Le phénomène du Prenez vos appareils personnels (PAP) représente une tendance lourde sur le marché du travail. La pression vient plutôt du côté des employés, les employeurs étant la plupart du temps à la merci des choix de leurs employés en termes d’appareils et d’utilisation. Cette recherche étudie le PAP à travers la théorie institutionnelle pour mieux comprendre le PAP dans l’organisation en tenant compte du point de vue de l’employé et de l’employeur et en expliquant comment il est vécu. Neuf thèmes ont émergé de l’étude de cas à l’aide d’entrevues semi-dirigées : l’aspect pratique, la distinction entre la vie professionnelle et la vie personnelle qui s’effrite, la dépendance aux appareils, le stress, la liberté, la productivité, la sécurité de l’organisation, le besoin d’une politique pour encadrer le PAP dans l’organisation et le coût. Cette étude jette les assises d’une recherche sur une politique organisationnelle pour encadrer le PAP.

Hispanic women in Texas show higher cervical cancer incidence rates as compared to all women in the United States. The rate of cervical cancer in the United States has reduced mostly due to regular cervical cancer screening. However, high cervical cancer among Hispanics in Texas may reflect low cervical cancer screening. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the insurance status (independent variable) and cervical cancer screening (dependent variable) among low-income Hispanic women, living in Texas Health Service Regions (HSRs), after controlling for age, marital status, and personal health care provider. The theoretical framework used in this study was the health belief model. Nine hundred and fifteen Hispanic women living in Texas HSRs, ages 21-65 years and who participated in Texas BRFSS 2015-2017, were the sample for this study. Univariate analysis was performed to obtain frequencies and percentages of all covariates. A Chi-square was conducted to determine if there was an association between any of the independent and the dependent variable and binomial logistic regression was used to answer the hypotheses. The findings from this study revealed no relationship with cervical cancer screening and the level of education. However, insurance status and income were statistically significant on receiving a Pap test among low-income Hispanic women in Texas HSRs (p

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer affecting women in developing countries and accounted for 84% of the global incidence of cervical cancer in 2012. Nicaragua is one country illustrating this disparity, with an annual cervical cancer mortality six times the U.S. rate. This may be explained by lack and poor utilization of effective screening programs, especially the Papanicolaou, or Pap, smear. This study resulted from a partnership formed by faculty and students from two U.S. universities and a Nicaraguan nonprofit organization to conduct projects to benefit a community in Nicaragua. To promote a free Pap smear program provided by the local clinic, a community-wide survey regarding Pap smear utilization was conducted with local health promotoras (promoters). Of 1,117 women, 78.4% reported ever having a Pap smear, of whom 11.1% had not received their results, while results were reported as normal by 78.9%, and abnormal by 10%. The most common reasons for not having a Pap smear were refusal to test, fear, and pain. Proportions of women who ever had a Pap smear varied by etapa (stage/neighborhood, p < .001). Findings are useful for policy development to improve the clinic’s screening services and encourage full utilization of Pap smears.

Excerpt: Use of a nylon brush (Cytobrush and others) with spatula to obtain Papanicolaou (Pap) smears from pregnant women is more likely to obtain sufficient endocervical cells, without adverse consequence for the mother or for the fetus.

