The dissertation examines African American Freemasons throughout the South during the Jim Crow era. The secret nature of Prince Hall Affiliated Freemasonry (PHA) has hidden the contribution and activism of the organization and its members. I argue the organization is part of a web of networks that fought for civil and human rights for African Americans. Through PHA, members are cultivated into leaders, activists, businessmen; over the years, the members have created an initiatic identity that connected them to the African American community and humanity. The significance of my study is that I analyze PHA through a womanist lens and argue the organization has a diarchal gender relationship that allows women and men to take on leadership and activist roles that differed from the normative gender relationship of their time.

The aim of this study was to investigate sexual activity as well as contraceptive knowledge and use among termination of pregnancy (TOP) clients at Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital’s TOP clinic in the province of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). This was a non-experimental quantitative study in the form of a cross sectional study. Self-administered questionnaires were used for collecting data from 61 respondents selected non-randomly. The majority of the respondents were single young women between 18 and 27 years of age. Sexual intercourse frequency was mostly once a month (91.8%). Most were unemployed and dependent on government grants and had heard of both contraception in general and emergency contraception. Only 44 (78.6%) had used contraceptives before and the most frequently used method of contraception was the injection (36.6%). Despite the respondents having heard of contraception, the median score of the knowledge of contraception was only 16%. The distribution of knowledge was very wide, but on the whole the level of knowledge of contraception was very low / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

目前學界對於西塞羅與馬基維利兩者關係的看法有所不一，所爭論的是馬基維利是衝突或是延續著共和主義人文傳統，本文則嘗試論證西塞羅和馬基維利之間並非僅是傳統上的大相逕庭，而是兩者分別在當時所處環境中就各別看重的問題上，找到最好的解決辦法，在最終考量上皆以表現出國家利益為考量的傾向。西塞羅的關懷以高尚性意圖出發，藉由智慧明白事物真理，藉由正義保障人的生存，利用例外原則進而維持國家；馬基維利認為為了國家利益的目的，統治者應審慎明智的在必要時刻做出必要抉擇，利用具有美德樣貌的能力行事，那些能夠明白統治者難處的人，都能明白其目的的良善以寬宥其手段。然而，要注意到馬基維利的寬宥想法，有著看不到真正結果與國家利益是經常變動的兩個盲點。此外，即便兩者重視國家利益的態度可以如此相近，但西塞羅認為高尚性是國家利益的根本，而馬基維利並不如此。最後，本文整理出兩者可以從思想與時勢立場互相置換，進而指出：充分的理解尊重以達到對話的可能。進而不論是冀求理念融合或尊重其並立，行動與意圖都需要切中要義的把握合宜或時勢。或在規範之中尋找例外，或在極端之中遵循規範，權宜變通勢必成為不可忽略的方式之一。 / There are many arguments about the relation between Cicero and Machiavelli in academic circles. One of them argues that the thoughts of Machiavelli might conflict to republicanism and humanistic traditions. This article is trying to demonstrate another angle that Machiavelli is not merely different from Cicero and traditions, but similar to the purpose which is they are finding the seemliest way respectively at the specific circumstance in their time. Cicero is concerning the honourableness which is realizing the truth by wisdom, ensuring lives of men by justice, and using exceptions of principles in order to maintain the republic. Machiavelli thinks the ruler should make necessary decisions by prudence and use the abilities with virtue like at necessary time to maintain the existence of the state. And those people who know the dilemma of the ruler will know his great ends and excuse whatever means. However, the thought of excuse has two flaws. One is the real end cannot be seen, and another is the benefit of republic often changed. Yet, even though Cicero and Machiavelli are so close to each other because they are placing a high value on the benefit of republic, the former who argue the base of republican benefit is honourableness, not for the later. In the end, this article is trying to put each of them under the opposite thought and circumstances for making a conversation with sufficient respect and realization possible. No matter it is intermingling or separating both ideas, the actions and intentions must be appropriate to seemliness and circumstances. And no matter it is searching exceptions in norms or norms in extremes, the seemly ways for specific circumstances is absolutely necessary.

