LOURENÇO, Jullyermes Araújo. Desenvolvimento de juvenis recentes de lagosta espinhosa Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palinuridae) submetidos a diferentes temperaturas em condições de laboratório. 2006. 147f. Dissertação(Mestrado em Engenharia de Pesca) - Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2006. / Submitted by Maria Naires Souza (marianaires@ufc.br) on 2011-12-02T23:37:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-dis-jalourenço.pdf: 7127361 bytes, checksum: 5bf6ebe24d68c47f6f1e373d78846993 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Nascimento(vieiraaline@yahoo.com.br) on 2011-12-08T12:08:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-dis-jalourenço.pdf: 7127361 bytes, checksum: 5bf6ebe24d68c47f6f1e373d78846993 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-12-08T12:08:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-dis-jalourenço.pdf: 7127361 bytes, checksum: 5bf6ebe24d68c47f6f1e373d78846993 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-16 / Because of the great economic importance of the spiny lobster in North-east Brazil, mainly in Ceara State and also most fisheries are overexploited, Aquaculture Technology Center, Federal University of Ceara has been directed research towards essential technical design for basic methodology to the culture of spiny lobster in laboratory. Then, the objective of the present study is to verify the influence of five differents temperature in development of early juvenile spiny lobster Panulirus argus in laboratory. An entirely random delineation was applied: 24, 26, 28, 30 e 32 ºC, resulting in 5 treatments, repeated 4 times, coming to a total of 20 individuals, Recent offspring of P. argus lobster were captured with a plastic fish trap in the low tides of spring tides (0.0 and – 0.1m) near English bridge, Iracema Beach, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil. The initial average weight (g), average cephalotorax (mm) and total (mm) length of spiny lobsters were 2.680g; 13.8mm e 40.4mm, respectively. The individuals development was determined through the analyses and observations of the following parameters: increments in weight and length, number of molts, intermolt periods and survival rate. Chemical and physical parameters, biometric data, number and frequency of molts per individual, survival rate were analyzed for the determination of statistical tests. The experiment was conducted in 5 polyethylene box, measuring 37 x 55.5 cm, with capacity each for 30 liters of water. The spiny lobster culture system was provided with biological filter and artificial aeration to improve water quality. The experiment was carried out during 180 days. Biometric data was recorded every month, observing behavior, weight and length of individuals. Animals were fed on mollusk Tegula sp. and live Artemia nauplii consisting of 2 nauplius/ml. The juvenile were fed once a day. Water temperature was maintained constant by a heater with thermostat. When necessary, the value of pH and salinity was maintained changing part of culture water. At the end of experiment, survival rate were 75%, 100%, 100% e 75% for the treatments 24, 26, 28 e 30 ºC, respectively. The individuals died within one month for the treatment 32 ºC. The average value of pH and salinity for the treatments 24, 26, 28 e 30 ºC, were: 7.86 ± 0.31; 7.56 ± 0.3; 7.91 ± 0.31; 7.67 ± 0.31 e 38.6 ± 1.3‰; 38.6± 1.1‰; 38.8 ± 0.9‰; 38.8 ± 1‰, respectively, remaining within the normal level according to the Kolmogorov- Smirnov test and statistically equal through t-Student test (µ = 0.05). The final biometric data for the treatments 24, 26, 28 and 30 ºC, were: 5.104 g, 24.3 mm and 52.1 mm; 8.345 g, 29.8 mm and 63.6 mm; 9.129 g, 32.7 mm and 69.9 mm; 5.971 g, 23.2 mm and 52.8 mm for the weight, cephalotorax and total lengths. It was observed yet in the experiment, a total of 39 molts, 8 for the treatment 24 ºC, 10 for the treatment 26 ºC, 13 for the treatment 28 ºC and 8 for the treatment 30 ºC. The statistical procedure ANOVA and Tukey Test (P < 0.05) at the end of experiment showed that there were significant differences among the treatments being analyzed average weight and length, increments percentage in growth and intermolt period of the individuals. The final survival rate didn´t showed statistical