The solvent 7 molal (m) methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)/2 m piperazine (PZ) presents an attractive option to industry standard solvents including monoethanolamine (MEA) for carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture in coal-fired power plant flue gas scrubbing applications. The solvent was tested under thermal and oxidizing conditions, including temperature cycling in the Integrated Solvent Degradation Apparatus (ISDA), to measure rates of degradation for comparison to other solvents. Unloaded 7 m MDEA/2 m PZ was generally thermally stable up to 150 °C, exhibiting very low loss rates. However, at a loading of 0.25 mol CO2/mol alkalinity, loss rates of 0.17 ± 0.21 and 0.24 ± 0.06 mM/hr, respectively, for MDEA and PZ were measured. No amine loss was observed in the unloaded blend. Thermal degradation was modeled as first-order in [MDEAH⁺], and a universal Ea for amine loss was estimated at 104 kJ/mol. An oxidative degradation model for 7 m MDEA was developed based on the ISDA data. From the model, the rate of amine loss in 7 m MDEA/2 m PZ was estimated at 1.3 X 10⁵ kg/yr, based on a 500 MW power plant and 90% CO₂ capture. In terms of amine loss, the solvent can be ranked with other cycled solvents from greatest to least as follows: 7 m MDEA>7 m MDEA/2 m PZ>8 m PZ. Thermal degradation pathways and mechanisms for 7 m MDEA/2 m PZ include SN2 substitution reactions to form diethanolamine (DEA), methylaminoethanol (MAE), 1-methylpiperazine (1-MPZ), and 1,4-dimethylpiperazine (1,4-DMPZ). The formation of the amino acids bicine and hydroxyethyl sarcosine (HES) has been directly tied to the formation of DEA and MAE, respectively, through oxidation. As a result of the construction and operation of the ISDA for cycling of solvents from an oxidative reactor to a thermal reactor, several practical findings related to solvent degradation were made. The ISDA results demonstrated that increasing dissolved oxygen in solvents leaving the absorber will increase the rate of oxidation. A simple N2 gas stripping method was tested and resulted in a reduction to 1/5th the high temperature oxidation rate associated with dissolved oxygen present in the higher temperature regions of an absorber/stripper system. The ISDA experiments also demonstrated the need to minimize entrained gas bubbles in absorber/stripper systems to control oxidation. When the ISDA was modified to intercept entrained gas bubbles, the oxidation rate was reduced 2 to 3X. / text

This retrospective cohort study examined risk factors associated with RSV-associated hospitalization (RSV-H) among infants born 32 to 35 weeks gestational age in Nova Scotia. Results were used to develop a clinical instrument (RSV-H scoring tool) that would discriminate between infants at high, moderate and low risk for RSV-H. Identifying the highest-risk infants, (using baseline information to predict RSV-H in the first year of life), would help target cost effective prophylaxis by Palivizumab (Pz), an expensive RSV-specific monoclonal antibody. Significant risk factors, determined by multivariate logistics, included infants born in December, January or February, passive household smoke exposure and household crowding. The scoring tool produced similar RSV-H post-test probabilities (3.1% pre-test probability) between risk groups (5.5% vs. 5.8%) and was unable to target highest risk infants. The tool could be used as an educational guideline for health professionals, outlining the importance of significant risk factors for RSV-H to parents and caregivers.

Das Internet hat nicht nur eine kaum vorhersehbare Revolution in der Kommunikation hervorgerufen, sondern stellt auch vielfältige Herausforderungen an das Recht. Die besondere Problematik ist dabei, dass die handelnden Personen dies praktisch anonym tun können und dass das Internet auf Grund seiner Struktur inhaltsneutral ist. Daraus wurde in der öffentlichen Diskussion abgeleitet, dass das Internet ein rechtsfreier Raum sei, was aber nicht sein dürfe. Darauf reagiert in einigen Fällen der Gesetzgeber, weitaus häufiger wird die Entwicklung aber von der Rechtsprechung vorangetrieben. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, die spezifisch auf das Internet bezogenen rechtlichen Entwicklungen des Rechts darzustellen und ihre spezifische Problematik aufzuzeigen. Im Kontrast dazu werden die Mechanismen der Rechtsetzung der Organisationen beschrieben, die für die Entwicklung des Internets verantwortlich sind und deren Verfahren auch Vorbild für staatliche Rechtsetzung sein könnten. / The Internet has not only caused a non foreseeable revolution in human communication, it also defies legislation and jurisprudence in many ways. Acting over the internet causes unknown problems as communication on the internet is due to its structure non discriminating regarding the content. Discussion in the public has therefore concluded, that the internet were a anarchic space, a state which could not persist. In many cases this has caused reactions by legislation, although most of the development is carried by jurisprudence. The target of this publication is to show the internet-specific legal developments in Germany and to show their specific problems. In contrast to the state law the mechanisms of standardization by the institutions developing the internet and its standards are described.

