In this thesis, focused attention is given to the idea of task solvers as active participants in mathematical practices. The theoretical assumptions of the study, reported in this thesis, are inspired by socio-political concerns. The aim of the study is to investigate the underlying view of participation in mathematical practices, as understood in a nationwide teacher professional development programme, the Boost for Mathematics, in Sweden. To be more precise, the study is arranged to problematise ways of encouraging students as active participants. This aim is approached by means of the following research questions: (1) What messages do mathematical tasks in the Boost for Mathematics send about people as participants in mathematical practices? and (2) What is the role of multiple representations in these messages? An empirical study is reported. The data of the study, i.e., three collections of problems, are drawn from the Boost for Mathematics. Data processing is conducted by using a modified version of a pre-existing data processing framework, focusing on mathematical practices as socio-political practices. The empirical study uncovers an implicit view of task solvers in mathematical practices and especially a detachment between students, as potential task solvers, and the social contexts where mathematical ideas and concepts are embedded. This implicit view is challenged from the assumption that it is motivating for a student to conceive him/herself as someone who is ‘qualified’ to take part in mathematical practices.

L’étude de cas qui mobilise la majeure partie de ma thèse se penche sur une mission de la Church Missionary Society, société missionnaire anglicane, au Buganda, royaume situé au nord du lac Victoria. La thèse revient d’abord sur les raisons qui ont poussé la CMS à s’établir dans cette région vierge de tout occupant européen, et sur les conditions de cette installation, débutée en 1876. Entre 1876 et 1900, la mission connut de nombreux chamboulements, qui seront traités à la lumière de la correspondance des missionnaires de la CMS sur le terrain, de leurs journaux personnels et productions visuelles : les interactions plus ou moins fructueuses des missionnaires avec les autochtones ; le succès de la mission en termes d’influence religieuse ; le déploiement de nouvelles stations au sein du royaume et dans les royaumes voisins ; l’installation de missionnaires catholiques français dans le royaume à partir de 1879 ; l’arrivée des Britanniques dans la région par le biais de l’Imperial British East Africa Company, et la mise sous protectorat de la région à partir de 1894. Tous ces éléments seront passés au crible, ainsi que la façon dont, en métropole, ils furent l’objet de différentes publications, circulations, et donc réceptions. Les ramifications tant politiques que linguistiques et scientifiques de l’entreprise missionnaire anglicane au Buganda sont au cœur de cette étude. Cette thèse met également au jour les liens tissés entre la mission du Buganda et sa direction en métropole (la maison mère à Londres, les soutiens de la mission en amont, les lecteurs et adhérents de la société, et le lectorat britannique de la presse périodique de façon plus générale). D’autre part, il s’agit également de montrer par le biais de cette étude de cas que l’entreprise missionnaire britannique était intégrée dans un projet plus vaste de réforme et de salut global (et non seulement local) de la Grande-Bretagne et de son empire : pour ce faire, je fais appel aux archives d’une société missionnaire œuvrant en métropole, dans la capitale, la London City Mission. La mise en perspective de ces deux types de sociétés missionnaires pourra alors nous éclairer sur les liens que les Britanniques créaient et imaginaient entre la Grande-Bretagne et son empire, à la lumière des pratiques religieuses et culturelles de ses habitants. / This thesis focuses on the Church Missionary Society’s mission to Buganda between 1875 and 1900. Buganda was the most powerful kingdom of the Great Lakes region during the last quarter of the 19th century. This study retraces what motivated an Anglican missionary society to send agents to this particular area, which had not been claimed or colonized by any European power at the time of their arrival. Between 1875 and 1900, the mission underwent several changes, which this thesis examines in the light of the missionaries’ letters, journals, drawings and photographs : the interactions between the missionaries and the natives they wished to convert (the kings of Buganda for instance) ; the success of the mission itself and its expansion, mainly through the dissemination of a Bible in luganda by Ganda catechists ; the arrival of rival Catholic missionaries in the capital of Buganda from 1879 onwards ; the arrival of the Imperial British East Africa Company and the creation of the Uganda Protectorate in 1894. This thesis analyses how those changes were dealt with by the missionaries in the field, but also how they were perceived and received by the CMS’s executive committees, the supporters of the mission and the general public in Britain. Studying the political, linguistic and scientific ramifications of the mission in the metropole helps us to understand the manifold impacts that missions had in the late-Victorian era. The way the missionary narrative of the Buganda mission was shaped by the editorial committee of the CMS is also analysed so as to shed light on the strategies at work in London to promote the