significant differences with Qui-Quadrado test (P > 0.05). We can concluded that the treatment 28 ºC represented the best temperature in relation to the development of early juveniles P. argus in controled environment, when the temperature 24, 26, 30 e 32 ºC were compared under the same condition. There is a consensus of opinion of the scientific communities and businessman linked to the fishing enterprises which more research is needed on the culture of the spiny lobster, whose main objective is to develop a pilot project economically feasible in marine environment, contributing to the generation of profitable activity and employment to the local communities and also increasing yields and delivered to markets. Thus assuming that growth overfishing is bound to be the main cause of decline in the catch of spiny lobster / Devido a grande importância econômica da lagosta espinhosa para a Região Nordeste, principalmente para o Estado do Ceará e também pela sobrexplotação em que esse crustáceo encontra-se atualmente, o Centro de Tecnologia em Aqüicultura do Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca da Universidade Federal do Ceará, vêm realizando pesquisas com o intuito de contribuir para o estabelecimento de uma metodologia básica de cultivo para lagosta em laboratório. Dessa forma, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi verificar a influência de cinco diferentes temperaturas no desenvolvimento de juvenis recentes da lagosta espinhosa Panulirus argus em laboratório, sendo estas delineadas da seguinte forma: 24, 26, 28, 30 e 32 ºC, resultando em cinco tratamentos com quatro repetições, totalizando 20 indivíduos, sendo dado um caráter inteiramente casualizado ao experimento. Os juvenis foram coletados em marés baixas de sizígia (- 0,1 e 0,0 m) através de mergulho e puçá plástico nas imediações da Ponte dos Ingleses, Praia de Iracema, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, onde apresentaram inicialmente peso médio, comprimento médio do cefalotórax e comprimento médio total de 2,680 g; 13,8 mm e 40,4 mm, respectivamente. O desenvolvimento dos indivíduos foi determinado através de análises e observações dos parâmetros de crescimento em peso e comprimento, número de mudas, período de intermudas e taxa de sobrevivência. O procedimento experimental foi realizado em cinco caixas de polietileno medindo 37 x 55,5 cm, com capacidade para 30 L de água, cada. Foram colocados filtros biológicos e aeração artificial para melhorar a qualidade e a taxa de oxigênio dissolvido da água, ambos acoplados a compressores de ar para aquários. O experimento teve duração de 180 dias, sendo realizadas biometrias mensais, observando-se o crescimento e o ganho em peso, bem como, o comportamento dos indivíduos. A alimentação foi composta pelo molusco Tegula sp. e náuplios recém eclodidos de Artemia franciscana na proporção de 2 náuplios/ml, ofertada uma vez ao dia até a saciedade dos juvenis. A temperatura da água foi mantida constante através de aquecedores termostatos, e, os valores de pH e salinidade controlados sempre que necessário com trocas parciais de água. Ao final do experimento, obteve-se os seguintes percentuais de sobrevivência: 75%, 100%, 100% e 75% para os tratamentos 24, 26, 28 e 30 ºC, respectivamente, sendo que os indivíduos pertencentes ao tratamento 32 ºC morreram antes de completar um mês de cultivo. Os valores médios de pH e salinidade para os tratamentos 24, 26, 28 e 30ºC, foram: 7,86 ± 0,31; 7,56 ± 0,3; 7,91 ± 0,31; 7,67 ± 0,31 e 38,6 ± 1,3‰; 38,6± 1,1‰; 38,8 ± 0,9‰; 38,8 ± 1‰, respectivamente, permanecendo dentro da faixa de normalidade segundo o Teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e iguais estatisticamente através do Teste t-Student (µ = 0,05). Os dados biométricos finais para os tratamentos 24, 26, 28 e 30 ºC, foram: 5,104 g, 24,3 mm e 52,1 mm; 8,345 g, 29,8 mm e 63,6 mm; 9,129 g, 32,7 mm e 69,9 mm; 5,971 g, 23,2 mm e 52,8 mm para o peso, comprimento do cefalotórax e comprimento total, respectivamente. Foi observado ainda, um total de 39 mudas no experimento, sendo oito para o tratamento 24 ºC, dez para o tratamento 26 ºC, treze para o tratamento 28 ºC e oito para o tratamento 30 ºC. Os procedimentos estatísticos mostraram que houve diferença estatística significativa entre os tratamentos ao final do experimento, comprovado