Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-05-31T20:54:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RosangelaGondimDOliveira_TESE.pdf: 2568827 bytes, checksum: 7ec1882540a86b77ecd38a2c3fde52fe (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-06-01T22:54:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RosangelaGondimDOliveira_TESE.pdf: 2568827 bytes, checksum: 7ec1882540a86b77ecd38a2c3fde52fe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T22:54:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RosangelaGondimDOliveira_TESE.pdf: 2568827 bytes, checksum: 7ec1882540a86b77ecd38a2c3fde52fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / A pesca da lagosta (Panulirus) conhecida como lagosta espinhosa, do caribe ou de rochas (Decapoda, Achelata, Palinuridae) ? uma atividade que suporta uma das mais lucrativas pescarias do mundo. Apesar das medidas de manejo adotadas, trata-se de um recurso marinho bastante explorado. No Brasil, um conjunto de fatores concorre para essa explora??o. As dificuldades se refletem na rotatividade das normas para a pesca da lagosta ao longo de 44 anos (de 1967 a 2010) e no n?o acompanhamento dos desembarques da pesca desde o ano de 2010. Soma-se a esse cen?rio a pesca realizada com apetrechos n?o legais, como a rede e o mergulho, livre ou com compressor e ?marambaias?. Embora o uso do mergulho, em especial com o emprego do compressor, tenha tornado a pesca da lagosta uma atividade de maior precis?o nas capturas, tamb?m passou a apresentar maior risco ? sa?de e ? vida dos pescadores. Recifes costeiros s?o encontrados na plataforma continental do Rio Grande do Norte, litoral Nordeste oriental do Brasil, local da pesca de mergulho e de uma rica biodiversidade, destacando-se a popula??o jovem das lagostas. Este trabalho foi realizado na perspectiva de uma abordagem integradora entre a pesca e o pescador mergulhador, com foco em tr?s objetivos: fazer uma reconstru??o hist?rica da pesca durante os anos de 2001-2010, descrever o perfil sociodemogr?fico, riscos e conflitos da atividade do mergulho e comparar seu conhecimento sobre a bioecologia da lagosta com o conhecimento cient?fico. A an?lise da pesca foi baseada em planilhas do programa Estatpesca/IBAMA/RN. Foi utilizado um formul?rio formado por quest?es estruturadas e semiestruturadas, que coletou informa??es socioecon?micas dos pescadores (como idade, escolaridade, renda mensal, entre outras), suas estrat?gias da pesca (tais como, tipo de mergulho e apetrecho usado, procura ativa da lagosta, locais de pesca e profundidade atingida) e seu conhecimento sobre as normas de ordenamento e os riscos e conflitos. Tamb?m foram coletadas informa??es sobre o seu conhecimento a respeito da alimenta??o, estrutura tr?fica, reprodu??o e ciclo de vida da lagosta. Todas as an?lises estat?sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software R (R DEVELOPMENT CORE TEAM, 2012), adotando o n?vel de signific?ncia de 5% (ZAR, 2010). Cada tipo de an?lise foi computado separadamente para evitar conflitos computacionais e matem?ticos. Foram ainda utilizados os seguintes pacotes estat?sticos adicionais do software R: pacote ?ca? (GRENACRE, 1993; NENADIC, GREENACRE, 2007), ?stats? (Teste de Shapiro-Wilk, PCA, PCoA, correla??o de Pearson, Teste de Mann-Whitney; R DEVELOPMENT CORE TEAM, 2012) e ?car? (Teste de Levene; FOX; WEISBERG, 2011). Com o modelo GLM, foi poss?vel observar que a captura, em peso, era menor com o uso da rede, em rela??o ao compressor, mergulho e covo. O peso tamb?m foi significantemente maior para a embarca??o grande, em rela??o ? embarca??o pequena. Analisando a escala temporal, por ano, a maior produ??o ocorreu em 2009 e 2010, e, quanto aos meses, independentemente do ano da amostra, o m?s de agosto apresentou maior captura. Foram entrevistados 53 pescadores mergulhadores que se dedicam ? pesca de lagosta. A maioria deles (89%) tem mais de 30 anos e nasceu na comunidade de Rio do Fogo. Muitos n?o conclu?ram o ensino fundamental I e s?o analfabetos funcionais (58,5%). Reconheceram dois grandes riscos nessa atividade: aqueles associados ao mergulho e os relacionados ao descumprimento das regras formais ou informais da captura da lagosta. Quanto aos riscos associados ao mergulho, o uso do compressor foi o mais citado pelos pescadores (48%), seguido por dorm?ncia nos membros, dores nas articula??es