This thesis investigates the relationship between creative potential and the rhetorical structure of children&rsquo / s narratives. 44 middle school children (aged 12-15) were given a set of paper-pen activities including one divergent thinking test, one convergent thinking test and a story to be completed. Results of the divergent and convergent thinking tests were taken as the predictors to estimate the potential for creative thinking. Children were examined in terms of how they encode rhetorical relations in their writings. Whether a creative potential made a difference in children&rsquo / s writings in terms of rhetorical relations they used, and whether children within the same creative potential group used the same rhetorical relations in common were investigated. Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) (Marcu, 2000 and Carlson and Marcu, 2001) was used in coding children&rsquo / s writings. It was found that children in the study interpreted story writing as an act of attribution. This result is contrary to Marcu et.al (1999b), who found the elaboration-additional relation as the most frequent relation in their corpora. The study also found that there was an inverse relationship between the convergent thinking scores and the number of satellites (an EDU (elementary discourse unit) playing an auxilliary role for a text in question) for the 7th graders. Finally, it was found that high quartile (highest scorers in the study, top 25%) convergent thinkers were able to construct a narrative element with few number of EDUs and few number of discourse relation types.

In 1989 the American Surrealist associated painter, sculptor, and writer Dorothea Tanning (1910-2012) suggested an intermedial dimension to her multifaceted œuvre in her essay ‘Some Parallels in Word and Pictures.’ Taking this essay as a critical point of departure, this thesis offers an intertextual theorisation of Tanning’s practice. It concerns the role of narrative in her work, and the way in which she borrows from the histories of art and literature as source materials. The thesis presented here is that Tanning’s work from the context of Surrealism and beyond makes reference to the fairy tales and other, more extensive works of literature which she read in her youth whilst at work in her public library in Galesburg, Illinois, whether implicitly in visual references or explicitly in her works’ titles. Throughout, the library is read as a key source of inspiration. This is true too of the impact which Tanning’s belated visit to the Louvre had on her post-Surrealist stylistic development. Broadly, this thesis aims to rethink the methodologies used to interpret Surrealism, and reunite the literary and visual aspects upon which the Surrealist movement was initially founded. This interdisciplinary approach contributes fresh perspectives by marrying the history of Surrealism with that of the fairy tale, including that of Lewis Carroll, Hans Christian Andersen, and the fairy tale illustrations of Gustave Doré, Maxfield Parrish, Arthur Rackham, and John Tenniel. The anti-fairy tale emerges as useful critical tool in defining the intertext which appears when Surrealism and the fairy tale are paired. The ‘demythologising’ project of Angela Carter is useful to call upon in the articulation of the anti-fairy tale, and her work is easily placed in dialogue with that of Tanning, especially in terms of its feminist leanings. The dialogic, intertextual theories of Mikhail Bakhtin, further developed by Julia Kristeva and Roland Barthes, support this reading of Tanning’s visual narratives. More recently such theories of intertextuality have manifested themselves in the work of Dutch narratologist Mieke Bal who proposes a model of ‘preposterous history’ in order to creatively re-read the relationship between source (or pre-text) and intertext. This research is primarily text-based and devotes long-awaited attention to Tanning’s literary works which are read visually, including her short story ‘Blind Date’ (1943), and her novel 'Abyss' (1977), later reworked and republished as 'Chasm: A Weekend' (2004). I argue that her novel provides textual continuity with her Surrealist visual narratives of the 1940s creating a more cyclical, ‘preposterous’ shape to her career than has previously been acknowledged.