através da ANOVA e do Teste de Tukey (P < 0,05), sendo analisadas as médias de peso e dos comprimentos, bem como, os percentuais dos incrementos em crescimento e período de intermudas dos indivíduos. A taxa de sobrevivência final não apresentou diferença estatística significativa através do Teste do Qui-Quadrado (P > 0,05). Analisando os dados separadamente, podemos concluir que o tratamento 28 ºC representou a melhor temperatura em relação ao desenvolvimento de juvenis recentes de P. argus em ambiente controlado, quando comparado às temperaturas 24, 26, 30 e 32 ºC sob as mesmas condições. Existe um consenso por parte da comunidade científica e de empresários vinculados ao setor lagosteiro que são necessários mais estudos sobre o cultivo de lagostas, cujo objetivo maior é implantar um projeto piloto sustentável no ambiente marinho, visando gerar emprego e renda para as comunidades locais e também aumentar a oferta desse recurso no mercado, pois sua pesca já se encontra com fortes declínios de produção

SANTOS, Carlos Henrique dos Anjos dos. Engorda de juvenis recentes da lagosta espinhosa panulirus laevicauda (latreille, 1817) alimentados com ração comercial para camarão marinho e os moluscos mytella falcata e perna perna, em condições de laboratório. 2006. 92 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrária, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-CE, 2006 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-12T12:05:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_chasantos.pdf: 6291153 bytes, checksum: 8e3cf4774f001785390ffded2d0ea61f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-12T12:05:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_chasantos.pdf: 6291153 bytes, checksum: 8e3cf4774f001785390ffded2d0ea61f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-12T12:05:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_chasantos.pdf: 6291153 bytes, checksum: 8e3cf4774f001785390ffded2d0ea61f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / The spiny lobster represents an important economic fisheries resource in Ceara State, contributing to the generation of profitable activity and employment. Due to the exploitative and destructive fishing practices, along with the degradation of the natural habitat from pollution and human activity, a precipitous decline in the wild populations has occurred. This activity had begun by 1950s. Since then, different types of vessel and gears were used to catches of this resource. However, with the catches of this crustacean and the growing market demand, as a consequence, decrease natural stock. At present, this activity have had a strong decrease and one of the few ways to expand production is through aquaculture or culture of these species in captivity. In view of this decline, the objective of the present study is to analyze the development of early juvenile spiny lobster Panulirus laevicauda fed on molluscs Perna perna, Mytella falcata and commercial marine shrimp ration + Artemia sp. biomass, in laboratory condition. This experiment was carried out in the Aquaculture Technology Center, Federal University of Ceara in a 122 days feeding trial. The juveniles were submitted to three treatment (treatment A – P. perna, treatment B – M. falcata and treatment C – commercial ration + Artemia sp. biomass) repeated 4 times. Initial density used was one individual per container. The feed rate was 10 % of the individual biomass. During the experiment bromatological analyses of the feed was done, verifying protein, lipids, ash, carbohydrate and humidity. The chemical and physical parameters of the experimental water (pH, temperature and salinity), were measured daily and the juveniles were measured verifying cephalotorax and total length and weighed at each 30 days of culture. At the end of the experiment, chemical and physical parameters, biometric data, number and frequency of molts per individual, survival rate were analyzed for the determination of statistical tests. Analysis with Kolmogorov-Smirnov the Student Test (chemical and physical parameters), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and if necessary the Tukey Test (biometric data, number and frequency of molts and intermoult per individual) and test Qui-Quadrado of Pearson (survival rate), respectively. For