens de cibler certains cas de virulence bactérienne. / Bacteria are social organisms which participate in multiple cooperative and group behaviours. They moreover have peculiar genetic systems, as they often bear mobile genetic elements like plasmids, molecular symbionts that are the cause of widespread horizontal gene transfer and play a large role in bacterial evolution. Both cooperation and horizontal transfer have consequences for human health: cooperative behaviours are very often involved in the virulence of pathogens, and horizontal gene transfer leads to the spread of antibiotic resistance. The evolution of plasmid transfer has mainly been analyzed in terms of infectious benefits for selfish mobile elements. However, chromosomal genes can also modulate horizontal transfer. A huge diversity in transfer rates is observed among bacterial isolates, suggesting a complex co-evolution between plasmids and hosts. Moreover, plasmids are enriched in genes involved in social behaviours, and so could play a key role in bacterial cooperative behaviours. We study here the coevolution of gene mobility and sociality in bacteria. To investigate the selective pressures acting on plasmid transfer and public good production, we use both mathematical modelling and a synthetic system that we constructed where we can independently control public good cooperation and plasmid conjugation in Escherichia coli. We first show experimentally that horizontal transfer allows the specific maintenance of public good alleles in a structured population by increasing relatedness at the gene-level. We further demonstrate experimentally and theoretically that this in turn allows for second-order selection of transfer ability: when cooperation is needed, alleles promoting donor and recipient abilities for public good traits can be selected both on the plasmid and on the chromosome in structured populations. Moreover, donor ability for private good traits can also be selected on the chromosome, provided that transfer happens towards kin. The interactions between transfer and cooperation can finally lead to an association between transfer and public good production alleles, explaining the high frequency of genes related to cooperation that are located on plasmids. Globally, these results provide insight into the mechanisms maintaining cooperation in bacteria, and may suggest ways to target cooperative virulence.

No description available.

Plasmids are small, circular, extrachromosomal double-stranded genetic elements present in bacteria. Plasmids can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome and play an important role as a transmitter of antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria. Antibiotic resistance genes have been shown to be selected for even in the presence of subinhibitory levels of antibiotics, but the effect of antibiotics on conjugation is not as well understood. To study this, we designed a novel conjugation tracking system utilizing a Cre-expressing plasmid and a chromosomal floxed blue fluorescent protein (BFP) gene. We found that our model worked opposite as intended as cells expressed BFP before conjugation and lost BFP expression upon recombination. An issue with the system was isolated to the direction of the single loxP site remaining after recombination. Both loxP sites were inverted but this did not restore the intended expression of BFP after recombination. Subsequently the system was modified to increase the space between the promoter region and the single loxP site remaining after recombination. This extension produced the desired result as BFP expression now increased upon recombination. Still, further work needs to be done to construct a Cre-expressing plasmid, tune expression of BFP, and show expression of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in our model before the system can be applied to clinical isolates.

One major disadvantage of nucleic acid delivery systems is the low transfection or transduction efficiency of large-sized plasmids into cells. In this communication, we demonstrate the efficient transfection of a 15.5 kb green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fused HIV-1 molecular clone with a nucleic acid delivery system prepared from the highly potent peptide-mimicking cationic lipid OH4 in a mixture with the phospholipid DOPE (co-lipid). For the transfection, liposomes were loaded using a large-sized plasmid (15.5 kb), which encodes a replication-competent HIV type 1 molecular clone that carries a Gag-internal green fluorescent protein (HIV-1 JR-FL Gag-iGFP). The particle size and charge of the generated nanocarriers with 15.5 kb were compared to those of a standardized 4.7 kb plasmid formulation. Stable, small-sized lipoplexes could be generated independently of the length of the used DNA. The transfer of fluorescently labeled pDNA-HIV1-Gag-iGFP in HEK293T cells was monitored using confocal laser scanning microscopy (cLSM). After efficient plasmid delivery, virus particles were detectable as budding structures on the plasma membrane. Moreover, we observed a randomized distribution of fluorescently labeled lipids over the plasma membrane. Obviously, a significant exchange of lipids between the drug delivery system and the cellular membranes occurs, which hints toward a fusion process. The mechanism of membrane fusion for the internalization of lipid-based drug delivery systems into cells is still a frequently discussed topic.

The ability of a genetically-engineered <i>Erwirzia carotovora</i> subsp. <i>carotovora</I> (Ecc) strain to transfer recombinant chromosomal DNA or plasmids to wildtype Ecc or <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> was tested on filters, within soil microcosms, and <i>in planta</i>. Ecc was engineered by chromosomal insertion of a disarmed <i>endo</i>-pectate lyase gene marked with a 1.4kb DNA fragment conferring kanamycin resistance. Plasmids RPI and pBR322 were introduced separately into engineered Ecc clones. These strains served as donors in genetic transfer experiments. No transfer of the inserted kan marker or of pBR322 was observed under any experimental condition. In filter matings, RPI was transferred to wildtype Ecc at a frequency of 3.6 X 10⁻² transconjugants per donor (TPD) and to P. <i>fluorescens</i> at a frequency of 2.4 X 10⁻⁵ TPD. In matings conducted in potato tubers inoculated using sewing needles, the respective frequencies were 4.0 X 10⁻³ and 2.0 X 10⁻³, while matings on potato slices yielded frequencies of 4.7 X 10⁻² and 2.3 X 10⁻². In soil microcosms, the maximum transfer frequencies observed were 2.3 X 10³ and 8.4 X 10⁻⁵ TPD. / Master of Science

No / Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are considered to be extracellular pathogens, inducing attaching and effacing lesions following their attachment to the surface of eukaryotic cells; however, in vitro and in vivo invasion by EPEC has been reported in several studies. A cloned 4.6 kb fragment of EPEC plasmid pLV501 has been shown to facilitate invasion of E. coli K-12, and here we further investigate the nature of this process. Two of the three complete open reading frames contained within the plasmid fragment have been cloned to E. coli, and in HEp-2 adherence assays both tniA2 and pecM were shown to be expressed during the first 3 h of infection from a plac promoter. Escherichia coli transformants carrying pecM alone or in combination with tniA2 were able to both survive intracellularly and escape eukaryotic cells to re-establish themselves within the medium, whereas those bacterial cells carrying tniA2 alone could not be isolated from within HEp-2 cells after 24 h of infection, but were present in the previously sterile medium surrounding the cells. Bacteria carrying pecM and tniA2 adhered to HEp-2 cells with sites of adhesion characterized by underlying actin polymerization. The invasive potential conferred by these genes may give EPEC strains a survival advantage during prolonged infection.