p. 1 - 114 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-01-23T19:44:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 1111.pdf: 1180865 bytes, checksum: acb9ce9ff3dd190f1b580796b0a9711b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-23T19:44:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1111.pdf: 1180865 bytes, checksum: acb9ce9ff3dd190f1b580796b0a9711b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Acidente de trabalho é um importante problema de saúde pública no Brasil por representar custos sociais elevados e por apresentar conseqüências desastrosas sobre o processo saúde/doença dos trabalhadores. Dados do Centro de Testagem e Aconselhamento da Bahia apontam que no período de 2004 a 2006, o setor público e a cidade de Salvador apresentaram maior freqüência de acidentes com instrumentos perfurocortantes no Estado da Bahia. A carência de informações sobre os acidentes de trabalho no setor público, e as suas possíveis conseqüências, face às epidemias de hepatite B e C e HIV/AIDS, justificam esta pesquisa. Este trabalho apresenta como objetivos analisar as ferramentas adotadas no gerenciamento desses eventos, conhecer o fluxo estabelecido para o atendimento dos acidentes ocupacionais biológicos e elaborar o perfil dos acidentes com instrumentos perfurocortantes ocorridos em 2007 em um hospital público de emergência. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, qualiquantitativo. Como instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizaram-se a observação sistemática, as anotações no diário de campo, o roteiro de entrevista semi-estruturada e os formulários. O Hospital “A” possui um total de 2700 trabalhadores. A análise dos resultados, no que se refere às ferramentas de gestão, demonstrou que esses acidentes são notificados no Centro Estadual de Infecção Hospitalar. Existe um fluxo definido pela gestão do Hospital “A” para os acidentes com materiais biológicos; em 94% dos casos de acidente houve testagem do paciente fonte com o teste rápido para HIV e os trabalhadores acidentados são encaminhados para acompanhamento em unidades de saúde de referência em infectologia. Contudo, a percepção dos entrevistados sobre as causas dos acidentes com materiais perfurocortantes é de que os mesmos decorrem, principalmente, do descuido dos trabalhadores, evidenciando a necessidade de realizar uma análise ergonômica do trabalho para investigar e fazer emergir as causas reais desses eventos, evitando a culpabilização das vítimas. Foram observadas a existência de superlotação de pacientes na emergência, que o Hospital pesquisado não dispõe do Serviço de Saúde e Medicina do Trabalho e que não há uma política de prevenção definida para a saúde e segurança dos trabalhadores neste Hospital. No que se refere ao perfil dos acidentados, foram encontrados 106 acidentes com instrumentos perfurocortantes, correspondendo a 57,06% de todos os acidentes com materiais biológicos do ano de 2007 (N=185). As equipes médica e de enfermagem foram as que mais sofreram acidentes com materiais perfurocortantes, o que vai de encontro aos achados da literatura, que se referem à categoria de enfermagem como a mais atingida por este tipo de acidente. No grupo de acidentados, referiram já ter se acidentado mais de uma vez (27,5%) e o grupo de mulheres apresentou maior freqüência de acidentes perfurocortantes (66%). Estes resultados indicam a necessidade de adoção de uma política de saúde que priorize a saúde do trabalhador e a melhoria das condições de trabalho nas unidades de emergência, o que depende, principalmente, da reorganização da rede assistencial e de vigilância à saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde. / Salvador

Neste trabalho analisa-se a resistência à punção e a ductilidade das ligações laje-pilar em doze modelos de lajes-cogumelo de concreto armado, nas quais se efetuam combinações de emprego de concreto de alta resistência, diferentes volumes de fibras de aço e uso de armadura transversal na forma de conectores de aço tipo pino. Todas as lajes são quadradas com 1160 mm de lado e 100 mm de espessura. A armadura de flexão foi composta de barras de aço de 10 mm espaçadas de tal forma a resistir a um momento fletor único em ambas direções. Os conectores, quando utilizados, foram dispostos radialmente e compostos de barras de aço de 6.6 mm soldadas a segmentos de ferro chato nas duas extremidades. Para avaliar a capacidade resistente dos modelos de ligação laje-pilar e observar o ganho de ductilidade que as fibras proporcionam, foram ensaiados segmentos-de-laje, os quais representam uma faixa destes modelos de ligação laje-pilar. Foi utilizado um sistema de ensaio dotado de atuador hidráulico servo-controlado, programado para ensaio com deformação controlada e aquisição contínua dos dados, o que permitiu a avaliação do comportamento pós-pico de resistência e a realização de medições de resistência residual. Várias hipóteses de cálculo foram utilizadas para avaliar a resistência última das ligações laje-pilar. Empregou-se um critério de classificação