Background Clinical usable assessment methods to quantify mobility, balance, stability and postural control functions together in a full kinetic chain movement are sparse. Normative data of such dynamic functions in different group of athletes are  still lacking and therefore the relationship between dynamic functional mobility and overuse injuries are also unknown. The prevalence of overuse injuries among adolescent athletes are continuously high and team gymnastic is one example of a sport with multiple and underestimated overuse injuries.   Aim The first aim of study was to establish normative data of dynamic functional mobility in a group of elite team gymnasts. The second aim was to investigate ongoing overuse injuries and evaluate associations between ongoing overuse injuries and dynamic functional mobility in the group.   Method A descriptive cross sectional study including 31 female elite team gymnasts 16-19 years old were conducted. “The hand reach star excursion balance test” (HSEBT) was used to measure dynamic functional mobility in 20 different movement patterns. The "Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire"(OSTRC) was used to record and analyse severity of ongoing overuse injuries in the group. Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the scoring in the HSEBT- tests and scoring on the OSTRC.   Results A majority of the participants presented with scores near the maximum values on the HSEBT. Further,  97% of the subjects had an ongoing overuse injury. Severe injuries, affecting participation in sport were present in 67%. Correlations was found between prevalence of severe injury in the lower back and lower scoring on the right leg in a rotational movement pattern (r= -0,42) whereas prevalence of severe injury in the hip was associated with extreme high mobility in a sidebending pattern in both legs (r= 0,50, 0,49). There was also a relationship between individuals with multiple severe overuse injuries and dynamic functional mobility in an extended movement pattern of the left leg (r= -0,36, -0,38).   Conclusion Normative data of dynamic functional mobility according to the HSEBT can provide clinicians with reference points to compare elite female team gymnasts. There was an indication of association between limited mobility in some of the included tests and prevalence of overuse injuries in the lower back and hip. This study included a small sample and therefore conclusions have to be interpreted carefully.

Background: Healthcare workers are most at risk and most vulnerable toworkplace violence (WPV) when compared to other professions. Despite highrates of exposure to violence, it is highly underreported.Aim: To identify the prevalence rate of WPV and the existing demographicrelationship to WPV in the healthcare sector. To check for risk factors and healthimplications of this type of WPV on victims. Also, this research work intends tohighlight the proposed strategies and interventions that can be used to mitigateagainst this type of WPV.Methods: To achieve this aim, a literature review methodology was employed.The Malmö university library and google scholar search engines were utilizedwith several inclusion criteria to arrive at a total of 24 articles for this review.Results: Prevalence rate for WPV is high with the prevalence for non-physicalviolence being higher than physical violence. Age and years of experienceshowed a significant relationship with being a victim of WPV while gender didnot provide a conclusive result. There were few cases of physical injuries but ahigh percentage of victims of nonphysical violence suffered from psychologicaltrauma such as fear, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder - PTSD, andanxiety. Prevention strategies and interventions have been recommended byvictims and researchers of WPV.Conclusion: WPV is an existing phenomenon with adverse effects which reducethe quality of lives and services of workers. There is need for effective preventivemethods to reduce WPV such as the implementation of zero-tolerance policy toWPV, the presence of police officers in at-risk health care facilities andinvolvement of victims in the development of prevention strategies.

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / Substance use and abuse has been a persistent challenge facing many communities around the world. In more recent times there has been particular focus on the gradual, yet alarming increase in the use and/or abuse of substance use among the students who are currently enrolled in institutions of higher learning. On the strength of such findings, relevant stakeholders and policy makers have since demarcated university students as being one of the most high-risk groups within a society when it comes to substance use and abuse. While substantial research has been done on the issue of alcohol use among adolescents on both a local and global scale, very little is known about the prevalence of substance use among university students in South Africa.