ou sangramentos (leves) e sintomas da doen?a por descompress?o (DCS). O n?o cumprimento as normas estabelecidas originam conflitos entre pescadores e ?rg?os fiscalizadores. Quanto ao conhecimento dos pescadores sobre a bioecologia da lagosta foi verificado que independe da idade e do tempo de experi?ncia, j? que n?o houve diferen?a significativa entre os que mergulham h? mais tempo e que t?m mais idade (kendall?s tau, p > 0,05). Tamb?m um grau alto de similaridade do conhecimento dos pescadores mergulhadores com a literatura cient?fica a respeito da alimenta??o, estrutura tr?fica e habitat da lagosta foi verificado. Com base neste estudo, tr?s relevantes aspectos devem ser considerados: a necessidade de um monitoramento desta pesca, os impactos causados pela pesca por mergulho na comunidades recifal e a import?ncia de ser considerado o conhecimento do pescador a respeito da bioecologia da lagosta nos planos de gest?o desta pesca. / Spiny Lobsters, Caribbean lobster or Rock lobsters (Decapoda, Achelata, Palinuridae) are important resources and support one of the most profitable fisheries in the world. In Brazil, despite current management measures adopted, it is still a fully exploited marine resource and a number of factors contribute to this scenario. Difficulties are reflected in the rotation of standards for lobster fishing over 44 years (1967 to 2010 and non-monitoring of fisheries since 2010). Adding to this, fishing activity is carried out with non-legal paraphernalia such as nets and free diving, or compressors and "marambaias". The activity of diving in general with the aid compressors has made catches more accurate. But on the other hand, it presents greater risks to the fishers ?life and health. Coastal reefs are found on the continental shelf of Rio Grande do Norte in Brazil's northeastern coast. It is a place for diving that has rich biodiversity, and presents a young lobster population. This work was carried out in a perspective of an integrative approach between the fisherman and the diver fisher with a focus on three objectives. To make a historical reconstruction of fishing during the years 2001-2010, to describe the sociodemographic profile, risks and conflicts of the activity and to compare his knowledge on the bioecology of the lobster with the scientific knowledge. The fishery analysis was based on spreadsheets enabled by the Estatpesca, a software program developed by the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Resources (IBAMA) in Rio Grande do Norte. A structured and semi-structured questionnaire was applied in order to collect the subject?s socio-economic information (age, education, monthly income, etc.), their fishing strategies (such as type of dive and equipment use, active lobster fishing depth) and their knowledge of the rules on risks and conflict management. Other type of information was also collected related to their knowledge on food, trophic structure, reproduction and lobster life cycle. Statistical analysis was performed using the R (R Development Core Team 2012) software, considering 5% significance level (Zar 2010). Each type of analysis was computed separately to avoid computational and mathematical conflicts. The following statistical software packages were also used: "ca" package (Grenacre 1993, Nenadic & Greenacre 2007), stats (Shapiro-Wilk test, PCA, PCoA, Pearson correlation, Mann-Whitney test; R Development Core Team 2012) and 'car' (Levene Test; Fox & Weisberg 2011). With the GLM model, it was possible to observe that the capture, by weight was smaller with the use of the net, in relation to the compressor, dive and cages. Greater weight was also significantly larger for the large vessel in relation to small vessels. Analyzing the time scale, the highest production per year occurred in 2009 and 2010. As for the monthly fishery, independently of the year sampled, the month of August showed a larger catch. 