the statistical tests, it has been used µ = 0,05 significance level. In this work chemical and physical parameters showed minimum, maximum and medium value much close among the treatments. Analysis with Kolmogorov-Smirnov showed that pH, temperature and salinity, attended normal supposition. These parameters showed no significant differences (P > 0,05) with the Student Test during the cultures among the treatments. After finished the experiment, chemical and physical parameters, biometric data, number and frequency of molts per individual, survival rate were analyzed for the determination of statistical tests. The results of gross weight (g) and cephalotorax (mm) and total (mm) length of spiny lobsters of treatment C showed a slight development compared to spiny lobsters of treatments A and B (P > 0,05). On the other hand, increment of cephalotorax (mm) and total (mm) length, showed alternation among the treatments. The value of these increments were slight lower for the treatment C (P > 0,05), respectively. The results of increments in treatment B showed slight better in relation to the treatment A and C(P > 0,05) respectively. The bromatological analyze of food in treatment B showed higher protein, lipid and carbohydrate value and the diet of treatment C showed lower value, respectively. The spiny lobster of treatment A, B, and C showed almost the same number of moults and intermoult periods (P > 0,05). The survival rate was also closed each other, and in some treatments almost the same (P > 0,05). We concluded that early juvenile spiny lobster P. laevicauda can be fed on diets used in this experiment. In addition the individuals accepted commercially formulated shrimp feeds. This fact contribute to the development of the methodology on the culture of lobsters, with speculation on the possible adaptations that can be useful to the final development of commercially incomeproducing units. / A lagosta é um recurso pesqueiro de grande importância econômica para o Estado do Ceará. Esta atividade teve seu início na década de 50 e de lá para cá, vários tipo de embarcações e artes-de-pesca foram utilizadas para a captura deste recurso. No entanto, com o início da exploração deste crustáceo, veio consequentemente a diminuição dos estoques naturais, e isto, devido a grande demanda do setor pelo produto, que forçou dessa maneira a exploração deste recurso. Atualmente, esta atividade esta em forte declínio e uma das formas para reverter esse quadro seria através da aqüicultura, ou seja, do cultivo de nossas espécies em cativeiro. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento de juvenis recentes da lagosta espinhosa Panulirus laevicauda, alimentadas com os moluscos Perna perna, Mytella falcata e ração comercial para camarão marinho + biomassa de Artemia sp., em condições de laboratório. Este experimento foi realizado nas instalações do Centro de Tecnologia em Aquicultura da Universidade Federal do Ceará, em um período de 122 dias. Este trabalho foi dividido em três tratamentos (tratamento A – P. perna, tratamento B – M. falcata e tratamento C – ração comercial + biomassa de Artemia sp.) com quatro repetições cada. A taxa de densidade inicial utilizada foi de um indivíduo por repetição. Os alimentos foram ofertados de acordo com 10% da biomassa dos indivíduos. Durante o experimento foram realizadas as análises bromatológicas dos alimentos, sendo verificados as quantidades de proteínas, lipídeos, cinzas, carboidratos e umidades. Os parâmetros físico-químicos (pH, temperatura e salinidade) foram observados diariamente e as biometrias (peso, comprimento do cefalotórax e total) mensalmente. Diariamente, se observava a ocorrência de mudas nos tratamentos com os seus respectivos dias. Após o término do experimento os parâmetros físico-químicos, os dados biometricos, os números de mudas, as freqüências de mudas e as taxas de sobrevivência foram analisadas por testes estatísticos. Os testes estatísticos utilizados foram o Kolmogorov-Smirnov e o teste “t” de Student (parâmetros físico-químicos), a Análise de Variância (ANOVA) e se necessário o teste de Tukey (biometrias, número de mudas, período de intermudas) e o teste do Qui-quadrado de Pearson (sobrevivência), respectivamente. Os níveis de significância utilizado nos testes estatísticos foram de µ = 0,05. Os parâmetros