missionary cause throughout Britain.The aim of this thesis is to take into account what happened in the field and in the metropole in the same frame of analysis, in order to reveal the connected and networked nature of the British missionary enterprise. The example of the Buganda mission will help us to understand how Victorian Evangelicals perceived the salvation and reform of society as a global project. Confronting the CMS sources with archives from a different type of missionary organization – in that case the London City Mission – enables the historian to reveal the ties that linked the home missionary project to the overseas missionary enterprise. This thesis shows that the perceived rivalries between both mission fields were in fact complemented by a strong belief in the connected nature of the missionary enterprise, in terms of staff and support, reprensentations, evangelizing strategies and promotion tools.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Esta pesquisa objetiva investigar as prÃticas educativas e culturais dos usuÃrios de crack, por meio da biografia de um dependente dessa droga, enfocando os contextos e trajetÃrias que envolveram esse uso, relacionando fatos e determinantes socioculturais que colaboram na memÃria e histÃria de vida do sujeito biografado. Tem como aporte teÃrico abordagens teÃricas e diversos campos do conhecimento, como SaÃde, Sociologia e EducaÃÃo. Pelo fato de o sujeito biografado ser um morador de rua, o estudo foi realizado em vÃrios lugares, desde bares, churrascarias, residÃncia da famÃlia e atà mesmo nas proximidades das chamadas âbocas de fumoâ. Por se tratar de uma pesquisa qualitativa, a abordagem metodolÃgica à a histÃria de vida e a coleta dos dados à procedida com base na histÃria oral biogrÃfica, realizada por meio de entrevistas abertas e diÃrio de campo. Desta forma, a anÃlise dos dados està pautada nos conceitos e categorias centrais relacionados aos discursos do dependente de crack biografado. Na anÃlise da trajetÃria do uso de drogas nas falas de Bim Guerra, foi importante conhecermos aspectos que nos ajudaram a entender o porquà de as pessoas continuarem usando drogas, a despeito de toda sua negatividade e dos esforÃos empenhados em combater esse uso. Devem-se levar em consideraÃÃo os âdiferentes sujeitosâ e a subjetividade que os envolve quando fazem uso dessas substÃncias, assim como os diversos contextos culturais, educativo, fase de vulnerabilidade que cerca os adolescentes e permeiam essa realidade com base nos tÃpicos de estudo. Concluindo a anÃlise, foi percebido que embora nÃo afirmemos que o uso do crack seja uma prÃtica decorrente de outros tipos de drogas, nÃo podemos negar que a oportunidade de experiÃncia com outro tipo droga permita favorecer esta prÃtica. à essencial considerar nas falas de Bim Guerra a importÃncia do papel da famÃlia nas relaÃÃes de desenvolvimento comportamental/educacional no que diz respeito envolvimento com o uso de drogas. / Esta pesquisa objetiva investigar as prÃticas educativas e culturais dos usuÃrios de crack, por meio da biografia de um dependente dessa droga, enfocando os contextos e trajetÃrias que envolveram esse uso, relacionando fatos e determinantes socioculturais que colaboram na memÃria e histÃria de vida do sujeito biografado. Tem como aporte teÃrico abordagens teÃricas e diversos campos do conhecimento, como SaÃde, Sociologia e EducaÃÃo. Pelo fato de o sujeito biografado ser um morador de rua, o estudo foi realizado em vÃrios lugares, desde bares, churrascarias, residÃncia da famÃlia e atà mesmo nas proximidades das chamadas âbocas de fumoâ. Por se tratar de uma pesquisa qualitativa, a abordagem metodolÃgica à a histÃria de vida e a coleta dos dados à procedida com base na histÃria oral biogrÃfica, realizada por meio de entrevistas abertas e diÃrio de campo. Desta forma, a anÃlise dos dados està pautada nos conceitos e categorias centrais relacionados aos discursos do dependente de crack biografado. Na anÃlise da trajetÃria do uso de drogas nas falas de Bim Guerra, foi importante conhecermos aspectos que nos ajudaram a entender o porquà de as pessoas continuarem usando drogas, a despeito de toda sua negatividade e dos esforÃos empenhados em combater esse uso. Devem-se levar em consideraÃÃo os âdiferentes sujeitosâ e a subjetividade que os envolve quando fazem uso dessas substÃncias, assim como os diversos contextos culturais, educativo, fase de vulnerabilidade que cerca os adolescentes e permeiam essa realidade com base nos tÃpicos de estudo. Concluindo a anÃlise, foi percebido que embora nÃo afirmemos que o uso do crack seja uma prÃtica decorrente de outros tipos de drogas, nÃo podemos negar que a oportunidade de experiÃncia com outro tipo droga permita favorecer esta prÃtica. à essencial considerar nas falas de Bim Guerra a importÃncia do papel da famÃlia nas relaÃÃes de desenvolvimento comportamental/educacional no que diz respeito envolvimento com o uso de drogas. / This research aims investigating the educational and cultural practices from crack users, by the biography of a addict, focusing the contexts and paths that evolved this use, relating sociocultural facts and determinants which collaborate in the memory and life history of the biography subject. It has as theoretical contribution approaches from several authors and several fields of knowledge, as Healthy, Sociology and Education. By the fact the biography subject is a homeless, the study was accomplished in many places, from bars, steakhouses, the