para caracterizar o tipo de ruptura em: punção ou flexão predominante ou uma combinação de punção-flexão. Constatou-se que o emprego de concreto de alta resistência, juntamente com armadura transversal, aumenta substancialmente a resistência da ligação laje-pilar, e quando combinado com fibras de aço, consegue-se um considerável aumento da ductilidade. / This work analyses the punching shear resistance and ductility of slab-column connections on twelve concrete flat slab models. The model characteristics resulted from combinations of the application of high or ordinary strength concrete, different steel fiber volume fractions and use or not of shear reinforcement. All the slabs are square with 1,160 mm of side and 100 mm of thickness. The main flexural reinforcement was composed of 10 mm steel bars spaced in such a way to resist to the same bending moment in both directions. When used, the shear reinforcement of steel studs were disposed in radial directions and consisted of 6.6 mm steel bars welded to flat steel segments in their ends. To evaluate the resistant capacity of slab-column connection models and to observe the ductility that the fibers provide, they were rehearsed segments-of-slab, which represents a strip of these slab-column connection models. A testing system with a servo-controlled hydraulic jack was used and it was programmed for a controlled deformation test and continuous data acquisition. This method allowed the evaluation of the post-peak strength behavior and the measurement of residual resistance forces. Several calculations hypotheses were used to evaluate the ultimate strength of the slab-column connections. A classification criterium was applied to characterize the failure type as: predominant punching or flexure or a combination of punching-flexure. It was verified that the application of high strength concrete, together with shear reinforcement, increases substantially the slab-column connection strength, and, when combined with steel fibers, a considerable ductility increase is achieved.

Neste trabalho investiga-se o comportamento resistente de lajes-cogumelo de concreto armado, analisando-se as possibilidades de melhoria de desempenho com relação ao fenômeno de punção, pelo emprego de concreto de alta resistência, pelo reforço com fibras de aço e pelo uso de armaduras transversais de combate à punção, através de ensaios de modelos de lajes-cogumelo quadradas que representam a ligação laje-pilar para o caso do pilar interno. Apresenta-se também uma revisão de conhecimentos sobre as lajes-cogumelo, o seu comportamento estrutural com ênfase no fenômeno da punção, e os principais conceitos sobre os concretos de alta resistência e os compósitos constituídos de matriz de cimento reforçada com fibras. Doze modelos de laje-cogumelo foram ensaiados com diferentes combinações de concreto de alta resistência, concreto de resistência convencional, armadura transversal e volume de fibras (0%, 0,75% e 1,5%). Um acréscimo significativo de resistência à punção foi observado, devido ao uso de concreto de alta resistência e à adição de fibras. A combinação de concreto de alta resistência com 1,5% de volume de fibras e armadura transversal proporcionaram o dobro de aumento na resistência à punção em relação ao modelo de concreto convencional sem armadura transversal e sem adição de fibras. A adição de fibras é a suposta responsável por cerca de 50% de acréscimo de resistência e o aumento da ductilidade. Outras comparações incluindo as previsões teóricas (Texto Base da NB1/94, CEB/90, AGI 318/89 e EUROCODE N.2) são comentadas. / This work investigates the behavior of reinforced concrete flat slabs, analysing the possibility of performance improvement, in relation to punching shear phenomenon, regarding to the use of high strength concrete, the addition of steel fibres and the use of transversal steel reinforcement against punching shear, through tests of flat slab square models that represent the slab-column connection, for the case of an interior column. lt introduce a revision of knowledge of flat slabs, their structural behavior with emphasis on the punching shear phenomenon, and the main concepts about high strength concretes and the composites made of cement matrix reinforced with fibres. Twelve flat slab models were tested in different combinations of high strength concrete, ordinary strength, shear reinforcement and steel fibre volume fraction (0%, 0,75% e 1,5%). A significant increase in the punching shear strength was observed, either due to the use of high strength and the addition of steel fibres. The combination of high strength concrete with 1,5% fibre volume fraction and shear reinforcement provide twice the punching shear resistance of an ordinary concrete strength model without shear reinforcement and without fibre. Fibre addition is supposed to be responsible by about 50% of the resistance improvement and the increase of ductility. Other comparisons including theoretical previsions (Texto Base da NB1/94, CEB/90, ACI 318/89 e EUROCODE N.2) are commented.