53 lobster fisher-divers were interviewed. The great majority (89%) are over 30 years old and were born in the community of Rio do Fogo. Many fishers have not completed elementary school and are illiterate (58.5%). They recognized two major risks in this activity: those associated with diving and those due to noncompliance with the formal or informal rules of catching lobsters. The risks associated with diving with the use of the compressors were most cited (48%), some pointed out limb numbness, joint pain or mild bleeding as well as symptoms related to decompression sickness (DCS). The results indicate that fisher?s knowledge of the lobster bio-ecology does not depend on age or experience. There were no significant differences between those who dive longer and are older (Kendall's tau, p> 0.05). There was a high degree of similarity in knowledge on behalf of fishers and scientific literature regarding feeding, trophic structure and lobster habitation. Based on this study, three aspects should be considered: the need for a monitoring of this fishery, impacts caused by dive fishing on the reef communities, and the importance of considering the fisherman's knowledge about the bio-ecology of the lobster in the fishery management plans.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-05-23T13:46:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Pedro Soares.pdf: 1816164 bytes, checksum: c9d36edf08ffef683ecc8bd6879cff2b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-23T13:46:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Pedro Soares.pdf: 1816164 bytes, checksum: c9d36edf08ffef683ecc8bd6879cff2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-25 / This study aimed to characterize histologically the cycle of vitellogenesis of painted lobster Panulirus echinatus from Southern Coast of Pernambuco, in different stages of maturation. 173 females animals were collected from for a period of 12 months between the months of December 2007 to November 2008, an average of 15 animals per month, Tamandaré Beach, South Coast of Pernambuco State. Data collection was performed using gillnets and the samples were taken at random. After being captured the animals were euthanized by heat shock, ovaries and hepatopancreas were collected and individually weighed, fixed in 10% formaldehyde in water from the site of capture for paraffin and the 4% buffered glutaraldehyde for inclusion in historesine. The blocks were cuted and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Gomori's trichrome, hematoxylin / phloxine, PAS + hematoxylin, Control, PAS, PAS + Alcian Blue pH 2.5 and Sudan Black. Histological analysis revealed four maturation stages: development (stage II) Pre-maturity (stage III), maturation (stage IV) and post-spawning (stage V) and three-stage oocytes, no vitellogenic, vitellogenic primary phase, and secondary vitellogenesis. In mature oocytes the cytoplasm is PAS positive and presence of lipid droplets positive for Sudan. Gonadossomatic and hepatossomatic indexes showed an inverse correlation in the different stages of maturation indicating a possibility of transfer of yolk from hepatopancreas to the ovaries during the reproductive period. / Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar histologicamente o ciclo de vitelogênese da lagosta pintada Panulirus echinatus do litoral sul de Pernambuco, nos diferentes estágios de maturação. Foram coletados 173 animais fêmeas por um período de 12 meses entre os meses de dezembro de 2007 a novembro de 2008, uma média de 15 animais por mês, na Praia de Tamandaré, Litoral Sul do Estado de Pernambuco. A coleta foi realizada utilizando-se rede de espera e as amostras foram obtidas de forma aleatória. Após serem capturados os animais foram ortonasiados por choque térmico, ovários e hepatopâncreas foram coletados e pesados individualmente, fixados em formaldeido a 10% em água do local da captura para inclusão em parafina e em glutaraldeído à 4% tamponado para inclusão em historresina . Os blocos foram cortados e corados pela Hematoxilina/Eosina, Tricrômico de Gomori, Hematoxilina/Floxina, PAS+Hematoxilina, Controle PAS, PAS+Alcian Blue pH 2.5 e Sudan Black. As análises histológicas revelaram quatro estágios de maturação: Desenvolvimento (estágio II); Pré-maturação (estágio III); Maturação (estágio IV) e Pós-desova (estágio V) e três fases ovocitárias: não vitelogênica, fase de vitelogênese primária, e vitelogênese secundária . Nos ovócitos maduros o citoplasma apresentou-se PAS positivo e presença de gotículas de lipídios positivas ao Sudan. Os índices gonodossomáticos e hepatossomáticos demonstraram uma correlação inversa nos diferentes estágios de maturação gonadal indicando uma possibilidade de transferência de vitelo do hepatopâncreas para os ovários durante o período reprodutivo.