family residence, and even near the called âbocas de fumoâ. By treating this as a qualitative research, the methodological approach is the life history and the data collection is proceeded on the basis of the biographical oral history, accomplished by the open interview and field journal. In this way, the data analysis is guided in concepts and central categories related to the biography crack addictâs speech. In the pathâs analysis of drug using in the speech of Bin Guerra, it was important for us to know some aspects that helped to understand the reason why people still use drugs, despite all its negativity and the committed efforts to fight against this using. It must be considered the âdifferent subjectsâ and the subjectivity involved when they make use of these substances, as the diverse cultural, educative contexts, vulnerability phase that surrounds teenagers and permeates that reality based on the study topics. Concluding the analysis, it was noticed that even we cannot affirm that the crack use can become a practice resulted of other kinds of drugs, we cannot deny the experience opportunity with other kind of drug allows to favor this practice. It is essential to consider, in the speech of Bim Guerra, the importance of family role in the relation of behavior/educational development, concerning the involvement with the use of drugs. / This research aims investigating the educational and cultural practices from crack users, by the biography of a addict, focusing the contexts and paths that evolved this use, relating sociocultural facts and determinants which collaborate in the memory and life history of the biography subject. It has as theoretical contribution approaches from several authors and several fields of knowledge, as Healthy, Sociology and Education. By the fact the biography subject is a homeless, the study was accomplished in many places, from bars, steakhouses, the family residence, and even near the called âbocas de fumoâ. By treating this as a qualitative research, the methodological approach is the life history and the data collection is proceeded on the basis of the biographical oral history, accomplished by the open interview and field journal. In this way, the data analysis is guided in concepts and central categories related to the biography crack addictâs speech. In the pathâs analysis of drug using in the speech of Bin Guerra, it was important for us to know some aspects that helped to understand the reason why people still use drugs, despite all its negativity and the committed efforts to fight against this using. It must be considered the âdifferent subjectsâ and the subjectivity involved when they make use of these substances, as the diverse cultural, educative contexts, vulnerability phase that surrounds teenagers and permeates that reality based on the study topics. Concluding the analysis, it was noticed that even we cannot affirm that the crack use can become a practice resulted of other kinds of drugs, we cannot deny the experience opportunity with other kind of drug allows to favor this practice. It is essential to consider, in the speech of Bim Guerra, the importance of family role in the relation of behavior/educational development, concerning the involvement with the use of drugs.

Este trabalho busca compreender mediante a perspectiva sócio-histórica como foram configuradas e mobilizadas as práticas e as representações de moralização na escola pública paulista em um período que compreende a democratização das oportunidades de educação e que alterou o modelo de escola que era mantido desde a época republicana. O termo moralização é entendido como a moral destinada a ser incorporada pelos indivíduos. A idéia do poder sobre si mesmo exercido a partir do interior é especialmente fértil para a compreensão das práticas e das representações de moralização na escola pública paulista durante o período investigado. Além da diversidade em relação à clientela que passou a ocupar o espaço escolar, a origem social dos professores primários também mudou. Para governar as massas e gerir a diversidade no interior das instituições escolares durante a expansão do ensino, foi importante levar cada um a governar a si próprio, o que consistiu num elemento necessário à própria existência da democratização do acesso à educação pública. A escolha do ano de 1948 como marco inicial para o estudo deve-se a ser este o ano de início da Campanha de Defesa da Escola Pública. Trata-se um movimento cívico importante na história da escola pública brasileira e que culminou, em 1961, com a promulgação da LDB nº4.024. O período compreendido por este trabalho encerra-se em 1978, quando mudanças no comportamento dos professores ganharam visibilidade a partir do momento em que os mesmos aderiram a uma greve, ainda no regime militar, à revelia das entidades que os representavam, como a Associação dos Professores do Ensino Oficial do Estado de São Paulo (APEOESP) e o Centro do Professorado Paulista (CPP). As fontes escolhidas, os manuais de didática e metodologia do ensino, as revistas pedagógicas e a legislação vigente no período, permitiram conhecer melhor os discursos veiculados, as normas e a obrigatoriedade referentes às práticas e às condutas nas escolas assim como as orientações dadas aos professorandos e depois aos professores sobre como deveria ser realizado o trabalho docente, visando a oferecer a formação considerada adequada aos alunos. Ao longo do exame das fontes consultadas, foi possível perceber que