付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23093号 / 医博第4720号 / 新制||医||1050(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 古川 壽亮, 教授 今中 雄一, 教授 近藤 尚己 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Introduktion: Fotisättningstyper (FST) vid löpning är associerat med prestation och löprelaterade skador. Tidigare studier har undersökt prevalensen av olika FST hos amerikanska och asiatiska löpare, men däremot inte hos svenska löpare. Syfte: Att undersöka och jämföra prevalensen av olika FST (RFS = hälisättning; MFS = mittfotisättning; FFS = framfotaisättning) hos svenska löpare mellan olika löptävlingar, distanser och med avseende på prestation. Metod: Fotisättningar spelades in i 100 bilder per sekund (fps), vid tre olika platser för både Stockholm maraton (1.2, 25, 42 km) och Göteborgs halv-maraton (7.5, 15, 20 km), baserat på 2071 personer per mätpunkt. FST bedömdes genom en frame-by-frame analys. Resultat: 12’426 observationer av fotisättningar analyserades. Den totala prevalensen av FST var 92.3% (n=11’465), 4.5% (n=559), och 3.2% (n=402), för RFS, MFS, respektive FFS, och skiljde sig mellan maraton och halv-maraton (p < .001, φc = 0.069), där det förekom högre andel RFS i det sistnämnda. FST var associerat med distans, där MFS och FFS var mer vanligt förekommande på kortare distanser jämfört med RFS (p < .001, df = 2; H = 71.524). Stratifierade analyser baserade på löptävling visade att associationen mellan FST och distans inom respektive lopp försvann för halv-maratontävlingen, men kvarstod för maratontävlingen. Slutligen så var FST associerat med prestation (p < .001, df = 2, H = 65.419) och denna kvarstod för både halv-maraton (p < .001) och maratontävlingen (p < .001) efter stratifierade analyser baserat på löptävling. Konklusion: Resultaten överenstämmer med tidigare studier på området av andra grupper löpare, och stödjer tidigare fynd att RFS är den vanligaste förekommande FST, och att FST är associerat med distans och prestation, vid hel- och halvmaraton. / Foot strike type (FST) is associated with performance and running-related injuries. Previous studies have examined the prevalence proportion of FST among predominantly American and Asian cohorts. However, no study has investigated this among a predominantly Swedish cohort. Aim: To examine and compare the prevalence proportions of FST between running races, distance and performance, among a predominantly Swedish cohort of runners. Method: FST was recorded in 100 frames per second (fps), at three different points of measure for both the Stockholm Marathon (1.2, 25, 42 km) and the Gothenburg Half-Marathon (7.5, 15, 20 km), based on 2071 individuals per point of measure. FST was assessed using frame-by-frame analysis. Results: 12’426 observations of FST were analyzed. The overall prevalence proportions of FST was 92.3% (n=11’465), 4.5% (n=559), and 3.2% (n=402), for RFS, MFS, and FFS respectively, and differed between the half-marathon and marathon (p < .001, φc = 0.069), with the latter having higher proportion of RFS. FST was associated with distance, with MFS and FFS being more common at shorter distances compared with RFS (p < .001, df = 2; H = 71.524). Stratifying the data by race type revealed that the association between FST and distance within the races disappeared within the half-marathon race, but remained for the marathon. Lastly, FST was associated with performance (p < .001), and this association remained for both the half-marathon (p < .001) and marathon (p < .001) after stratifying by race type. Conclusion: The results are consistent with previous studies on other populations, and add to the body of literature showing that RFS is the most common FST, and that FST is associated with distance and performance, for full- and half-marathon races.

