If a quote contains information as formulated in theory, then it is possible to elicit the information from each quote. We offer a simple method to extract the private and the public information elements from the quote revision. The extraction is only required to know the trade direction of the previous trade. We then present empirical evidence that our estimates are informational pertinent by showing that they are highly correlated with transaction returns. Furthermore, contrasting to the pattern of the bid-ask spread, we show that the intraday private information elements are converging as trading progresses. This phenomenon is consistent to the prediction in the theory. Our public information elements also have a similar declining pattern as that of the private information element only with a different reason.

In the early stage, the fixed exchange rate policy was established in Taiwan, with focus on the exchange of NT Dollar to US dollar. After undergoing the changes of flexible exchange rate system, the regulation of exchange rate gradually renovates. On January 30, 1991, the exchange rate system changed to a managed floating system that allows the exchange rate to be more liberal. The spot USD trading price is no longer restricted by the upper or lower limit among banks, and the negotiation of trading price is completely free. As the exchange for NTD to USD becomes more liberal, the issue of the factors behind the price fluctuation on NTD to USD has become an interesting subject to study. This paper investigates Taiwan¡¦s foreign exchange market in order to discover the factors that cause the price volatility, whether it is private information or macroeconomic news announcement of public information. This study examines the exchange rate occurred every 15 minutes during January 5, 1992 to November 27, 2001. Given the result that the increase of macroeconomic news announcement does not increase the volatility, the volatility in Taiwan¡¦s foreign exchange market is mainly caused by private information, not public information. Although the return variance is comparatively higher than the return variance in other normal time period during the macroeconomic news announcement, the highest return variance before the trade close does not occur at the time of public news announcement. It represents that the occurrence of volatility is not affected by the macroeconomic news announcement. If foreign exchange volatility is not affected by macroeconomic news announcement of public information, then private information might be the major factor affecting the price volatility. The findings are as follows: 1. The volatility in trading period is much higher than the volatility in non-trading period, demonstrating the existence of ¡§exchange message effectiveness¡¨. Meanwhile, it also states that public information is not the only information existing in the market. Even at the most efficient market, the informative pricing has reflected all the public information. The macroeconomic news announcement of public information would not affect the price volatility, the asset pricing volatility is affected by the private information. 2. Trading time become longer which makes the informed trader not necessary to trade in a hurry, diverging the volatility of transaction. 3. The volatility at closing period increases because of the occurrence of private information. It may downgrade to public information during non-trading period. People holding valuable private information would trade before the market is close. Concluded from above, it can be discovered that the private information has played an important role incurring the large volatility in Taiwan¡¦s foreign exchange market.

Introduction: In today’s contemporary society individuals can use multiple media- channels to find civic information. Civic information should reach all groups of society and according to previous research young people are relatively hard to reach with this type of information. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how young, highly educated individuals in Sweden are using media channels to find and take part in civic information, the expectations they have of the information and if they consider that they need to participate in public discourse. Methodology: In this qualitative study we had a hermeneutic perspective with an abductive approach. We have collected our empirical material by doing interviews with 15 respondents. The respondents are students and were chosen based on both their knowledge and their interest in media and communication since we were looking for a broad view on the subject. Conclusion: Through this study we discovered that young individuals mainly use the social-media channel Facebook to get updated on civic information. Facebook offers easily accessible information and also expose the information, which our respondents prefer. Through this study we found that young individuals expect information to be easily accessible and want to be exposed to it. We also found that young individuals find it important to be able to participate in public media-channels. In conclusion we found that social-media channels are the most used and preferred channels by young individuals when it comes to civic information.

No description available.

Abstract Habitat selection decisions are crucial in determining fitness. Research indicates that individuals of many taxa are flexible in habitat selection and gather information prior to decision-making in order to control for environmental unpredictability. For time limited migrant birds, cues provide a quick and reliable information source with which to make habitat selection decisions. In this thesis I investigate habitat selection decisions, and their fitness consequences, of boreal passerines using heterospecifics or predators as cues. In support of the heterospecific attraction hypothesis, plots with augmented resident titmice densities attracted increased migrant densities. The predicted negative effects stemming from competition did not occur even at unnaturally high resident densities. This suggests that in the north it may always be beneficial for migrants to use residents as cues in habitat selection decisions. By manipulating habitat selection, I found that great tits (Parus major) had poorer reproductive success when forced to breed in close proximity to pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) compared to when breeding alone. Flycatchers, in contrast, did slightly better when breeding close to tits. These results indirectly suggest that heterospecific attraction may not be a mutually positive species interaction. Indeed, flycatchers seem to parasitize the high quality microhabitat indicated by breeding great tits. I also tested if residents provide a reliable cue relative to predation risk. However, willow tit (P. montanus) nest location appeared random relative to avian predator nests. They do not appear to reliably indicate safe breeding habitats to later arriving migrants. In addition, closer proximity to breeding avian predators had a negative impact on willow tit reproductive output. Later arriving migrants may be in a better position to avoid avian predator nests during habitat selection. Pied flycatchers avoid settling in the immediate vicinity of sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) nests. However, nest box occupation, laying dates and initial reproductive investment (clutch size) showed a unimodal relationship with distance to sparrowhawk. A unimodal trend in these measures indicates there may be a trade-off between the costs (increased adult predation risk) and potential benefits (decreased nest predation risk) of settling in proximity to avian predator nests. Spatially predictable predation risk gradients that emanate from predator nests are termed a "predation risk landscape". Furthermore, flycatchers nesting closer to sparrowhawks produced fewer and smaller nestlings than those farther away. In addition, measures of maternal physiological stress (body condition and stress protein levels) had a negative linear relationship with distance to sparrowhawk nest. It appears that increased perceived predation risk near avian predator nests results in stressful and poor conditions for adult passerines, which results in lower reproductive output. This thesis highlights the importance of information gathering prior to making habitat selection decisions in order to optimise territory location relative to heterospecifics or predators. These decisions clearly impact individual fitness.