as práticas de moralização eram diversas e a sua justificativa era fundamentada mediante variados discursos, que obedeciam a três eixos principais: psicológico, religioso e cívico. Portanto, as principais evidências indicam que, para que as representações acerca da idéia de moral fossem transformadas em práticas nas escolas, era necessário evocar um discurso legitimado pela idéia de autocontrole, de Deus e de nação. / This work seeks to understand the socio-historical perspective as were configured and deployed practices and representations of moralizing in public school in São Paulo that period comprises the democratization of educational opportunities and that changed the school model that was kept from the Republican era. The term \"morality\" is understood as the moral to be incorporated by individuals. The idea of power about yourself exercised from the interior is especially important for the understanding of practices and representations of moralizing in public school during the period investigated. Besides the diversity in relation to people who moved to the school environment, the social origin of primary teachers has also changed. To govern the people and manage diversity within educational institutions during the expansion of higher education, it was important to take each one to govern itself, which was a necessary element for the existence of the democratization of access to public education. The choice of the year in 1948 as a milestone for the study is due to be the year of initiation of the campaign for defence of public school. This is an important civic movement in the history of Brazilian public school, and which culminated in 1961, with the promulgation of the LDB nº 4.024. The period for this work ends in 1978, when changes in the behaviour of teachers have gained visibility since they joined the strike, even in the military regime, in absentia of the entities that represent, as the Associação dos Professores do Ensino Oficial do Estado de São Paulo (APEOESP) and the Centro do Professorado Paulista (CPP). The fonts you choose, didactic manuals and methodology of teaching, pedagogical magazines and the law of the period, enabled a better understanding of the speeches delivered, the standards and requirements concerning practices and to conduct schools as well as the guidelines given to students and then to teachers about how work should be accomplished teaching to provide training considered \"proper\" students. Throughout the examination of the sources consulted, it was possible to realize that morals were diverse and its justification was given by various speeches, which were the three main axes: psychological, religious and civic. Therefore, the main evidence indicates that for representations about the idea of \"morals\" were transformed into practice in schools, it was necessary to evoke a speech legitimized by the idea of self-governance, God and the nation.

Submitted by Leonardo Maia (leonardocaixeta@fagen.ufu.br) on 2013-08-29T21:23:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LEONARDO_MAIA_TESE_2013.pdf: 1949611 bytes, checksum: b782f0c88afd1bed7571b3c15705dd71 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão (vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2013-08-29T21:32:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LEONARDO_MAIA_TESE_2013.pdf: 1949611 bytes, checksum: b782f0c88afd1bed7571b3c15705dd71 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-30T12:47:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LEONARDO_MAIA_TESE_2013.pdf: 1949611 bytes, checksum: b782f0c88afd1bed7571b3c15705dd71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-07 / In addition to responsibility for administrative functions, production, logistics, finance and marketing organizations in this century, should also provide good practice guidelines to stakeholders. In this sense, managers looking for reducing the uncertainties of the environment in which the company operates by recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of organizational resources and implement practices that provide better performance and organizational competitiveness. Thus, based on the resource-based view (RBV), this thesis analyzed the relationship of environmental practices with operational capabilities, specifically cooperation and continuous improvement, and the influence of these constructs to operational performance. Through these concepts, seven research hypotheses were related, backed in the literature review. It was used a methodological procedure, carried out a survey and quantitative explanatory, through a cross-sectional survey. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire with variables of type nominal and ordinal, on a Likert scale. For the analysis of data, it was used univariate and multivariate statistics, specifically, the factor analysis and multiple linear regression. The target population consisted of companies, like manufacturing, registered in the system of the Federation of Industries of Minas Gerais, specifically of the metal-mechanical, chemical and foodstuff, selected on the basis of innovativeness. The results suggest that there is a positive impact of practices in operational performance, as well as for the training of operational capabilities. The operational capability of cooperation supports to reduce cost and the continuous improvement to gain operational flexibility. The main contributions of the study are: (i) a theoretical model for the manufacturing