Chemical senses play a critical role in predator-prey and social interactions of many animals. Predators often evoke adaptive escape responses by prey, one of which is the release of chemicals that induce adaptive avoidance behaviors from both predators and conspecifics. I explore the use of chemicals in predator-prey and social interactions, using a crustacean model system, the spiny lobster. As predators, spiny lobsters are opportunistic, polyphagous feeders, and they rely heavily on their chemical senses during feeding. Some of their potential prey deter attacks through chemical defenses that act through the spiny lobsters’ chemical senses. An example of this is sea hares, Aplysia californica, which secrete an ink when vigorously attacked by sympatric spiny lobsters, Panulirus interruptus. I show that that this ink defends sea hares from spiny lobsters through several mechanisms that include phagomimicry, sensory disruption, and deterrence, and that the ink’s efficacy is enhanced by its naturally high acidity. As prey, spiny lobsters rely heavily on their chemical senses to assess risk from predators. One way to assess risk of predation is through ‘alarm cues’, which are injury-related chemicals. I show that injured Caribbean spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus, release alarm cues in their hemolymph, and that nearby conspecifics detect these cues using olfaction. Hemolymph from conspecifics induces primarily alarm behavior in the form of retreat, sheltering, and suppression of appetitive responses. In contrast, hemolymph from heterospecifics, depending on phylogenetic relatedness, induces either mixed alarm and appetitive behaviors or primarily appetitive behaviors. Spiny lobsters also use chemical cues to assess risk during social interactions with conspecific. I show that spiny lobsters use urine-borne chemical signals and agonistic behaviors to communicate social status and that these chemical signals are detected exclusively by the olfactory pathway. Dominant animals increase urine release during social interactions, whereas subordinates do not. Experimental prevention of urine release during interactions causes an increase in agonism, but this increase is abolished when urine of dominants is reintroduced. My findings lay the foundation for neuroethological studies of risk-assessment systems mediated by intraspecific chemical cues.

The Spiny Lobster (Panulirus argus) fishery in Florida is closed during the spawning season (March-July) except for a two-day recreational `miniseason' for sport divers in July, several days prior to the opening of the commercial fishing season. In Monroe County, recreational fishers, who possess a valid Saltwater Fishing License with crawfish stamp, are allowed to harvest six lobsters per day, each with a minimum carapace length of 76.2 mm (3.0 inches). During these two days, approximately 50,000 people attempt to catch lobster, and the number of boats visiting the reef has been estimated to be up to 900 times higher than during the regular lobster season. I quantified incidences of benthic damage that occurred during the August 2011 miniseason, as well as substrate type and benthos affected. Study sites at Eastern, Western, and Middle Sambos, each characterized by spur and groove reefs, represented different levels of protection within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. The Eastern Sambos is a research only area, the Western Sambos permits recreational SCUBA diving but does not allow harvest of marine resources, and the Middle Sambos allows both recreational diving and lobster harvesting. The "Impact Site", the Middle Sambos, allows lobster harvesting, and "Control Sites", The Eastern and Western Sambos, were off limits to lobster harvesting. All sites were assessed three times before and three times after the miniseason at four locations within each of the three reef areas. Research divers conducted 30-minute, random-swim surveys cataloging incidences and magnitudes of benthic damage and counting legal-sized Spiny Lobster observed on reefs. Data were collected and analyzed using analysis of variance following the `Before-After, Control-Impact, Paired-Series' (BACIPS) design. I found an increase in the incidences of benthic damage at the Impact sites in the three surveys conducted after the miniseason, while no significant change occurred in Control sites. This suggests that detectable benthic damage associated with lobstering activity occurred during the miniseason, at least partly as a consequence of diver impacts while searching for and capturing Spiny Lobster. In addition to SCUBA gear, divers typically also bring gloves, a three-foot (92 cm) tickle stick, a hand net, a lobster gauge, and a lobster bag, all of which make buoyancy control more challenging. By actively searching for and attempting to capture Spiny Lobster, which are cryptic and maintain close proximity to the reef, lobster-seeking divers damage the benthos at higher rates than divers engaged in non-consumptive recreational activities.