Introduction: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tooth decay has a prevalence of 60-90 % worldwide. It is a disease of multifactorial origin and deteriorates the quality of life of human beings. In addition to its four etiologic factors, risk factors that boost the risk of the individual to the disease. Objectives: To determine the association of the presence of dental caries risk factors in children 6 years to 11 years 11 months seen at the Teaching Hospital of the Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas. Materials and Methods: The study design is observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective. The sample was random and consisted of 382 children between 6 years to 11 years 11 months seen in the period March 2011 to February 2013 at the Teaching Hospital of the UPC. For measurement of dental caries and the Oral Hygiene Index (IHO), odontogram and simplified soft debris index was used respectively. Other variables (gender, age, use of extrinsic sugars, complaint, presence and frequency of toothbrushing) were obtained through medical records found in the data base SMILE. Statistical analysis was used the chi -square test. Results: The prevalence of caries of 82.14 % and a statistically significant association in the relationship of this disease with oral hygiene index was found. Also, no associations between the presence of cavities with variables gender, age, extrinsic sugars intake, complaint, presence and frequency of toothbrushing were found. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of dental caries as various studies and will refer only statistically significant association was found with a variable (IHO). Is recommended for these various studies can be compared. / Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la caries dental tiene una prevalencia del 60-90% a nivel mundial. Es una enfermedad de origen multifactorial y deteriora la calidad de vida del ser humano. Tiene cuatro componentes etiológicos y factores de riesgo que potencian el riesgo del individuo a tenerla. Objetivos: Determinar la asociación de la presencia de caries dental con sus factores de riesgo en niños de 6 años a 11 años 11 meses atendidos en la Clínica Docente de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC). Materiales y Métodos: El diseño del estudio fue de observacional, descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo. La muestra fue aleatoria y estuvo constituida por 382 niños entre los 6 años hasta los 11 años 11 meses atendidos en el periodo de Marzo del 2011 a Febrero del 2013 en la UPC. Para la medición de caries dental e índice de higiene oral (IHO) se utilizó el odontograma y el índice simplificado de Greene y Vermillion respectivamente. Las demás variables (género, edad, golpes de azúcar, motivo de consulta, presencia y frecuencia de cepillado dental) fueron obtenidas a través de las historias clínicas provenientes de la base de datos SMILE. Para el análisis estadístico fue utilizada la prueba de Chi-cuadrado. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de caries del 82.14% y una asociación estadísticamente significativa en la relación de esta enfermedad con el índice de higiene oral. Asimismo, no se hallaron asociaciones entre la presencia de caries con las variables género, edad, golpes de azúcar, motivo de consulta, presencia y frecuencia de cepillado dental. Conclusiones: Existe una alta prevalencia de caries tal como lo refieren diversos estudios y una asociación estadísticamente significativa con una variable (IHO). Se recomienda realizar diversos estudios para que estos puedan ser comparados. / Tesis

BACKGROUND: There are limited studies that have explored smoking predictors among Ugandan adolescents over time. This study investigated factors influencing smoking among Ugandan adolescents between 2007 and 2011. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using secondary data from 2007 and 2011 Ugandan Global Youth Tobacco Surveys (n=7,505). Data analysis included chi-square and multivariate logistic regression. The level of statistical significance was set at p< 0.05. RESULTS: Of the participants, 49.9% (n=3,746) were smokers. Over time, there was a reduction in the prevalence of smoking among boys (10.8% vs. 6.1%; p=0.01), but not among girls (5.0% vs. 4.8%; p=0.48). After controlling for potential confounders, having both parents smoking (OR=7.52; 95%CI: 1.23-45.91), close friends smoking (OR= 6.59, 95%CI: 3.70-11.74) and exposure to second-hand smoke at home (OR= 3.69, 95%CI: 2.0-6.74) were associated with increased odds of smoking among all Ugandan adolescents. CONCLUSION: Given the observed gender differences in smoking trends, it is recommended that more attention be given to motivating adolescent girls not to take up smoking or, for those who have already started smoking, to quit. Furthermore, in addition to greater enforcement of the ban in public smoking, there is a need for public education to promote the voluntary adoption of smoke-free homes. / Dissertation (MPH)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH) / MPH / Unrestricted