The Black Prince Limestone of southeastern Arizona has been assigned to the Morrowan on the basis of several long-ranging fossils. Since these were not especially diagnostic, the exact time represented by the Black Prince within the Morrowan was uncertain. To date the Black Prince more precisely, six sections were systematically sampled for conodonts. The condonts found, especially Neognathodus bassleri, Rachistognathus muricatus, Idiognathoides convexus, and Spathoqnathodus coloradoensis, indicate a middle Morrowan to early Derryan age for the Black Prince in the study area. Four conodont zones can be recognized: the Neognathodus bassleri Zone, the Idiognathodus sinuosis.- Streptognathodus anteeccentricus Zone , the Idiognathoides convexus Zone, and the Spathognathodus coloradoensis-Neognathodus columbiensis Zone. These zones compare favorably with the zonation previously established in the type Morrowan. This biostratigraphic evidence suggests that the hiatus between the Black Prince and Horquilla Limestones increases in magnitude from southeastern to south-central Arizona. The Black Prince represents a sequence of tidal flat and shallow subtidal carbonate deposits. Mudstones and sparsely fossiliferous wackestones with low fossil diversity and abundance characterize the tidal-flat facies. Grainstones, packstones, and fossiliferous wackestones with high fossil diversity and abundance characterize the shallow subtidal facies.

In this thesis the author analyses the changes in the view of the British Royal Family in general public during the 20th century. Given the extensiveness of the topic, the author focuses on two crisis situations - so called "Simpson Affair" - the abdication of King Edward VIII in 1936 and his relationship with divorced American Wallis Simpson, and so called "Annus Horribilis" - the divorce of the successor to the throne prince Charles and princess Diana Spencer. The author analyses changes in perception of the role of British Royal Family in life of British nation and its role within British general public. Author works with unpublished sources (mainly from the archive materials gathered from the sources of the Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic and the National Archives in London - Kew, with published sources and extensive specialized literature mostly from British provenience. Keywords Great Britain, Monarchy, Royal Family, Edward VIII, Wallis Simpson, Elizabeth II, Prince Charles, Diana Spencer, General Public

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:40:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Jordani Barbosa.pdf: 1136816 bytes, checksum: 5597799f6e5b8ecbc1c9110deee31434 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-29 / Introduction: Resilience is a human potential, present in individuals in all cultures and in all times, it is part of an evolutionary process and can be promoted since the birth. Studies about resilience aim the comprehension of how children, teen-agers and adults are capable of surviving and overcome obstacles, despite living in poverty, domestic violence and other risky situations. In modern society changes are increasingly fast and deep, requiring constant efforts of adaptation and, therefore, making resilience a challenge of this new age. The current paper is relevant to psychology professional because intends to translate and validate a scale of resilience for children and teenagers, given that there are still no instrument validated specifically for these populations. Objective: Translate, adapt and validate to the Portuguese language and the Brazilian population the original version of the Resiliency Scales for Children & Adolescents (RSCA), by Sandra Prince-Embury (2007). Method: The assumptions of Hambleton e Patsula (1999) were utilized for the translation and trans-cultural