[Truncated abstract] Removal of consumers through fishing has been shown to influence ecosystem structure and function by changing the biomass and composition of organisms occupying lower trophic levels. The western rock lobster (Panurilus cygnus), an abundant consumer along the temperate west coast of Australia, forms the basis of Australia's largest single species fishery, with catches frequently exceeding 11000 tonnes annually. Despite their high abundance and commercial importance, the diet and trophic role of adult lobster populations in deep-coastal-ecosystems (35-60 m) remains unknown. An understanding of the diet and trophic role of lobsters in these ecosystems is a key component of the assessment of ecosystem effects of the western rock lobster fishery. This study uses gut content and stable isotope analyses to determine the diet and trophic role of lobsters in deep-coastal ecosystems. Dietary analysis indicated adult lobsters in deep-coastal ecosystems were primarily carnivorous with diet reflecting food available on the benthos. Gut content analyses indicate crabs (62 %) and amphipods/isopods (~10 %) are the most important lobster dietary sources. Stable isotope analysis indicates natural diet of lobsters in deep coastal ecosystems is dominated by amphipods/isopods (contributing up to ~50 %) and crabs (to ~75 %), with bivalves/gastropods, red algae and sponges of lesser importance (<10 % of diet each). Diet of lobsters in deep-coastal ecosystems differed from that reported for lobsters inhabiting shallow water ecosystems in this region, reflecting differences in food availability and food choice between these ecosystems. Bait from the fishery was also determined (by stable isotope analyses) to be a significant dietary component of lobsters in deep-coastal ecosystems, contributing between 10 and 80 % of lobster food requirements at some study locations. '...' Given observed effects of organic matter addition in trawl fisheries, and also associated with aquaculture, bait addition is likely to have implications for processes occurring within deep-coastal ecosystems in this region, particularly given its oligotrophic status, most likely by increasing the food available to scavenging species. Removal of lobsters from deep-coastal ecosystems may affect the composition and abundance of lobster prey communities through a reduction in predation pressure. Such effects have been demonstrated for other spiny lobster species. These effects are typically most observable amongst common prey taxa which in other studies have been commonly herbivores. In deep-coastal ecosystems, crabs and amphipods/isopods are the most common prey taxa and most likely to be effected. The ecosystem-impacts of top-down control of non-herbivorous prey species is unknown and constrains the inferences possible from this study. However, the establishment of 'no-take' areas in deep-coastal ecosystems would allow the ecosystem effects of lobster removal to be further assessed in these deep-coastal ecosystems. While data from the current study did not allow the ecosystem effects of lobster removal to be properly assessed, this study provided information regarding the ecology of western rock lobsters in previously unstudied ecosystems.

This dissertation analyses the effects of current fisheries practices and management regulations of the green spiny lobster (Panulirus gracilis) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Region (ETP). P. gracilis has reached a critical state in the ETP. Country-based studies report that between 60 and 98% of lobsters caught in the wild are under the minimum landing size (MLS). This means that spiny lobsters are being extracted before reproducing and contributing to the replenishment of interconnected populations. The recovery of green spiny lobster populations in the ETP and the future maintenance of a sustainable fishery will depend on effective management decisions and on taking in account environmental factors that influence the population dynamics of the lobsters. In the first study (Chapter 2), the B52 Spiny Lobster individual based simulation model was used for conducting a population viability analysis to quantify the effect of current fishing practices and the effect of varying management regulations on minimum landing size (MLS) and fishing effort. The best suit of regulations to maintain the highest abundance, production of offspring and catch is to protect juveniles and egged females, and to establish a MLS that assures the reproduction of individuals before being extracted. This study revealed regional variations, however the patterns and the causes for variation were not yet clear. This led to the next chapters in this dissertation. In Chapter 3, I used a meta-analysis to explore regional lobster variability by comparing published studies from the ETP. The objective was to identify patterns of variation related to geographic and environmental factors of the region that can inform the establishment and evaluation of coordinated regulations. Morphological relationships showed to be more variable at northern latitudes, where the mean annual sea surface temperatures are higher than at lower temperatures at the Equator. In terms of management, MLS regulations should be adapted accounting for the effect of sea surface temperature and its variation. Additionally, it was observed that monitoring methodologies are not standardized