organizations differentiate and delineate which practices should be developed to achieve competencies, taking into account the social and environmental standards, as well as what are the practices that provide the improved performance, (ii) proof of the additivity assumption, the level of practice, since the routines geared for employees operating practices helped in increasing the explained variance, (iii) the diagnosis made on the need to develop resources for idiosyncratic the evolution of the environmental practices of a level control for prevention and thus it get sustainable competitive advantage. / Adicionalmente à responsabilidade sobre as funções administrativas, de produção, logística, finanças e marketing, as organizações, neste século XXI, também devem apresentar diretrizes de boas práticas aos stakeholders. Nesse sentido, os gestores vislumbram reduzir as incertezas do ambiente em que a empresa está inserida por meio do reconhecimento das forças e fraquezas dos recursos organizacionais e implantar práticas que proporcionem melhoria do desempenho e da competitividade organizacional. Dessa forma, fundamentados na visão baseada em recursos (VBR), esta tese analisou a relação das práticas socioambientais com as competências operacionais, especificamente de cooperação e de melhoria contínua, e a influência desses constructos ante os critérios de desempenho operacional. Mediante esses conceitos, foram relacionadas sete hipóteses de pesquisa, lastreadas na revisão bibliográfica. Como procedimento metodológico, realizou-se uma pesquisa explanatória e quantitativa, por meio de uma survey com corte transversal. O instrumento de pesquisa foi um questionário estruturado com variáveis do tipo nominais e ordinais, em uma escala do tipo Likert. Para a análise e tratamento dos dados, utilizou-se a estatística univariada e multivariada, especificamente, a análise fatorial e a regressão linear múltipla. A população alvo foi constituída de empresas, do tipo manufatureiras, cadastradas no sistema da Federação das Indústrias de Minas Gerais, especificamente dos setores metal-mecânico, alimentício e químicos, escolhidas em função da capacidade de inovação. Os resultados sugerem que existe um impacto positivo das práticas ante os critérios de desempenho, assim como para a formação de competências operacionais. A competência operacional de cooperação suporta a redução de custos e a de melhoria contínua para ganhar flexibilidade operacional. As principais contribuições do estudo são: (i) um modelo teórico para que as organizações de manufatura diferenciem e delineiem quais as práticas devam desenvolver para atingir competências, levando-se em conta os padrões socioambientais, assim como, quais são as práticas que ofereçam o melhor desempenho; (ii) a comprovação do pressuposto de aditividade, ao nível das práticas, pois as rotinas voltadas para os funcionários auxiliaram as práticas operacionais no incremento da variância explicada; (iii) o diagnóstico realizado sobre a necessidade de se desenvolver recursos idiossincráticos para a evolução das práticas ambientais, de um nível de controle, para de prevenção e que, dessa forma, se obtenha a vantagem competitiva sustentável.

The purpose of this study was to identify Core components perceived by faculty to be effective in their prominent graduate entrepreneurship education programs. The study sought to identify the best practices in graduate entrepreneurship education programs from the perceptions of faculty in the field. Research questions guiding the study were: (1) What Core components related to the following Broad question areas are perceived by faculty to be effective in their prominent graduate entrepreneurship education programs: Activities and initiatives; Adult education principles and practices; Alumni and mentoring; Course offerings; Curriculum and degrees; Faculty data; Institutional characteristics; Instructional methods; Student companies; and Student data. (2) What other Core components and/or general observations are identified by faculty in the survey comments? (3) What are faculty perceptions of the popular marketplace publication rankings of graduate entrepreneurship education programs? A survey was distributed via the internet to faculty at 54 prominent graduate entrepreneurship education programs identified by The Princeton Review, US News & World Report, or the AACSB Entrepreneurship Spotlight Challenge. The survey was developed through several phases using panels of individuals with expertise related to this study. The resulting 106 Core components were divided into 10 Broad question areas and were evaluated individually and averaged for each Broad question area. Questions regarding the accuracy of graduate program rankings and student intent were also included, along with demographics, open-ended questions regarding additional Core components, and additional survey comments. The results of the study indicated the most important Core components in the Broad question areas were Alumni and mentoring and Institutional characteristics, while the Curriculum and degrees area was perceived to be much less important to graduate entrepreneurship education effectiveness. The results also indicated that student intent and popular marketplace publications were only moderately accurate in evaluating entrepreneurship education effectiveness. Four top programs dominated the perceptions of faculty as effective programs: Stanford, Babson, MIT, and Harvard. Findings indicated that faculty perceptions differed from other measures of effectiveness of graduate entrepreneurship education programs.