This study seeks to explore how social constructions of femininity during the Romantic Period were challenged in literature by proto-feminists in such a way as to form a revised feminine ideal of which both radical and conservative women could approve. It is an exploration of both nurturing (the figurative breast) and punitive maternal power (the figurative cane) as portrayed in Mary Wollstonecraft’s novellas, Mary and Maria, Amelia Opie’s Adeline Mowbray, and Charlotte Smith’s Celestina. As these three authors’ social circles overlapped, they shared many of the same convictions, facilitating the analysis of the style and method of expressing these ideals. It is indisputable that women of the period were allotted some authority over their own children. However, the avenues of self-empowerment open to childless women have hitherto been overlooked. According to novels of the time, did women have any power over their own destinies? Did they have any socially acceptable power over men? This study’s aim is to discover if maternal authority was posed as an empowering tool for all women by tracing how it is being defined by Wollstonecraft in Thoughts on the Education of Daughters through an evolution from the overtly didactic style of works written for teachers and children (such as her Original Stories from Real Life) to the slightly more covert style of her two novellas, Mary and Maria. The similarity between the treatments of these two very different readers is carried forward through the examination of the other two authors (Opie’s Tales of the Pemberton Family and Adeline Mowbray; and Smith’s Rural Walks and Celestina). This study has found that all three authors commend the wielding of maternal power to their readers. The maternal voice of these authors and the portrayal of more traditional maternal roles in their didactic works for children and teachers draw parallels between this persuasive style and the style of the works written for adults seeking entertainment (rather than enlightenment). The authors’ treatment of these two categories of readers traces the use of maternal power as a tool for influencing the perception of the social status quo and indeed suggests a reification of maternal authority in order to empower the contemporary reader. Through copious examples in all of the texts, maternal power (even punitive power) is shown to be innocuous enough to challenge social constructions of femininity within the confines of prescribed socially acceptable behaviour detailed by the novelists themselves. These novelists therefore offer the reader an alternative interpretation of maternity by liberating the act of mothering from the biological state, in order to examine social maternity and its implications for proto-feminism.

Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die historische Konstruktion des Datenschutzproblems, des Datenschutzes als seiner (abstrakten) Lösung sowie die Architektur seiner rechtlichen Implementation aufzudecken und einer kritischen Revision aus informatischer Sicht zu unterziehen, um daraus Folgerungen für die Technikgestaltung zu ziehen. Die Arbeit legt offen, welches Verständnis vom Menschen und von der Gesellschaft, von Organisationen, von der Informationstechnik und von der Informationsverarbeitung, welche informatischen, informationswissenschaftlichen, soziologischen und rechtswissenschaftlichen Konzepte, Denkschulen und Theoriegebäude und welche wissenschaftlichen und vorwissenschaftlichen Annahmen und Prämissen der Analyse des Datenschutzproblems zugrunde liegen und wie sie darüber hinaus die spezifische Lösung des Datenschutzproblems – den Datenschutz – gespeist haben. Auf der Basis einer informatisch fundierten Kritik zieht die Arbeit den Schluss, dass der Datenschutz als Lösung des durch die Industrialisierung der gesellschaftlichen Informationsverarbeitung erzeugten Datenmachtproblems neu abgeleitet werden muss, und legt dafür ein dem Stand der wissenschaftlichen Debatte entsprechendes, abstraktes – und damit jeweils noch anwendungsbereichsspezifisch zu konkretisierendes – Datenschutz-Angreifermodell, ein analytisches Raster für eine darauf aufbauende Bedrohungsanalyse sowie einen prozeduralen Operationalisierungsansatz, der die Vorgehensweise und die jeweils zu analysierenden oder zu prüfenden inhaltlichen Fragen deutlich werden lässt, vor. Abschließend zieht die Arbeit Folgerungen für die Gestaltung datenschutzfreundlicher – und dabei nicht notwendig nur datenschutzrechtskonformer – informationstechnischer Systeme. / The aim of this thesis is to uncover the historical construction of the data protection problem, of data protection as its (abstract) solution, as well as the architecture of its legal implementation, in order to critically assess this construction and to draw conclusions for the design of ICT systems. The thesis reveals which concepts of humankind and society, organizations, information technology and information processing, which informatics, information science, sociological and jurisprudential concepts, schools of thought and theories, and which scientific and pre-scientific assumptions and premises underlie the analysis of the data protection problem, and how they have influenced the specific solution of this problem. Based on a critical assessment of this construction the thesis concludes that data protection must be re-derived as a solution for the information power problem, which is generated by the industrialization of social information processing, and presents an abstract, state-of-the-art data protection attacker model, an analytical framework for a data protection impact assessment as well as a procedural operationalization approach illustrating the sequence as well as the substantive issues to be examined and addressed in this process. The thesis then draws conclusions for the design of data protection friendly—and not necessarily just legally compliant—ICT systems.