within the region and even in some cases, neither within countries. Furthermore, in most places monitoring of the spiny lobster fishery happens sporadically, only in Galapagos takes place every year. Identifying patterns of variations can improve the accuracy of prediction models which can help to explore, design, and apply more effective management measures, as well as promote regional coordination to support the recovery and maintenance of spiny lobsters. In Chapter 4, I contrast current Ecuadorian minimum landing size (MLS) regulation to lobster empirical measurements within Ecuador in order to recognize potential pitfalls for management enforcement. I used linear regression and multiple regression models with the objective of identifying potential relative size variations of the individuals caught in the wild over time and in the different fishing areas in Ecuador, as well as to analyse the effect of locality, sex, age and mean SST on the tail length/total length ratio. Morphological relations were significantly different among sexes, in time and by all sites. Most importantly, this study shows that current minimum size regulations are not applicable to all sites. Additionally, I found that water temperature has a significant effect on morphological relationship variations. However, it was not the main site-specific variable responsible for explaining such variations. In general, this work emphasizes the need for length data collection standardization and the consideration of temporal and spatial variation implications in national and regional fishery management planning, enforcement and evaluation.

This dissertation analyses the effects of current fisheries practices and management regulations of the green spiny lobster (Panulirus gracilis) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Region (ETP). P. gracilis has reached a critical state in the ETP. Country-based studies report that between 60 and 98% of lobsters caught in the wild are under the minimum landing size (MLS). This means that spiny lobsters are being extracted before reproducing and contributing to the replenishment of interconnected populations. The recovery of green spiny lobster populations in the ETP and the future maintenance of a sustainable fishery will depend on effective management decisions and on taking in account environmental factors that influence the population dynamics of the lobsters. In the first study (Chapter 2), the B52 Spiny Lobster individual based simulation model was used for conducting a population viability analysis to quantify the effect of current fishing practices and the effect of varying management regulations on minimum landing size (MLS) and fishing effort. The best suit of regulations to maintain the highest abundance, production of offspring and catch is to protect juveniles and egged females, and to establish a MLS that assures the reproduction of individuals before being extracted. This study revealed regional variations, however the patterns and the causes for variation were not yet clear. This led to the next chapters in this dissertation. In Chapter 3, I used a meta-analysis to explore regional lobster variability by comparing published studies from the ETP. The objective was to identify patterns of variation related to geographic and environmental factors of the region that can inform the establishment and evaluation of coordinated regulations. Morphological relationships showed to be more variable at northern latitudes, where the mean annual sea surface temperatures are higher than at lower temperatures at the Equator. In terms of management, MLS regulations should be adapted accounting for the effect of sea surface temperature and its variation. Additionally, it was observed that monitoring methodologies are not standardized within the region and even in some cases, neither within countries. Furthermore, in most places monitoring of the spiny lobster fishery happens sporadically, only in Galapagos takes place every year. Identifying patterns of variations can improve the accuracy of prediction models which can help to explore, design, and apply more effective management measures, as well as promote regional coordination to support the recovery and maintenance of spiny lobsters. In Chapter 4, I contrast current Ecuadorian minimum landing size (MLS) regulation to lobster empirical measurements within Ecuador in order to recognize potential pitfalls for management enforcement. I used linear regression and multiple regression models with the objective of identifying potential relative size variations of the individuals caught in the wild over time and in the different fishing areas in Ecuador, as well as to analyse the effect of locality, sex, age and mean SST on the tail length/total length ratio. Morphological relations were significantly different among sexes, in time and by all sites. Most importantly, this study shows that current minimum size regulations are not applicable to all sites. Additionally, I found that water temperature has a significant effect on morphological relationship variations. However, it was not the main site-specific variable responsible for explaining such variations. In general, this work emphasizes the need for length data collection standardization and the consideration of temporal and spatial variation implications in national and regional fishery management planning, enforcement and evaluation.