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper seeks to know the trends of participatory management to reduce failures at the operational level in production systems in steel mills. To identify trends in participatory management in the metals industries aimed to raise participatory management strategies according to production managers, relate the practices adopted to reduce front of flaws inherent to production processes and analyze the challenges in participatory management strategies placed reduction management of faults in production systems. The study is justified by the possibilities of applying knowledge about the practices of participative management as applicable to process industries and management practices to reduce failures. The methodology for research development will be based on using a quantitative approach procedures and descriptive statistical technique to obtain the form data. After the application form and data analysis we can say that participative management is a challenge for businesses and require strategies that emphasize information, communication, training and development, registration and opening activities to employees in innovative processes and organizational changes. You can see that the trends of participatory management applicable to metals industries studied include improving communication between business processes, supervisors and employees and the definition and use of specific means to do so. Where first, employees need to be informed about what is happening in the company, which existing needs in relation to production and how each individual can participate. The second noticeable aspect is the training and development. There are cases where the expertises already present in teams, but there are also situations such as technological innovation or the adoption of new technologies by enterprises in which there is the need to prepare and guide employees to be taken greater advantage of adopted technologies. Finally, one may need to list the employee's transformation into internal customer to put your self in the place of one who acquires the product manufactured with the purpose of finding out what the customer expects and what improvements can be made in favor this aspect identified. Not always imply improvements in cost, but in good ideas and good will of those who produce. The challenge for these trends is to be perpetuated in the manager and the owner of the companies providing people, when prepared, to participate in the decisions that concern their work processes and possibilities for improvement. / Este trabalho busca conhecer as tendências da gestão participativa para redução de falhas no nível operacional nos sistemas produtivos em indústrias metalúrgicas. Para identificar as tendências da gestão participativa nas indústrias metalúrgicas objetivou-se levantar as estratégias de gestão participativa de acordo com gestores de produção, relacionar as práticas adotadas frente à redução de falhas inerentes aos processos produtivos e analisar os desafios em estratégias de gestão participativa colocada a gestão da redução de falhas nos sistemas produtivos. O estudo justifica-se através das possibilidades de aplicação dos conhecimentos sobre as práticas de gestão participativa como processo aplicável às indústrias nas práticas de gestão e de redução de falhas. A metodologia para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa basear-se-á na utilização de uma abordagem quantitativa, dos procedimentos estatístico e descritivo e da técnica para obtenção de dados do formulário. Após a aplicação do formulário e análise dos dados obtidos é possível afirmar que a gestão participativa é um desafio para as empresas e exigem estratégias que privilegiem a informação, a comunicação, treinamento e desenvolvimento, registro de atividades e abertura aos colaboradores nos processos inovativos e de mudanças organizacionais. É possível observar que as tendências da gestão participativa aplicáveis às indústrias metalúrgicas estudadas abrange a melhoria dos processos de comunicação entre empresa, supervisores e colaboradores e na definição e utilização de meios específicos para isso. Onde primeiramente, os colaboradores precisam ser informados sobre o que acontece na empresa, quais as necessidades existentes em relação à produção e como cada indivíduo pode participar. O segundo aspecto observado é o treinamento e desenvolvimento. Existem casos onde os conhecimentos necessários já estão presentes nas equipes de trabalho, mas também existem situações como as inovações tecnológicas ou a adoção de novas tecnologias por parte das empresas em que há a necessidade de preparar e orientar os colaboradores para que seja tirado maior proveito das tecnologias adotadas. Por último, podese elencar a necessidade de transformação do colaborador em cliente interno a fim de colocarse no lugar de quem adquire o produto fabricado com a finalidade de descobrir o que espera o consumidor e quais as melhorias que podem ser realizadas em prol deste aspecto identificado. Nem sempre as melhorias implicam em custos, mas em boas idéias e boa vontade de quem produz. O grande desafio para que essas tendências se perpetuem está no gestor e no dono das empresas em proporcionar às pessoas, quando preparadas, a participação das decisões que tangem seus processos de trabalho e suas possibilidades de melhoria.