Submitted by Vasti Diniz (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-20T13:36:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2177688 bytes, checksum: e029f0b3d5676c94bd0782c454bb7f52 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-20T13:36:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2177688 bytes, checksum: e029f0b3d5676c94bd0782c454bb7f52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-12 / This dissertation had the objective of analyzing the use of Law on Access to Information (LAI), Law No. 12,527 / 2011, by journalists from Paraíba, checking the possible changes that the legal device caused the public routines of these professionals. The Law came into effect on May 16, 2012, and represents, for the citizen, the possibility of greater participation in the public sphere, strengthening, consequently, democracy and encouraging accountability actions - that is, greater accountability by public managers. For journalists, the legal device is a instrument to obtain informations of public interest, which often tend to be hidden by the government. From a mapping of matters that cite the law, published in the newspapers: Correio da Paraiba and Jornal da Paraiba, in the first three years of its duration (that is, from May 2012 to May 2015), and the Interviews with the professionals of the mentioned newspapers, the following results were verified: the LAI approaches in the newspapers treat, strictly, of the interests of political managers from Paraiba; The main problems encountered by journalists in the use of the law refer to the incompatibility of the deadline for the return of the demands by the public agencies with the deadline of the drafting and the insufficiency of information made available. In this way, little has been used the law in the production of journalistic texts, and these professionals have preferably gone to the Press Office and the public manager to obtain information, that is, there were no significant changes in the productive routines of journalists working in the print media Of Paraiba. / Esta dissertação teve o objetivo de analisar a utilização da Lei de Acesso à Informação (LAI), Lei Nº 12.527/2011, por jornalistas paraibanos, averiguando as possíveis alterações que o dispositivo legal ocasionou às rotinas produtivas destes profissionais. A referida Lei entrou em vigor no dia 16 de maio de 2012 e representa, para o cidadão, a possibilidade de maior participação na esfera pública, fortalecendo, consequentemente, a democracia e incentivando ações de accountability – ou seja, maior prestação de contas por parte dos gestores públicos. Para os jornalistas, o dispositivo legal surge como instrumento de obtenção de informações de interesse público, que muitas vezes tendem a ser ocultadas pelo governo. A partir de um mapeamento das matérias que citam a lei, publicadas nos jornais Correio da Paraíba e Jornal da Paraíba, nos três primeiros anos de sua vigência (ou seja, do mês de maio de 2012 a maio de 2015), e da realização de entrevistas com os profissionais dos jornais mencionados, foram constatados os seguintes resultados: as abordagens referentes à LAI nos jornais tratam, restritamente, dos interesses dos gestores políticos paraibanos; os principais problemas encontrados pelos jornalistas na utilização da lei referem-se à incompatibilidade do prazo para retorno das demandas pelos órgãos públicos com o deadline das Redações e à insuficiência de informações disponibilizadas. Desta forma, pouco se tem utilizado a lei na produção de textos jornalísticos, tendo tais profissionais recorrido preferencialmente às Assessorias de Imprensa e ao próprio gestor público para conseguir informações, ou seja, não houve alterações significativas nas rotinas produtivas dos jornalistas que atuam nos meios impressos da Paraíba.