L'avancée de la technologie des PRF a suscité l'intérêt de l'introduction de nouvelles fibres, comme la fibre de basalte, qui a un potentiel d'offrir une solution efficace, lorsqu’utilisée dans les structures en béton, soit sur la résistance à la corrosion, la durabilité et la rentabilité. En outre, les codes et les guides disponibles, ne fournissent pas de recommandations pour l'utilisation de barres en PRFB puisque les recherches passées dans ce domaine sont limitées. Donc, des travaux de recherche sont nécessaires pour caractériser et comprendre le comportement des barres de PRFB dans les éléments en béton armé. En conséquence, les objectifs principaux sont d'évaluer les caractéristiques à court et long terme des barres de PRFB nouvellement développées, ainsi que d'évaluer les performances structurales de ces nouvelles barres comme renforcement interne dans les poutres et les dalles de pont et d'introduire ce nouveau renforcement dans les codes et les guides de dimensionnement. Les tests expérimentaux ont été faits en trois parties. La première partie porte sur le développement de trois nouvelles barres et tendons en PRFB pour déterminer leurs propriétés physiques et mécaniques. Les performances à long terme et de durabilité ont été réalisées en conditionnant les barres de PRFB dans une solution alcaline simulant les conditions humides dans le béton pour déterminer la compatibilité comme renforcement interne dans les éléments en béton. Par la suite, les propriétés ont été déterminées et comparées avec des spécimens non conditionnés (référence). La seconde partie a porté sur sept dalles de pont en béton armé grandeur réelle avec les bords restreints, simulant les tabliers de pont les plus utilisés en Amérique du Nord, pour évaluer la performance des dalles renforcées de PRFB et d'acier. Les dalles mesurent 3000 mm de long × 2500 mm de large × 200 mm d'épaisseur. Les dalles ont été testées jusqu'à la rupture sous une charge concentrée au centre de celles-ci simulant l'empreinte d'une roue d'un camion. Les capacités en poinçonnement sont prédites en utilisant les exigences réglementaires disponibles, et sont comparées aux résultats expérimentaux. La troisième partie de cette étude portait sur les essais de 14 poutres en béton de 3100 mm de long × 200 mm de large × 300 mm de profond pour examiner le comportement en flexion et les performances en service des barres de PRFB avec deux états de surfaces: fini sablé et crénelé. Les poutres ont été testées en flexion en quatre points avec une portée libre de 2700 mm jusqu'à la rupture. Les résultats sont introduits et discutés en terme : du comportement de la fissuration, des flèches, de la capacité en flexion et des modes de ruptures. De plus, le coefficient d'adhérence (kb) des barres de PRFB est déterminé et comparé avec les recommandations des codes et guides actuels. Les résultats sont introduits et discutés en terme : du comportement de la fissuration, des flèches, de la capacité en flexion et des modes de ruptures. De plus, le coefficient d'adhérence des barres de PRFB est déterminé et comparé avec les recommandations des codes et guides actuels. Les résultats de l'étude concluent sur la viables pour la production des barres de PRFB pour respecter les exigences des codes actuelles. Également, les résultats d'essai indiquent que les barres de PRFB ont de bonnes propriétés mécaniques et peuvent être placées dans la même catégorie que les barres de PRFV, soit grade III. De plus, le comportement des poutres et des dalles de pont