Att gå på en gynekologisk cellprovtagning är något flera kvinnor tycker är obekvämt. Det upplevs som ett oroligt och obehagligt möte. Studien undersöker därför följande frågeställning; Hur kan produktdesign stötta en stressad/oroad patient i ett väntrum inför en cellprovtagning? Syftet för studien är att förbättra kvinnors väntrums-upplevelser inom kvinnlig vård samt undersöka hur designmetoder och produktdesign kan bidra till framtagandet av en produkt som lindrar användarens stress och orosnivåer i väntrummet inför cellprovtagning. Studien förhåller sig till ett användarcentrerat förhållningssätt som riktar sig till att designa för användaren. Även co-design tillämpas där användaren och designern samarbetar under delar av designprocessen. Denna studies användare är kvinnor i åldern 23–30 år som gör sina första cellprovsbesök.  För att undersöka studiens frågeställning samlades kvalitativ information genom en expertintervju, intervjuer med användaren och workshops med användaren. Dessa metoder analyserades och resulterade i önskemål på fysiska attribut i produkten. Delar av önskemålen togs med i beslut senare i designprocessen. Användarnas problem definierades i metoden Problem Definition. De problem som användarna angav i Problem Definition var att komforten i väntrummet är bristande, väntetiden är oviss samt rastlöshet i väntrummet. Metoden Problem Definition blir studiens grundställning i designprocessen där beslut tas utifrån att lösa de nyssnämnda problemen. Designprocessen bestod främst utav brainstorming, brainwriting och två delar av skissande och prototypande där slutkonceptet framställdes. Studiens frågeställning besvaras genom framtagandet av en interaktiv stol. Stolen syftar till att höja komforten i väntrummet samt uppmuntra till interaktion med användaren och därmed bidra till minskad stress och oro. Interaktionen sker genom att användaren gungar eller vaggar upp och ner när den sitter ner och lutar sig bakåt i möbeln. Slutsatsen är att produktdesign kan stötta en stressad och oroad patient genom att göra denne bekväm, skapa komfort och distrahera från väntetiden i väntrummet. Slutprodukten kom fram till det ovan beskrivna, men fortsatta användartester, funktionstester etc krävs för att framta en stol fullt fungerande för sitt syfte. / Going for a gynecological pap smear is something many women find uncomfortable. It is experienced as an uneasy and unpleasant meeting. The study therefore examines the following question; How can product design support a stressed/anxious patient in a waiting room before a Pap test? The purpose of the study is to improve women’s waiting room experiences in women’s health care and to investigate how design methods and product design can contribute to the development of a product that relieves the user’s stress and anxiety levels in the waiting room before a Pap test. The study relates to a user-centered approach, which focuses on the user’s needs in the design process. Co-design is also applied where the user and the designer collaborate during parts of the design process. The users of this study are women aged 23–30, i.e., women who are attending their first pap smear test appointment. In order to investigate the study's question, qualitative information was gathered through an expert interview, interviews with the user and workshops with the user. These methods were analyzed and resulted in requests for physical attributes in the product. Parts of the requests were included in decisions later in the design process. The users’ problems were defined in the method Problem Definition. The problems that the users indicated during this method were; a lack of comfort in the waiting rooms, unclear waiting times, and restlessness in the waiting room. The Problem Definition method becomes the basis of the study in the design process where decisions are made based on solving the problems just mentioned. The design process mainly consisted of brainstorming, brainwriting and two parts of sketching and prototyping where the final concept was produced. The study’s question is answered through an interactive piece of furniture. The chair aims to increase comfort in the waiting room and encourage interaction with the user, thus reducing stress and anxiety. The interaction takes place by the user rocking the chair up and down while sitting down and leaning back in the chair.  The conclusion is that product design can support a stressed and anxious patient by making them comfortable, creating comfort and distracting from the waiting time in the waiting room. The final product resulted in what was described above, but further user tests, functional tests, etc. are required to produce a chair fully functional for its purpose.

Les Escherichia coli pathogènes extra-intestinaux (ExPEC) sont responsables d’une grande variété de maladies. Plus particulièrement, certaines souches ExPEC, du sous-groupe d’E. coli uropathogènes, sont porteuses de fimbriae de type P. Cette famille d’adhésines est soumise à une régulation transcriptionnelle appelée variation de phase; un mécanisme du tout ou rien. Il s’agit d’une compétition entre deux protéines régulatrices : la Dam méthylase et la nucléoprotéine Lrp. Ce mécanisme est aussi soumis à l’influence des régulateurs locaux PapB et PapI, deux régulateurs essentiels. Afin d’étudier PapI et ses homologues ainsi que leur impact sur la variation de phase des fimbriae F1651, Pap et CS31A. Grâce à une fusion chromosomique entre la région régulatrice de clp et les gènes lacZYA, nous avons étudié l’effet, en trans, de PapI et FooI qui ont pu restaurer la variation de phase avec une forte tendance pour la phase OFF. Pour étudier l’action de ces protéines sur foo et pap, nous avons utilisé un système utilisant gfp comme gène rapporteur de l’activité des promoteurs des opérons pap et foo. Cela a permis d’observer la variation de phase au niveau cellulaire par cytométrie en flux et en temps réel par microscopie à fluorescence. Ces expériences ont confirmé que la population de cellules F1651 positives a un phénotype d’expression de F1651 partielle alors que les cellules Pap sont en majorité en phase OFF. PapI et FooI n’ont pas la même influence sur la variation de phase, puisque FooI favorise une plus grande fréquence de variation de phase. / Escherichia coli extra-intestinal pathogenic (ExPEC) are responsible for a wide variety of diseases. Particularly ExPEC strains from the subset called uropathogenic E.coli (UPEC) are carrying fimbriae type P. This adhesin family is subject to transcriptional regulation called phase variation, an all or nothing mechanism. It is a competition between two regulatory proteins: the Dam methylase and the nucleoprotein Lrp. This mechanism is also under the influence of the local regulators PapB and PapI. These two regulators are essential to the phase variation. We therefore sought to investigate PapI and its homologs and their impact on the phase variation of fimbriae F1651, Pap, and CS31A. By means of a chromosomal fusion between the regulatory region of clp gene and lacZYA, we studied the effect in trans of PapI and FooI which could restore the phase variation with a strong tendency to phase OFF. To study the action of PapI and FooI, we used a system with gfp as a reporter gene in operons pap and foo. This allowed the observation of the phase variation at the cellular level by flow cytometry and real-time fluorescence microscopy. These experiments confirmed that the population of F165 positive cells have a partial expression state whereas Pap cells mostly have an OFF expression state. We also confirmed that FooI and PapI do not have the same influence on phase variation and that FooI promotes greater frequency of phase variation.