O objetivo geral deste trabalho é compreender os processos de mediação e de apropriação social da informação pública por meio de dispositivos de educação fiscal. Como metodologia, além de pesquisa bibliográfica e de pesquisa histórica, foi utilizada a pesquisa participativa, que se efetivou por meio de tutoria de curso a distância, reuniões e encontros com os atores da pesquisa. Foi hipótese deste trabalho que os programas de educação fiscal do país, mais especificamente os do estado de São Paulo, tomados como dispositivos pedagógicos que visam colocar Estado e sociedade em relação, estariam mais centrados na prescrição de condutas a serem assimiladas do que na apropriação afirmativa de informações fiscais pelos cidadãos e no privilégio de \"deveres fiscais\" em detrimento dos direitos dos cidadãos em relação a questões tributárias. Percebemos que mais do que reflexivos, os cursos de educação fiscal são normativos, e as lógicas educacionais implícitas neles obedecem a lógicas instrucionais. Concluímos que há necessidade de mediação entre sociedade e Estado para questões relacionadas a informação e comunicação do setor público, com a finalidade de estabelecer fluxo dialógico que viabilize a negociação de significados entre as partes envolvidas. / The aim of this study is to understand the processes of mediation and social appropriation of public information through tax education devices. The methodology, as well as literature and historical research, it was used participatory research, which was accomplished through ongoing mentoring the distance and meetings with actors of the research. It was hypothesis that the tax education programs in the country, specifically the state of São Paulo, taken as teaching devices designed to bring state and society in relation, would be more focused on prescribing behaviors to be assimilated to the statement of ownership tax information by citizens and on the privilege of tax duties to the detriment of citizens rights in relation to tax matters. We realize that more than reflective, the tax education courses are normative, and the implicit educational logical them obey instructional logic. We conclude that there is need for mediation between society and the state on issues related to information and communication in the public sector, in order to establish dialogical flow that enables the negotiation of meanings between the parties involved.

O objetivo geral deste trabalho é compreender os processos de mediação e de apropriação social da informação pública por meio de dispositivos de educação fiscal. Como metodologia, além de pesquisa bibliográfica e de pesquisa histórica, foi utilizada a pesquisa participativa, que se efetivou por meio de tutoria de curso a distância, reuniões e encontros com os atores da pesquisa. Foi hipótese deste trabalho que os programas de educação fiscal do país, mais especificamente os do estado de São Paulo, tomados como dispositivos pedagógicos que visam colocar Estado e sociedade em relação, estariam mais centrados na prescrição de condutas a serem assimiladas do que na apropriação afirmativa de informações fiscais pelos cidadãos e no privilégio de \"deveres fiscais\" em detrimento dos direitos dos cidadãos em relação a questões tributárias. Percebemos que mais do que reflexivos, os cursos de educação fiscal são normativos, e as lógicas educacionais implícitas neles obedecem a lógicas instrucionais. Concluímos que há necessidade de mediação entre sociedade e Estado para questões relacionadas a informação e comunicação do setor público, com a finalidade de estabelecer fluxo dialógico que viabilize a negociação de significados entre as partes envolvidas. / The aim of this study is to understand the processes of mediation and social appropriation of public information through tax education devices. The methodology, as well as literature and historical research, it was used participatory research, which was accomplished through ongoing mentoring the distance and meetings with actors of the research. It was hypothesis that the tax education programs in the country, specifically the state of São Paulo, taken as teaching devices designed to bring state and society in relation, would be more focused on prescribing behaviors to be assimilated to the statement of ownership tax information by citizens and on the privilege of tax duties to the detriment of citizens rights in relation to tax matters. We realize that more than reflective, the tax education courses are normative, and the implicit educational logical them obey instructional logic. We conclude that there is need for mediation between society and the state on issues related to information and communication in the public sector, in order to establish dialogical flow that enables the negotiation of meanings between the parties involved.

This thesis work addresses the limitations of a web application called the Public Information Officer Monitoring Application (PMA). This application helps Public Information Officers (PIOs) to gather, monitor, sort, store, and report social media data during a crisis event. Before this work, PMA was unable to handle large data sets and as a result, it had not been adequately tested with potential users of the application. This thesis describes changes made to PMA to improve its ability to handle large data sets. After these changes were made, the application was then tested with target users. All test participants found the application useful and relevant to their work. Testing also revealed many ways to improve the usefulness of the application, which were subsequently implemented. The thesis concludes with suggestions for future work and distribution of PMA.

At a glance, journalists and public relations practitioners appear to have a dysfunctional relationship, despite having many professional similarities. Both groups use comparable skill sets in their jobs, including writing, information gathering, and making decisions based on news values. Both groups often work with each other in their professional positions; journalists look to public relations practitioners for sources and news tips, while public relations practitioners look to journalists to help send organizational messages to publics. To better understand the issues of trust in this unique working relationship, ten journalists and ten government public information officers from the Tampa Bay, Florida area were interviewed about their perceptions of the integrity, dependability, and competence of their professional counterparts. Using a coorientational lens, themes derived from the comments of both groups were compared for accuracy and agreement. The results indicated that both journalists and public relations practitioners were slow to generalize positive or negative experiences to other individuals or organizations, and that they mostly understood the professional ethics and motivation of the other occupation. However, once an established trust was broken in a relationship, participants universally described that it could not be regained. By comparing themes between the two groups, the data indicated that there were more issues of true consensus than any other situation. Both journalists and government communicators indicated a mutual respect for their professional counterparts and a shared appreciation for the principle of open government, though the data suggested that the two sides were unaware of this agreement. This exploratory qualitative analysis uncovered several interesting trust-related issues in this unique working relationship, many of which are worthy of additional research and exploration.