adaptation of the scale. Data gathering for the research was made in three schools (two public and one private) located in different communities in the city of Sao Paulo The sample size was 1226 children and teen-agers from 9 to 18 year old, 51% of those female. Outcomes: In order to verify the factors that compound the sub-scales CO, CR e RA, the author used factorial analysis for principal components and Varimax rotation. Factorial charges equal or greater than 0.3 were assumed and the adequacy of factorial analysis was verified according to KMO coefficient and Bartlett sphere test. Alpha Cronbach scores found in the Brazilian version (CO = 0.83, CR = 0.90 e RA = 0.87) were considered satisfactory compared to the results related by Prince- Embury (2007), indicating good internal consistent of the tool. The alpha coefficients were considered relevantly lower that the original ones in only three factors (adaptability, comfort and tolerance). Several concepts defined in this paper are theoretically related to themselves, reason why the formation of some factors shows that the items are ambiguous. This ambiguity was reflected in the factorial analysis. The factors that showed this relation were: optimism and self-efficacy (CO scale); trust and support (CR scale) / Introdução: A resiliência é um potencial humano, presente nos indivíduos em todas as culturas e em todos os tempos, é parte de um processo evolutivo e pode ser promovida desde o nascimento. Os estudos sobre resiliência procuram compreender como crianças, adolescentes e adultos são capazes de sobreviver e superar adversidades, apesar de viverem em condições de pobreza, violência familiar, ou em diversas outras situações de risco. Na sociedade moderna as mudanças estão cada vez mais rápidas e profundas, exigindo constantes esforços de adaptação e, portanto tornando a resiliência um desafio dessa nova era. O presente trabalho tem relevância para os profissionais de Psicologia, pois pretende traduzir e validar uma escala de resiliência para crianças e adolescentes, visto que ainda não existe instrumento validado especificamente para essa população. Objetivo: Traduzir, adaptar e validar para a língua portuguesa e para a população brasileira a versão original da escala Resiliency Scales for Children & Adolescents (RSCA) de Sandra Prince-Embury (2007). Método: Para a tradução e a adaptação transcultural da escala foram utilizadas as diretrizes propostas por Hambleton e Patsula (1999). A coleta de dados da pesquisa foi feita em três escolas situadas em diferentes distritos da cidade de São Paulo, duas da rede pública de ensino e uma particular. A amostra foi composta por 1226 crianças e adolescentes de 9 a 18 anos, sendo que 51% pertenciam ao sexo feminino. Resultados: Para verificar os fatores que compõem as subescalas CO, CR e RA, utilizou-se a análise fatorial por componentes principais e rotação varimax. Admitiu-se cargas fatoriais iguais ou maiores que 0,30 e a aplicabilidade da análise fatorial foi julgada de acordo com o coeficiente KMO e teste de esfericidade de Bartlett. Os escores de Alpha de Cronbach encontrados nas escalas (CO = 0.83, CR = 0.90 e RA = 0.87) na versão brasileira se mostraram satisfatórios em relação ao que foi relatado por Prince-Embury (2007), indicando boa consistência interna do instrumento. Apenas em três fatores (adaptabilidade, conforto e tolerância) os coeficientes alpha encontrados foram consideravelmente mais baixos do que os do original. Vários dos conceitos definidos neste estudo estão teoricamente relacionados entre si, razão pela qual a formação de alguns fatores mostra que os itens estão ambíguos, e esta ambiguidade conceitual refletiu na análise fatorial. Os fatores que demonstraram esta relação foram: na escala CO: otimismo e auto-eficácia; na escala CR: confiança e apoio