La résection hépatique est le seul traitement curatif des tumeurs malignes du foie et l’insuffisance hépatique est la première cause de morbi-mortalité après hépatectomie. L’amélioration du traitement des tumeurs du foie inclut le dévelopement de statégies capables de prévenir ou de traiter cette complication. Sur une série prospective récente de 232 hépatectomies (avec 0,8 % de mortalité à 3 mois) pour métastases hépatiques de cancer colorectal (MHCCR), une insuffisance hépatique était présente dans 7 % des cas d’hépatectomies majeures et était le facteur de plus mauvais pronostic pour la survie à 2 ans. Notre objectif a été d’évaluer de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques pour leur capacité à corriger l’insuffisance hépatique post-opératoire après hépatectomie élargie pour MHCCR. Un moyen mécanique de modulation pneumatique de l’hémodynamique portale et un moyen pharmacologique d’utilisation d’un facteur de survie des hépatocytes, la protéine recombinante HIP/PAP, ont été testés respectivement chez le porc et le rat. Nous montrons qu‘après hépatectomie (PHX) de 70 % sur foie normal, l’injection systémique de protéine HIP/PAP en péri-opératoire stimulait la régénération hépatique et améliorait la fonction hépatique chez le rat. En présence de MHCCR en place depuis 7 jours, la protéine HIP/PAP n’aggravait pas la maladie métastatique, et semblait au contraire diminuer la croissance tumorale après hépatectomie. In vitro, HIP/PAP n’augmentait pas la croissance tumorale de lignées cellulaires transformées dérivées de cancer du colon. Chez le porc, une sténose portale pneumatique pendant et après PHX majeure laissant en place moins de 0,5% du poids corporel entraînait une diminution de la pression portale intra-hépatique sans modifier le débit comparé au groupe sans anneau. Cette modulation de la pression était associée à une diminution significative de la bilirubine sérique et des lésions histologiques du foie restant au 7ème jour après chirurgie. Au total, il serait possible grâce à la protéine HIP/PAP et à l’anneau portal de corriger l’insuffisance hépatique post-hépatectomie en protégeant les cellules du foie de la mort et du stress secondaires aux modifications hémodynamiques et biochimiques. La question de leur association pour diminuer l’incidence de l’insuffisance hépatique reste entière. / Liver resection is the only curative treatment of tumoral liver malignancies and post-operative liver insufficiency is the 1st cause of post-operative mortality. Tumor liver treatment improvements must be associated to innovatives methods to prevent and cure this complication. On a recent prospective study including 232 hepatectomies (with a 3-month post-operative mortality of 0.8 %) for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM), post-operative liver insufficiency was present after 7 % of major hepatectomies and was the worst 2-year survival prognostic factor. To prevent this complication, we have evaluated a perioperative systemic injection of a recombinant anti-oxydant protein (HIP/PAP) before a major hepatectomy for CRLM in rats. In vitro then in model of implanted CLRM since 7 days, we have showed that HIP/PAP did not increased tumoral growth. After 70 % hepatectomy, perioperative systemic HIP/PAP injection improved liver function. After 70 % hepatectomy, HIP/PAP seemed decrease tumoral growth of implanted CRLM. On pig, we have assessed the consequences of a portal vein stenosis with pneumatic ring during and after a major hepatectomy that conserved a liver volume < 0.5 % of body weight. With this method, we have showed that the portal stenosis decreased intra-hepatic portal pressure wihout modify the portal flow by comparison with pigs without ring. This device was associated with a significant diminution of bilirubin plasmatic concentration and liver remnant histological lesions at sacrifice on post-operative day 7. Overall, chemical and physical methods and moreover their combination should allowed to decrease post-operative liver insufficicency.