Die Studie untersucht mit der Augmented Reality (AR)-Technologie ein vergleichsweise neues techni-sches Phänomen aus urheberrechtlicher Perspektive, das sich insbesondere durch eine dynamische Ver-mischung von Realität und Virtualität kennzeichnet. Schwerpunktmäßig wird die Einordnung solcher interaktiver Werke als Filmwerk untersucht und abge-lehnt, um dann einen konkreten Vorschlag für die passendere Werkart des Multimediawerks zu unter-breiten und die Verkehrsfähigkeit und Urheberschaft hieran zu untersuchen. Konkret werden zunächst die technische Funktionsweise und die Anwendungsfelder der AR-Technologie untersucht (Kapitel 1) um in der Folge auf die Schutzfähigkeit einzugehen (Kapitel 2). Hierbei wird ins-besondere die Verwandtschaft mit anderen Werken mit einer künstlerisch-technischen Doppelnatur (hybride Werke), namentlich den Videospielen, herausgearbeitet. Daran angelehnt wird einerseits die Schutzmöglichkeit des zugrundeliegenden Codes als Computerprogramm und andererseits der erzeug-ten AR-Oberfläche insbesondere als Filmwerk untersucht. Die Einordnung als Film und auch als sonstige bekannte Werkart kann hier im Ergebnis nicht überzeugen und auch die herrschende Ansicht zur Ein-ordnung von Videospielen als Film wird kritisch hinterfragt. Es wird ein Vorschlag für eine unbenannte Werkart – das Multimediawerk – erarbeitet. Hierunter kön-nen moderne interaktive Gestaltungen flexibel und zeitgemäß subsumiert werden, insbesondere auch die digitale Oberfläche von Augmented Reality Umgebungen. Im dritten Kapitel werden dann die praktische Verkehrsfähigkeit sowie die Urheberschaft an entspre-chenden Multimediawerken untersucht. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt dabei insbesondere auf der Herleitung einer analogen Anwendbarkeit der Sonderregelungen zur Verwertung von Filmen (§§ 88 ff. UrhG) auf das hier vorgeschlagene Multimediawerk. / This study focuses on augmented reality (AR) technology from a copyright perspective. This compara-tively new technical phenomenon is characterized in particular by a dynamic intermingling of reality and virtuality. One of the key aspects of the study is the potential classification of such interactive works as cinemato-graphic works, which is examined and rejected. Consequently, a proposal of a better suited work type, the multimedia work, is presented before the marketability and authorship of such works is analyzed. First, the technical functionality and scope of AR technology are examined (chapter 1) in order to sub-sequently address its protectability (chapter 2). In particular, the similarity to other works defined by a combined aesthetic and technical nature (hybrid works), namely video games, is explored. Based on this, the possibility of protecting the underlying code as a computer program, on the one hand, and protecting the generated AR surface, in particular as a cinematographic work, on the other hand, is analyzed. It is concluded that the classification as cinematographic work, and also as any other known type of work, is to be rejected and furthermore, the prevailing view classifying video games as cine-matographic works is critically questioned. A proposal for an unnamed type of work – the multimedia work – is made. Modern interactive designs, in particular the digital surface of augmented reality environments, can be subsumed as such in a flex-ible and contemporary way. This study concludes with the third chapter, analyzing the practical marketability of such multimedia works as well as their authorship. A particular focus is set on the development of an analogous applica-bility of the legal framework for the exploitation of films (Sec. 88 et seq. German Copyright Act) to the multimedia work proposed here.

Die auf mitgliedstaatlicher und EU-Ebene grundrechtlich verbürgte Freiheit des Eigen-tums verlangt, das Urheberrecht effektiv zu schützen. Staatlich durchgeführte oder ange-ordnete technische Maßnahmen wie Netzsperren (IP- oder DNS-Sperren) und Deep Packet Inspection ermöglichen es u.a., gezielt die Übertragung von Daten zu blockieren, deren unlizenzierter Austausch über das Internet – etwa über Streaming-Portale – das Urheber-recht verletzt. Im Internet besteht ohne derartige technische Maßnahmen ein Durchset-zungsdefizit, da die unmittelbaren („Content Provider“) und mittelbaren Anbieter („Host-Provider“) der Inhalte oft nicht effektiv in Haftung genommen werden können; die techni-schen Betreiber der Infrastruktur des Internets („Internet Service Provider“) hingegen können dem staatlichen Zugriff nicht ausweichen. Die angesprochenen technischen Maß-nahmen greifen jedoch in verschiedene Grundrechte des Grundgesetzes und der Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union ein. Betroffen sind insbesondere die unterneh-merische Freiheit (Art. 16 Charta) der Internet Service Provider, die Informationsfreiheit (Art. 11 Abs. 1 Charta), das Recht auf Achtung der Kommunikation (Art. 7 Charta), das Recht auf Schutz personenbezogener Daten (Art. 8 Abs. 1 Charta) der Internet-Nutzer sowie die jeweiligen mitgliedstaatlichen Entsprechungen dieser Grundrechte. Der Gegen-stand dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Vereinbarkeit der Anwendung technischer Maßnahmen zur Durchsetzung des Urheberrechts mit europäischem Primärrecht und dem Grundgesetz. / The Fundamental Right to Property, which is guaranteed at Member State and EU level, requires that copyright be effectively protected. Technical measures implemented by or required by states, such as IP/DNS blocking or Deep Packet Inspection, enable, inter alia, the targeted blocking of transmissions of data whose unlicensed exchange over the inter-net – e.g. via streaming portals – infringes copyrights. Without such technical measures, there is an enforcement deficit in the internet, as the direct ("content providers") and indi-rect providers ("host providers") of the content often cannot be effectively held liable; the technical operators of internet infrastructure ("internet service providers"), on the other hand, cannot evade governmental intervention. The technical measures mentioned, how-ever, affect various fundamental rights of the German Constitution (the “Grundgesetz”) and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The rights affected are, in particular, the Freedom to Conduct a Business (Article 16 of the Charter) of internet ser-vice providers, the Freedom of Information (Article 11(1) of the Charter), the Right to Re-spect for Communications (Article 7 of the Charter) and the Right to Protection of Person-al Data (Article 8 (1) of the Charter) of internet users, and the respective Member State equivalents of these fundamental rights. Subject matter of this thesis is to examine whether the use of technological measures to enforce copyrights is in compliance with Eu-ropean primary law and the German Grundgesetz.