renforcées de PRFB est similaire que pour un renforcement en PRFV et PRFC et les exigences réglementaires sont applicables pour les barres de PRFB. / Abstract: The advances in fiber-reinforced-polymer (FRP) technology have spurred interest in introducing new fibers, such as basalt FRP (BFRP), which has the potential to offer an efficient solution when implemented in concrete structure, such as corrosion resistant, durable and cost-effective. Furthermore, the available design codes and guides do not provide any recommendations for the use of BFRP bars since fundamental studies and relevant applications are still limited. Therefore, investigations are needed to characterize and understand the behavior of BFRP bars in concrete members. Consequently, the main objectives of this experimental investigation are to evaluate the short- and long-term characteristics of newly developed BFRP bars, as well as evaluate the structural performance of these new bars as internal reinforcement for concrete beams and bridge-deck slabs to introduce these new reinforcing bars to the design codes and guides. The experimental tests were completed through three parts. The first part was conducted on three newly developed BFRP bars and tendons to investigate their physical and mechanical properties. Durability and long-term performance were assessed by conditioning the BFRP bars in an alkaline solution simulating the moist concrete environment to determine their suitability as internal reinforcement for concrete elements. Thereafter, the properties were assessed and compared with the unconditioned (reference) values. The second part of this study was conducted on seven full-scale edge-restrained concrete bridge-deck slabs simulating actual slab-on-girder bridge-deck that is commonly used in North America to evaluate the performance of concrete bridge-deck slabs reinforced with BFRP and steel bars. The deck slabs measured 3000 mm long × 2500 mm wide × 200 mm deep. The slabs were tested up to failure under single concentrated load acting on the center of each slab simulating the footprint of sustained truck wheel load. The punching shear capacities were predicted using the available provisions, and compared with the experimental results. The third part of this study included testing of fourteen concrete beams of 3100 mm long × 200 mm wide × 300 mm deep to investigate the flexural behavior and serviceability performance of sand-coated and ribbed BFRP bars in concrete beams. The beams were tested under four-point bending over a clear span of 2700 mm until failure. The results are introduced and discussed in terms of cracking behavior, deflection, flexure capacity, and failure modes. In addition, the bond-dependent coefficient (kb) of the BFRP bars was determined and compared with the recommendations of the current FRP design codes and guides. The findings of this study concluded the feasibility of producing BFRP bars meet the requirements of the current FRP standards. Also, the test results revealed that the BFRP bars had good mechanical behavior and could be placed in the same category as grade II and grade III GFRP bars. Moreover, the behavior of the concrete bridge-deck slabs and beams reinforced with BFRP bars was quite similar to the counterparts reinforced with glass- and carbon-FRP bars and the available FRP provisions are applicable for BFRP bars. The beam test results yielded an average bond-dependent coefficient (kb) of 0.76±0.03 and 0.83±0.03 for the sand-coated and ribbed BFRP bars, respectively.