Abstract This dissertation provides a comprehensive picture of IFRS adoption from the perspective of preparers of accounting information in a continental European context. The dissertation examines the differences between IFRS and continental European accounting and analyses whether these differences influence and have implications for accounting and controlling practices and, if so, in what ways. The dissertation, therefore, presents case studies on accounting and controlling practices and develops theoretical explanations for these practices. This dissertation develops theoretical explanations of why and how business becomes involved in accounting (or accounting and business come closer to each other) and identifies different ways in which business becomes involved in accounting. Moreover, the dissertation provides insights into the implications of business involvements for accounting and control practices at three different levels, i.e. organisation, accounting function and individual accountants. In more general terms, this dissertation provides evidence of how financial accounting becomes more horizontal and has implications for both accounting and control practices. On the one hand, the dissertation examines management across two worlds, i.e. accounting and business, and focuses on the role of boundary objects used to mediate different worlds. On the other hand, the dissertation highlights learning at the boundaries and shows how boundary crossing was used as a strategy to fulfil the requirements of financial and corporate reporting. Finally, the dissertation argues that, rather than describing financial accounting and corporate reporting purely as a vertical process, we should pay attention to the lateral processing of information as required by the standards as well as the needs of management. / Tiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja tarjoaa laajan kokonaiskuvan IFRS-standardiston käyttöönottoon tilinpäätösinformaation laatijan näkökulmasta. Tutkimus tarkastelee käyttöönottoa ja laatijan näkökulmaa erityisesti mannereurooppalaisessa kontekstissa. Tutkimus analysoi niin kutsutun mannereurooppalaisen normiston ja IFRS-standardiston välisiä eroja sekä näiden seuraamuksia laskenta- ja kontrollikäytäntöihin. Tutkimus tarjoaa tapaustutkimuksia laskenta- ja kontrollikäytännöistä sekä löytää ja kehittää teoreettisia selityksiä näille käytännöille. Tutkimus löytää teoreettisen selityksen sille, miksi ja miten liiketoiminta on läsnä raportoitavan informaation laatimisessa tai miksi liiketoiminnan johtaminen ja raportoitavan informaation laatiminen lähenevät toisiaan. Lisäksi tutkimus identifioi eri tapoja sille, miten liiketoiminta on läsnä informaation laatimisessa. Tutkimus tarjoaa tietoa liiketoiminnan läsnäolon seuraamuksista laskenta- ja kontrollikäytäntöihin kolmella eri tasolla: yrityksen, taloushallinnon funktion sekä taloushallinnon henkilöstön tasolla. Tämä väitöskirja osoittaa, miten tilinpäätösraportointi tulee IFRS-standardiston käyttöönoton myötä horisontaalisemmaksi ja miten tällä on seuraamuksia laskenta- ja kontrollikäytäntöihin. Tutkimus analysoi kahden maailman, ts. laskennan ja liiketoiminnan, välistä johtamista ja keskittyy rajaobjektien roolien tarkastelemiseen. Lisäksi tutkimus korostaa rajavyöhykkeellä tapahtuvaa oppimista ja osoittaa, kuinka rajanylitystä käytetään täyttämään sekä tilinpäätösraportoinnin että yhtiöiden sisäisten raportointien tarpeet. Tämä tutkimus osoittaa, että tilinpäätösraportoinnin ja yhtiötason raportoinnin horisontaalisiin piirteisiin tulisi kiinnittää huomiota sen sijaan, että ne kuvattaisiin puhtaasti vertikaalisina prosesseina. Tutkimus osoittaa, että sekä tilinpäätösstandardit että yhtiön johdon tarpeet vaativat raportoinnilta lateraalisia prosesseja.

This investigation focused on educators’ understanding of Outcomes-based Education (OBE) and the impact it has had on their classroom assessment practices. As assessment practices may not be separated from instructional practices, educators’ opinions were probed on their classroom practices in general (i.e. instructional and assessment practices). Educators are the major role players towards successful implementation of OBE; as such their understanding of OBE is important. It has been about nine (9) years since OBE was phased in, in the South African Education system. Educators have undergone in-service training through workshops in order to implement OBE in their classroom practices. In the early stages of implementing OBE, many educators did not understand what was expected of them in an OBE classroom. Most of them continued to follow direct instruction as the only method in their instructional practices. They were resistant to changes. One of the reasons why they resisted changes is that they had little understanding of OBE. This investigation was meant to determine whether there has been development and improvement on educators’ understanding of OBE. The following qualitative research methods were followed in this investigation: semi-structured interviews, observations and document analysis. A general overview of OBE was given in order to help me to develop criteria on which I could judge educators’ opinions regarding their understanding of OBE during interviews, observations and document analysis. The results in this investigation show that educators still have little understanding of OBE premises and principles. They do not accommodate OBE premises and principles in their classroom practices. Educators’ understanding of OBE must be improved so that they can implement OBE effectively in the classroom. / Dissertation (Magister Educationis (Assessment and Quality Assurance)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Curriculum Studies / unrestricted