MPH / Department of Public Health / See the attached abstract below

MSc (Microbiology) / Department of Microbiology / Introduction: Intestinal infections caused by soil transmitted helminth and diarhoegenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) are a major threat to the health and socio-economic wellbeing of children in developing countries. Soil-transmitted helminthes (STH), Ascaris lumbricoides (A. lumbricoides), Trichuris tricuria (T. trichuris ), Hookworms and diarhogenic E coli are transmitted through the faecal-oral route and enter the body through the ingestion of eggs (STH) or E. coli pathogens following contact with contaminated hands, food, soil or the deliberate act of eating contaminated soil. Aim: This study aim to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection and diarhoegenic E. coli on the hands of school children in the Vhembe district of South Africa. Methods: The study was conducted among school children aged 5 to15 years, attending grades 0(R) to 8 at the primary and secondary school levels in the Vhembe district region of the Limpopo province. A total of 358 hand washing samples was collected from the hands of school children using hand anionic (7X 1% quadrafos, glycol ether and dioctyl sulfoccinate sodium salt) soap solution. The Microscopic McMaster slide technique was used for the identification of intestinal parasitic eggs and the Colilert Quanti-Tray®/2000 technique was used for the enumeration of E. coli. A standardised Multiplex PCR protocol was utilized to characterize the positive pathogenic E. coli strains obtained from the Colilert Quanti-Tray®/2000. A structural questionnaire was used to associate the positive results with selected socio-demographic variables. The raw data was organized and analysed by the use of SPSS version 24 software. Results: A prevalence of 2.6% intestinal parasite was found among the study population with hookworm and Enterobius vermicularis having detection rate of 0.6% and 2.0% respectively. However there were no Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura detected in the study population. A prevalence of 13.4% of the samples was positive for E. coli and 4.7% were identified as pathogenic E. coli strains: Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC), Atypical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), Typical Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli (TPEC) and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) distributed with prevalence percentage of 2%, 0.3%, 1.1% and 0.3% respectively. The study also revealed a significant association between hand child hygiene with the prevalence of E. coli. Conclusion: Environmental sanitation conditions like type of toilets and lack of safe drinking water is closely associated with the prevalence of E. coli among the school going children. / NRF

Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm / Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a condition that affects pregnant women and is one of the most common complications related to pregnancy. According to the World health organisation (WHO), the usual window for diagnosing GDM is between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation and the primary aim of diagnosing gestational diabetes is to identify women and infants at risk of short- or longer-term adverse outcomes. Recent results from the hyperglycaemia and adverse pregnancy outcome (HAPO) study have suggested that even mild levels of hyperglycaemia can have adverse effects on foetal outcomes but there are uncertainties about the prevalence of these outcomes in GDM diagnosed according to the latest WHO 2013 guideline and/or IADPSG 2010 criteria in diverse populations. GDM prevalence has been studied by different researchers, but the prevalence of adverse foetal outcomes in GDM diagnosed based on the latest WHO 2013 guideline and/or IADPSG 2010 criteria have not yet been explored except for the data published by the HAPO study. Due to the lack of sufficient knowledge on foetal outcomes in GDM, this study was conducted to review the evidence on the prevalence of adverse foetal outcomes in GDM diagnosed according to WHO 2013 guideline and/or the IADPSG 2010 criteria. Different databases including PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar and CINAHL as well as bibliographic citations were searched using a well-formulated search strategy to find the relevant observational studies (prospective/retrospective cohort and case-control) using explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria. The following search terms were used, “gestational diabetes”, “pregnancy”, “adverse fetal outcomes” and “adverse foetal outcomes”. The findings of this study were reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the obtained data analysed using MetaXL ® version 5.3. This review was registered online on PROSPERO, the International prospective register of systematic reviews (registration number: CRD42020155061). Fifteen studies with 88,831 pregnant women (range: 83-25,543 participants) from 12 countries around the world were identified, with a wide variation in the prevalence of foetal outcomes in GDM using the stipulated criteria. These studies were unevenly distributed geographically as six of them were conducted in Asia, four in Europe, four in North America, one in Australia and none in Africa, Antarctica and South America. A meta-analysis found that the overall prevalence of foetal outcomes ranged from 1% (perinatal mortality) to 11% ( large for gestational age). The finding is limited due to the paucity of data on the prevalence of foetal outcomes in GDM. However, more studies using these criteria in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs) are needed by health care providers, to inform practice and allocate resources for control of GDM and its adverse foetal outcomes in diverse settings and ethnic groups, especially in LMICs.