Ces travaux portent sur la déformation des aciers au cours de leur solidification, au moyen d'une expérience instrumentée et de sa simulation numérique. L'étude est focalisée sur deux phénomènes induits par la déformation : la fissuration à chaud et la macroségrégation. L'expérience consiste à poinçonner latéralement un lingot de 450 kg, alors que son cœur est encore partiellement liquide.L'expérience est instrumentée thermiquement et mécaniquement. Les lingots sont analysés, visuellement en termes de lieu et de fréquence d'apparition de fissures, et par microsonde pour les ségrégations chimiques.Pour la fissuration à chaud, une simulation numérique 3D par éléments finis est mise en œuvre avec le logiciel Thercast®, dans lequel a été implanté un critère d'amorçage de fissure basé sur la déformation plastique cumulée en fin de solidification, entre deux valeurs critiques de fraction de liquide. La comparaison entre simulations et observations montre le caractère prédictif du critère.La simulation numérique de la macroségré-gation est réalisée avec le logiciel R2sol qui résout simultanément la déformation du solide et l'écoulement du liquide. La simulation montre la redistribution des solutés dans le cœur du lingot sous l'effet de la compression du squelette solide et de l'écoulement du liquide, induits par le poinçonnement. Elle reproduit qualitativement les mesures expéri-mentales mais sous-estime l'amplitude des hétérogénéités de composition chimique. Une discussion des résultats permet de dégager des pistes permettant d'espérer une prédiction quantitative dans le futur.Les deux thématiques étudiées ont mis en relief la nécessité d'une bonne modélisation des phénomènes de microségrégation des alliages multiconstitués. Un modèle a été spécifiquement développé à cet effet. / Experimental and numerical studies of hot tearing and macrosegregation formation during steel solidification are reported. On one hand, an ingot punching test is considered. It consists of the application of a deformation at the surface of a solidifying 450 kg steel ingot. On the other hand, finite element thermo-mechanical modelling of the test is used.For hot tearing analysis, 3D finite element modeling is applied by use of Thercast® software. The time evolution of the strain tensor serves to evaluate the possibility for hot tear formation with a Hot Tearing Criterion (HTC). The HTC compares the local accumulation of strain over a certain solidification interval with the expression of a critical value proposed in the literature. Detailed comparisons reveal an excellent capability of the HTC to predict the formation of hot tears.For macrosegregation analysis, a two-phase formulation has been implemented (R2sol software), in which the velocities of the liquid and solid phases are concurrently solved for. The simulation shows how solutes are redistributed through the central mushy zone of the ingot under the effect of the com-pression of the solid phase resulting from the punching of the solid shell. The simulation proves its capability to reproduce the main experimental trends. However the predicted intensity of macrosegregation is lower than measured. Through discussion and analysis of different numerical sensitivity tests, critical material parameters and model improvements are identified in view of achieving better quantitative predictions in the future.The two topics studied have clearly shown the need for a good modelling of microsegregation phenomena in multicomponent alloys. A numerical model has especially been developed and implemented in the two software packages.

Pour les poutres et les dalles ne comportant pas d'armatures de cisaillement, la résistance à l'effort tranchant ou au poinçonnement est souvent un critère important de dimensionnement. Ce type de rupture est caractérisé par un comportement fragile pouvant conduire à l'effondrement partiel voir total de la structure. Malgré de nombreuse recherche dans ce domaine, la résistance à l'effort tranchant et au poinçonnement des structure en béton armé ou précontraint demeure un phénomène complexe et dont l'approche normative est souvent empirique est simplifiée. La capacité des bétons renforcés de fibres métalliques à réduire voir à remplacer totalement les armatures de cisaillement des structures en béton armé et précontraint a été mis en évidence par plusieurs études expérimentales. Cependant, et malgré ses nombreux atouts, l'application à l'échelle industrielle des bétons de fibres est restée marginal, principalement due au manques d'un cadre normatif cohérent et reconnu. Les processus fixes d'une usine de préfabrication d'éléments en béton offre des possibilités optimales pour utiliser des matériaux cimentaires à hautes performances tel que les bétons autoplaçant, les bétons à hautes résistances, etc. Du point de vue de l'auteur, l'utilisation de bétons à hautes performances renforcés de fibres métalliques est le pas de développement et d'optimisation pour cette industrie. Les Bétons Fibrés à Hautes Performances (BFHP) reprennent une matrice similaire aux Bétons à Hautes Performances (BHP) auxquels est ajouté une certaine quantité de fibres métalliques conférant au matériau un comportement au niveau de la structure exploitable dans le