<p>3’ end cleavage and polyadenylation are important steps in the maturation of eukaryotic mRNAs. Poly(A) polymerase (PAP), the enzyme catalysing the addition of adenosine residues, exists in multiple isoforms. In this study the functional significance of multiple poly(A) polymerases have been investigated. It is concluded (i) that at least three mechanisms generate the multiple isoforms i.e. gene duplication, post-translational modification and alternative mRNA processing and (ii) that the different isoforms of poly(A) polymerases have different catalytic properties. The study highlights regulation of poly(A) polymerase activity through modulation of its affinity for the substrate as visualised by the K_M parameter. We suggest that trans-acting factors modulating the K_M of poly(A) polymerase will play important roles in regulating its activity.</p><p>A new human poly(A) polymerase (PAPγ) encoded by the PAPOLG gene was identified. PAPγ is 65% homologous to the previously identified PAP. In human cells three isoforms of poly(A) polymerases being 90, 100 and 106 kDa in sizes are present. These native isoforms were purified. The PAPOLA gene encoded the 100 and 106 kDa isoforms while the 90 kDa isoform was encoded by the PAPOLG gene. Native PAPγ was found to be more active than 100 kDa PAP while the hyperphosphorylated 106 kDa PAP isoform was comparably inactive due to a 500-fold decrease in affinity for the RNA substrate. </p><p>The PAPOLG gene was shown to encode one unique mRNA while the PAPOLA gene generated five different PAP mRNAs by alternative splicing of the last three exons. The PAPOLA encoded mRNAs were divided into two classes based on the composition of the last three exons. Poly(A) polymerases from the two classes were shown to differ in polyadenylation activities. These differences revealed two novel regulatory motifs in the extreme C-terminal end of PAP, one being inactivating and the other activating for polyadenylation activity.</p>

3’ end cleavage and polyadenylation are important steps in the maturation of eukaryotic mRNAs. Poly(A) polymerase (PAP), the enzyme catalysing the addition of adenosine residues, exists in multiple isoforms. In this study the functional significance of multiple poly(A) polymerases have been investigated. It is concluded (i) that at least three mechanisms generate the multiple isoforms i.e. gene duplication, post-translational modification and alternative mRNA processing and (ii) that the different isoforms of poly(A) polymerases have different catalytic properties. The study highlights regulation of poly(A) polymerase activity through modulation of its affinity for the substrate as visualised by the KM parameter. We suggest that trans-acting factors modulating the KM of poly(A) polymerase will play important roles in regulating its activity. A new human poly(A) polymerase (PAPγ) encoded by the PAPOLG gene was identified. PAPγ is 65% homologous to the previously identified PAP. In human cells three isoforms of poly(A) polymerases being 90, 100 and 106 kDa in sizes are present. These native isoforms were purified. The PAPOLA gene encoded the 100 and 106 kDa isoforms while the 90 kDa isoform was encoded by the PAPOLG gene. Native PAPγ was found to be more active than 100 kDa PAP while the hyperphosphorylated 106 kDa PAP isoform was comparably inactive due to a 500-fold decrease in affinity for the RNA substrate. The PAPOLG gene was shown to encode one unique mRNA while the PAPOLA gene generated five different PAP mRNAs by alternative splicing of the last three exons. The PAPOLA encoded mRNAs were divided into two classes based on the composition of the last three exons. Poly(A) polymerases from the two classes were shown to differ in polyadenylation activities. These differences revealed two novel regulatory motifs in the extreme C-terminal end of PAP, one being inactivating and the other activating for polyadenylation activity.

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