Die Arbeit befasst sich mit drei konkreten Problemstellungen digitaler Vermittlungsplattformen (Amazon, ebay, etc.) im allgemeinen Privatrecht: die Haftung für die Erfüllung des Vertrages zwischen Anbieter und Käufer; die Haftung für Integritätsschäden des Käufers, die durch das erworbene Produkt verursacht werden; und die Zulässigkeit von Selbstbegünstigungspraktiken der Plattform gegenüber den Anbietern. Dabei werden aus methodischer Perspektive von law and economics Voraussetzungen eines effizienten gesetzlichen Rahmens ermittelt. Dieser wird der aktuellen Gesetzeslage bzw. anstehenden gesetzlichen Reformvorhaben gegenübergestellt. Die erste Frage der Erfüllungshaftung stellt sich vor dem Hintergrund, dass Plattformen im Vermittlungsprozess zwischen Anbieter und Käufer eine aktive, steuernde Rolle spielen und damit auf die Erfüllung erheblichen Einfluss nehmen können. Gleichzeitig weisen die AGB der Plattform dieser keine Haftung zu, weil sie nicht Vertragspartei sei. Mit dieser vertraglichen Gestaltung will die Plattform auch einer Haftung für Integritätsschäden entgehen. Bei der Selbstbegünstigung schließlich tritt die Plattform selbst als Anbieter auf. Mit ihrer Doppelrolle als Anbieter und Marktorganisator kann sie andere Anbieter besonders lukrativer Produkte von der Plattform ausschließen und selbst an deren Stelle treten. Trotz ihrer vermeintlichen Schiedsrichterrolle greift die Plattform damit in das Marktgeschehen ein und leitet die Gewinnaussichten mancher Anbieter auf sich selbst um. Die ökonomische Analyse legt für das allgemeine Privatrecht nahe, dass – anders als marktbeherrschende oder gatekeeper Plattformen – „normale“ Plattformen nicht mit zwingendem Recht reguliert werden sollten, sondern vielmehr Transparenzregeln der zielführende Ansatz sind. Diese sind bereits im geltenden Privatrecht im Wesentlichen vorhanden. / This thesis deals with three private law problems of digital intermediary platforms (amazon, ebay, etc.): liability for the fulfilment of the seller-buyer-contract; liability for damages caused by the purchased product; and the legitimacy of self-preferencing practices of the platform against the sellers. Using the methodology of law and economics, an efficient legal framework for these phenomena is identified. The current legal situation and projects of legal reform are reflected on the basis of these normative results. The first question whether platforms should be liable for the fulfilment of the seller-buyer-contract is discussed against the background that platforms play an active, controlling role in the matching process between seller and buyer and can thus influence fulfilment. In contrast, the platforms’ terms 2 3 and conditions consider the platform not a party to the contract and thus not liable. With its terms the platform tries to evade product liability, too. Finally, in the case of self-preferencing, the platform itself acts as a seller. With its dual role as seller and market organiser, it can exclude sellers of particularly lucrative products from the platform and itself take their place. Despite its supposed role as referee, the platform intervenes in its own market and diverts the profit prospects of some sellers to itself. Economic analysis of general private law suggests that – unlike market dominating or gatekeeper platforms – “normal” platforms and their contractual framework should not be regulated with mandatory rules. Rather, rules of transparency prove to be expedient. In essence, such rules are already existing in current private law.