dimensionnement. Les BFHP présentent un ratio résistances/coûts intéressant ainsi qu'une alternative au Béton Fibré Ultra-Performants (BFUP). L'objectif principal de ce travail est d'analyser le comportement au cisaillement et au poinçonnement d'éléments de structures en BFHP et en BFUP sans armatures de cisaillement et proposé des recommandations et des règles de dimensionnement adaptées aux ingénieurs de la pratique (…) / For members and flat slabs without shear reinforcement, the shear and punching shear strength are often the determining design criteria. These failure modes are characterized by a fragile behaviour implying possible partial or total collapse of the structure. Despite extensive research in this field, shear and punching shear in reinforced and prestressed concrete structures, remain complex phenomena so much that the current approach is often empirical or simplified. The ability of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) to reduce shear reinforcement in reinforced and prestressed concrete members and slabs,or even eliminate it, is supported by several experimental studies. However its practical application remains marginal mainly due to the lack of standard, procedures and rules adapted to its performance. The stationary processes in precast industry offer optimal possibilities for using high performance cementitious materials such as Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) and High Strength Concrete (HSC). For the author, the combination of High Performance Concrete and steel fibres is the following step in the development and the optimization of this industry. The High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (HPFRC) stands between conventional SFRC and Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC). The HPFRC exhibiting a good strength/cost ratio is, thus, an alternative of UHPFRC for precast elements. The principal aim of this work was to analyse the shear and punching shear behaviour of HPFRC and UHPFRC structures without transversal reinforcement and to propose recommendations and design models adapted for practitioners. Several experimental studies on structural elements, i.e. beams and slabs, were undertaken for this purpose. Firstly, an original experimental campaign was performed on pre-tensioned members in HPFRC. A total number of six shear-critical beams of a 3.6 m span each, and two full scale beams of a 12 m span each, were tested in order to evaluate the shear and flexural strength. The principal parameter between the specimens was the fibres (…)

The calculation process in Eurocode 2 that is showing how calculation of punching is to be done is long and some parts are not well explained. At the end of the calculation of punching, it is said that a check of the shear capacity without any reinforcement should be done outside the affected zone but the intent of the check is not justified. The purpose of the study was to find out why the check must be done and then examine whether it is possible to limit the use of the control. The results have been produced by doing literature studies on the field and calculations to understand how the control is affected. The program Excel have been used to compile and compare all the results in the calculation part. To gain a wider understanding of the area two other international standards have been compared with Eurocode 2. The standards used are American Concrete Institute 318 and Brittish Standard 8110. The maximum allowed distance of shear reinforcement without having to extend the area is 2d because the length of the base control section from the column surface in each direction has that distance. By testing how all the conditions affect the distance, is it possible to see which values are required to make the distance exceed 2d. After calculations have been made on several different prerequisites, it can be noted that on many occasions the distance is below 2d. Since so many conditions influenced the outcome, it was difficult to judge reasonable values on all of them which was making it more difficult to evaluate how often the control was needed. An uncomplicated way to limit the use of the control was by finding a prerequisite that is dominant, but it did not work in these cases so instead it was chosen to compare the shear capacitance without shear reinforcement with the transverse force loaded over the control perimeter. / När en pelarunderstödd platta belastats av en koncentrerad last från pelarna och utbredd last ovanifrån finns det risk för genomstansningsbrott eftersom pelarna som stabiliserar pressas mot plattans yta så att betongen runt pelarna stansas ut. Pelarunderstödda plattor är ett vanligt stomsätt som möjliggör att det går att ha balkfria konstruktioner som enbart stabiliseras utav innerväggar och pelare. Stomsättet kan användas i flera sorters konstruktioner t ex i kontorsfastigheter, parkeringshus och broar. Beräkningsgången i Eurokod 2 som visar hur beräkning av genomstansning i pelardäck ska göras är lång och avsikten med kontrollen är inte motiverat. I slutet av beräkningsgången av genomstansning anges att en kontroll av skjuvkapaciteten utan armering ska göras utanför den påverkade zonen men utan förklaring till varför. Eftersom