La cacaoculture est aujourd'hui considérée comme un des principaux facteurs de déforestation en milieu tropical. Dans de nombreux pays, elle repose en effet sur un modèle technique peu durable de monoculture intensive impliquant le déplacement des zones de production. Souvent délaissés par la recherche en raison de leurs faibles rendements en cacao marchand, les systèmes agroforestiers à base de cacaoyer apparaissent aujourd'hui comme une alternative crédible pour faire face aux nouveaux enjeux de la cacaoculture mondiale. Au Centre-Sud du Cameroun, la cacaoculture repose en grande partie sur des cacaoyères agroforestières anciennes, ce qui pose l'hypothèse qu'un modèle de cacaoculture durable basé sur des systèmes de culture agroforestiers est possible. Notre objectif est de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de ces systèmes agroforestiers à base de cacaoyer, à travers leurs caractéristiques, leurs évolutions et leurs déterminants, ainsi que les conditions de leur production en cacao marchand sur le long terme. Notre démarche articule à la fois une évaluation des systèmes agroforestiers complexes à l'échelle de la parcelle et une analyse compréhensive des pratiques techniques sur le temps long. La thèse repose sur un dispositif de recherche mis en place dans la région du Centre, dans trois zones de culture différenciables par leurs conditions pédo-climatiques (Bokito, Zima et Ngomedzap). Une enquête d'agriculteurs a été réalisée à grande échelle (1 171 exploitations regroupant 1 638 cacaoyères), complétée par des observations spécifiques réalisées dans un réseau de 61 cacaoyères exploitées par 40 agriculteurs. Résultats. (1) Nos résultats d'enquête, complétés par des observations spécifiques, ont confirmé la durabilité des systèmes agroforestiers à base de cacaoyer aux plans agro-écologique et socio-économique. (2) Dans la zone de transition forêt-savane, considérée comme sub-optimale pour la cacaoculture, nous avons montré que le modèle technique adopté par les agriculteurs leur permet d'installer sur savane des cacaoyères viables sur le long terme. (3) Une méthode participative de quantification de la valeur d'usage des espèces par les agriculteurs, appliquée sur le réseau d'observation, a confirmé la multifonctionnalité des systèmes agroforestiers et mesuré la place qu'y occupe la composante cacaoyère. (4) L'évaluation des peuplements cacaoyers, réalisée en adaptant la méthode de diagnostic agronomique régional aux systèmes complexes, a permis d'identifier les facteurs limitant le rendement en cacao marchand. Celui-ci s'avère étroitement lié à la structure des peuplements cacaoyers et à celle des peuplements associés. (5) Enfin, l'analyse compréhensive des pratiques des agriculteurs sur le long terme, en lien avec l'évolution technique des peuplements cacaoyers a confirmé la flexibilité des systèmes agroforestiers à base de cacaoyer. Cette flexibilité peut être traduite par des trajectoires d'évolution des pratiques et des trajectoires de structures spécifiques. Ce travail fournit une nouvelle base méthodologique pour l'analyse et l'évaluation des systèmes agroforestiers complexes. L'ensemble des résultats et des connaissances produites dans ce travail permet de formuler des propositions pour la mise au point d'un nouveau modèle technique en cacaoculture. / Cocoa cultivation is generally considered as one of the main deforestation factors in the Tropics. Indeed, in many countries it is based on a low-sustainability technical model of intensive monocrops with shifting production zones. Cocoa agroforests, which are often neglected by research due to their low fermented dried cocoa yields, now appear to be a credible alternative for taking up the new challenges facing world cocoa production. In Centre-South Cameroon, cocoa cultivation is largely based on old cocoa agroforests, which suggests that a sustainable cocoa growing model based on agroforestry systems is possible. Our aim was to more effectively understand how these cocoa agroforests function, through their characteristics, their evolution and their determinants, along with the conditions for their long-term fermented dried cocoa production. Our approach consisted of an evaluation of cocoa agroforests on a plot scale and a comprehensive analysis of technical practices over the long term. The thesis is based on an experimental design set up in the Centre region, in three growing zones that could be differentiated through their pedo climatic conditions (Bokito, Zima and Ngomedzap). A large-scale survey was undertaken (1,171 farms grouping 1,638 cocoa plantations) completed by specific observations collected in a network of 61 cocoa agroforests managed by 40 farmers. Results. (1) Our survey results, completed by specific observations, confirmed the sustainability of the cocoa agroforestry systems from an agro ecological and socio-economic viewpoint. (2) In the forest-savannah transition zone, which is considered sub-optimum for cocoa cultivation, we confirmed that the technical model adopted by the farmers enabled them to set up cocoa agroforests on savannah that were viable over the long term. (3) In the network, a participatory method applied to quantify the use value given to the species by the farmers confirmed the multi-functionality of cocoa agroforests and measured the place occupied in it by cocoa. (4) The evaluation of the cocoa tree stands, achieved by adapting the regional agronomic diagnosis method to complex systems, revealed the factors limiting cocoa yield. It was proved that cocoa yield is closely linked to the structure of the cocoa tree stand and that of the intercropped stands. (5) Lastly, a comprehensive analysis of farmer practices over the long term, in association with the evolution of the technical management of the cocoa tree stands, confirmed the flexibility of cocoa agroforestry systems. This flexibility was reflected in the evolution pathways for specific practices and structures. This work provides a new methodological basis to assess the performance of complex agroforestry systems. All the results and knowledge produced by this work make it possible to draw up proposals for developing a new technical model for cocoa growing.