Fifteen bone tool assemblages from shell midden sites were compared. Three of these are unpublished sites from Prince Rupert Harbor. They were grouped using cluster analysis. Inter and intragroup variation in bone tool assemblage structure was analyzed. One of the objectives of this study was to generate hypotheses about the function of the unpublished sites by comparing their bone tool assemblages with those from sites which are better understood by looking for underlying patterns in the bone tool assemblages. Other objectives were to test the utility of using bone tool assemblages as a diagnostic tool in analyzing sites and to test the utility of the cluster analysis procedure with this data set. Hypotheses were developed identifying possible site usage at the three Prince Rupert Harbor sites, Boardwalk (GbTo-31), Garden Island (GbTo-23), and Grassy Bay (GbTn-1). Bone tool assemblages were shown to be a useful aid in site analysis and cluster analysis was quite useful in identifying existing patterns in these data.

The pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba) population in Prince William Sound has failed to recover from declines that occurred both before and after the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS). Post-spill studies of pigeon guillemot breeding biology have identified three potential factors limiting recovery: (1) predation on eggs and nestlings; (2) declines in the proportion of high-lipid, schooling forage fish (sand lance [Ammodytes hexapterus], herring [Clupea pallasi], and capelin [Mallotus villosus]) in the diet; and (3) continued exposure to residual oil from the spill. This laboratory study with captive-reared pigeon guillemots at the Alaska SeaLife Center investigated two aspects of the species' biology that are relevant to restoration in the aftermath of EVOS. First, we investigated the role of dietary factors (prey type, quantity of food consumed, dietary fat content, and energy intake rate) in limiting the growth, development, survival, and fledging condition of nestling pigeon guillemots. The objective was to understand how changes in prey availability and prey quality might affect pigeon guillemot productivity. Second, we fed nestlings sublethal doses of weathered Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) and then measured several potential biomarkers of effects from this pollutant. These dose-response experiments were designed to (1) better understand the impact on nestling guillemots of petroleum hydrocarbons in food, (2) calibrate existing and potential biomarkers of exposure to PBCO in pigeon guillemots in a controlled, laboratory setting, and (3) develop better nondestructive biomarkers of exposure to PBCO in pigeon guillemots in particular, and seabirds in general. Results of feeding experiments indicated that most variation in nestling growth rates could be explained by variation in daily energy intake. The type of forage fish consumed, the lipid or protein content of the forage fish, and even the quantity of food consumed daily did not have as strong an effect on nestling guillemot growth as did daily energy intake. The metabolic efficiency and growth performance of nestling guillemots was not enhanced on high-lipid diets, contrary to results with nestlings of some other seabird species. Instead, structural growth (wing length) in nestling guillemots was somewhat stunted on high-lipid diets. These attributes of guillemot nutritional requirements are associated with the guillemots' nearshore foraging niche and high food provisioning rates to nestlings. The average lipid content of sand lance, juvenile herring, and capelin may represent the optimal dietary lipid content for nestling pigeon guillemots. This study supports the hypothesis that guillemot productivity is limited by the availability of these forage fishes through effects on energy provisioning rates to nestling guillemots. Consequently, recovery of pigeon guillemot populations injured by EVOS is likely linked to recovery of these key forage fish stocks. Results of the oil-dosing experiments indicated that nestling guillemots are resistant to small doses of weathered PBCO in their food. No nestlings died or suffered noticeable health effects following dosing. The high dose in this study (0.5 ml kg����� day�����) was sufficient to induce hepatic cytochrome P450A1 (a liver enzyme indicative of contaminant exposure), but growth rate, fledging mass, and blood chemistry were largely unaffected. None of the 12 plasma or hematological markers examined responded in a dose-dependent manner to ingestion of weathered PBCO, except lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Although baseline stress hormone (corticosterone) levels were not different between oil-dosed and control nestlings, a standardized acute stress protocol revealed that corticosterone was more elevated during stress for oiled nestlings compared to controls. Although we were not successful in identifying a noninvasive biomarker (e.g., growth) or a blood biomarker (e.g., haptoglobin) of crude oil exposure in nestlings, we were able to confirm that levels of hepatic cytochrome P4SO1AI and corticosterone during stress were elevated by the sublethal doses administered during our experiments. Based on this and other studies, it is unlikely that the failure of pigeon guillemots to recover from EVOS is due to effects on nestling health of residual oil in food. / Graduation date: 2003

In 1908, two Canadian women published first novels that became instant best-sellers. Nellie McClung's Sowing Seeds in Danny initially outsold Lucy Maud Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables, but by 1965 McClung's book had largely disappeared from Canadian consciousness. The popularity of Anne, on the other hand, has continued to the present, and Anne has received far more academic and critical attention, especially since 1985. It is only recently that Anne of Green Gables has been criticized for its ideology in the same manner as Sowing Seeds in Danny. The initial question that inspired this dissertation was why Sowing Seeds in Danny disappeared from public and critical awareness while Anne of Green Gables continued to sell well to the present day and to garner critical and popular attention into the twenty-first century. In light of the fact that both books have in recent years come under condemnation and stand charged with maternal feminism, imperial motherhood, eugenics, and racism, one must ask further why this has now happened to both Danny and Anne. What has changed? The hypothesis of the dissertation is that Danny's relatively speedy disappearance was partly due to a shift in Canadians' religious worldview over the twentieth century as church attendance and biblical literacy gradually declined. McClung's rhetorical strategies look back to the dominant Protestantism of the nineteenth century, in contrast to Montgomery's, which look forward to the twentieth-century's waning of religious faith. Although there is enough Christianity in Montgomery's novel to have made it acceptable to her largely Christian reading public at the beginning of the century, its presentation is subtle enough that it does not disturb or baffle a twenty-first-century reader in the way McClung's does. McClung's novel is so forthright in its presentation of Christianity, with its use of nineteenth-century tropes and conventions and with its moralising didacticism, that the delightful aspects of the novel were soon lost to an increasingly secular reading public. Likewise, the recent critical challenges to both novels spring from a worldview at odds with the predominantly Christian worldview of 1908. The goal of the dissertation has been to read Sowing Seeds in Danny and Anne of Green Gables within the religious contexts of a 1908 reader in order to avoid an unquestioning twenty-first-century censure of these novels, and to ascertain the reasons for their divergent popularity and recent critical condemnation.