det inte nämns varför kontrollen måste göras vet inte alla konstruktörer vad det är de kontrollerar och om den ens kommer till användning. Vid beräkning av pelardäck måste det göras beräkningar vid alla pelare som skiljer sig vilket kan resultera i att samma beräkning behöver göras många gånger och därför skulle det spara mycket tid om det gick att undvika sista kontrollen. Syftet med studien är att ta reda på varför kontrollen måste göras och sedan undersöka om det går att begränsa användandet av kontrollen. Resultaten har tagits fram genom att göra en litteraturstudie inom området och beräkningar för att förstå hur kontrollen påverkas. Vid beräkningsdelen har programmet Excel används för att sammanställa och jämföra alla resultat. Andra internationella normer har studerats för att kunna jämföras med Eurokod 2 samt för att få en större förståelse inom området. Normerna som används är American Concrete Institute 318 och Brittish Standard 8110. BS8110, ACI318 och Eurokod 2 skiljer sig i tillvägagångsätt en hel del och en av de största skillnaderna är att ACI318 använder en längre procentenhet av betongskapacitet när skjuvkapaciteten med armering dimensioneras. Det högst tillåtna avståndet på skjuvarmering utan att behöva förlänga området är 2d eftersom grundkontrollsnittets längd från pelarens yta i varje riktning har det avståndet. Genom att prova hur alla förutsättningar påverkar avståndet går det att se vilka värden som krävs för att avståndet ska överskrida 2d. Förutsättningen som gör störst påverkan är effektivhöjden vilket syns tydligt när de 3 faktorer som påverkar mest jämförs. Efter att beräkningar har gjorts på flera olika förutsättningsfall kan det konstateras att vid många tillfällen blir avståndet under 2d. På grund av att så många förutsättningar påverkar resultatet är det svårt att bedöma rimliga värden på alla vilket gör det svårare att värdera hur ofta kontrollen är viktig. Ett enkelt sätt att begränsa användandet av kontrollen är genom att hitta en förutsättning som är dominerande men det gick inte detta fall så därför valdes det istället att jämföra skjuvkapaciteten utan armering med tvärkraften belastad över grundkontrollområdet. Det här sättet att begränsa är bundet av vad som antas vara rimliga värden på förutsättningarna och därför kan användandet variera mycket.

The diploma thesis consists of the three main parts. The first part deals with the theoretical description of the laser technology and other unconventional technologies. In the second part, the thesis is focused on testing the parameters of the laser and evaluating the most suitable parameters. In the last part the diploma thesis deals with comparison of unconventional technologies in terms of cut quality

The thesis deals with the topic of the punching shear of the reinforced concrete structures with a focus on an additional strengthening. The introduction of the thesis is devoted to the research of various types of strengthening against the punching and their efficiency on an increase of load-bearing capacity. Material nonlinear models are formed for strengthening by an additional concrete head, a slab concrete overlay and a column concrete jacketing. The results from the nonlinear analysis are compared with various standards, including the new generation of Eurocodes. Detailed analysis of an additional concrete head is performed regarding governing inputs, which influence load-bearing capacity. Theoretical assumptions were applied to the design of the additional concrete head, where long-term measurement has been performed for the comparison with the analytical assumptions and the material nonlinear model. The second part of the thesis deals with the strengthening of foundation structures, which are accessible only from one surface. There is presented newly developed technology for strengthening by the additional shear reinforcement with the combination of bonding and mechanical anchorage. The assessment of proposed technology is defined for the strengthening against punching shear based on tested samples. The detailed technological procedure is described, including the procedure for the application on the structures below ground water level. Long-term measurement of the shear reinforcement was carried out for the strengthened foundation slab.

The thesis is focussed on project of a tool – a hot working clipping punch, where the hole is punched in the upsetting ends of stabilizer. We talk about punching of a two layered semi-finished product, in which burr is formed at the layer interface, which is undesirable from the point of the customer requirement. The stabilizer is mounted in the car chassis, where it is fastened to the axle with screws. The literature study is focused on the theory and problems of punching. In the practical part, several design solutions of cutter faces are discussed, from which three types of face shape were selected. This was associated with a change in the design of the ejector. Two tool materials were selected for comparison. The cutters were tested on an automatic forming centre. Finally, after summarizing and evaluating all the practical experiments, an optimal solution of a tool designed for punching a hole with a two layered semi-finished product is proposed.