físico-químicos deste trabalho mostraram valores mínimos, máximos e médios muito próximos entre si. Com a realização do teste de Kolmorogov-Smirnov, o mesmo mostrou que o pH, temperatura e salinidade, atenderam a suposição de normalidade. Ao comparar estes parâmetros com o teste “t” de Student, foi verificado que não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os tratamentos (P > 0,05). Ao analisamos os resultados do crescimento em peso (g), ganho de peso (g), crescimento do comprimento do cefalotórax (mm) e do comprimento total (mm) em valores brutos, observamos que as lagostas do tratamento C apresentaram um ligeiro desenvolvimento em comparação aos tratamentos A e B (P > 0,05). Por outro lado, os ganhos de comprimento do cefalotórax (mm) e do ganho de comprimento total (mm), apresentaram alternância entre os tratamentos, sendo que os valores destes ganhos foram um pouco menor para o tratamento C (P > 0,05). Todos os incrementos aqui analisados seguiram as seguintes seqüências, o tratamento B apresentou-se um pouco melhor em relação aos tratamentos A e C (P > 0,05). As análises bromatológicas da dieta do tratamento B apresentaram valores de proteína, lipídeos e carboidratos mais altos em relação ao tratamento C que apresentou os valores menores entre as dietas, respectivamente. As lagostas do tratamento A, B e C, apresentaram praticamente o mesmo número de mudas e o período de intermudas (P > 0,05). A taxa de sobrevivência foi também bastante próxima uma da outra, chegando em alguns tratamentos serem praticamente iguais (P > 0,05). Concluirmos que os alimentos utilizados neste experimento podem ser utilizados na alimentação de juvenis recentes da lagosta espinhosa P. laevicauda. Outro resultado animador obtido neste trabalho foi à aceitação pela lagosta da dieta artificial, já que uma das grandes problemáticas em um projeto piloto de cultivo de nossas espécies, seriam a aceitação das mesmas por uma dieta peletizada.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804) é uma das principais espécies de lagosta no Atlântico, sendo um dos maiores recursos pesqueiros do Atlântico Ocidental, onde apresenta um alto valor comercial. A forte explotação da espécie resulta em uma grande pressão sobre suas populações. Recentemente, foi descoberto que sob o binômio P. argus estão contidas duas espécies crípticas que ocorrem em alopatria, uma na região do Caribe e outra na costa brasileira. Esta tese tem como objetivo estudar como se estruturam geneticamente as populações dessas duas espécies, com o propósito de fornecer mais informações para a determinação de estoques e um correto manejo das espécies, e analisar os processos históricos evolutivos que moldaram suas histórias demográficas. Para tal, foram estudados dois marcadores mitocondriais (região controle e o gene da Citocromo Oxidase I) e loci de microssatélites de indivíduos de 7 regiões do Caribe (Florida, Bahamas, Turks e Caicos, Porto Rico, Cuba, Colômbia e Venezuela) e 11 estados do Brasil (Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo). Dentro de cada espécie foram observadas duas linhagens mitocondriais diferentes, que co-ocorriam, de maneira homogênea, ao longo de suas distribuições. Hipotetiso que essas linhagens foram formadas a partir de um evento de vicariância com contato secundário ou como consequência de um efeito gargalo seguido de expansão. As duas linhagens são evidentes nas sequências da região controle mitocondrial, mas no gene da COI foram evidentes apenas em P. cf. argus do Caribe. As linhagens do Brasil se separaram há aproximadamente 233 - 288 mil anos e cada uma sofreu expansão em tempos diferentes, a primeira se expandiu há 100 mil anos e a segunda linhagem há 50 mil anos. As linhagens do Caribe se separaram cerca de 1 milhão de anos atrás e possuem o mesmo tempo de expansão, 50 mil anos. Os microssatélites não revelaram subdivisão populacional para nenhuma das duas espécies, porém os marcadores, juntos, sugeriram um fluxo gênico diferenciado entre localidades expostas a diferentes correntes marítimas. Considerando que essas lagostas são intensamente explotadas, é importante ser cuidadoso no momento de definir estoques pesqueiros. Para a espécie do Brasil, dois estoques pesqueiros foram sugeridos, o primeiro do Pará à Bahia e o segundo do sul da Bahia a São Paulo. Para a espécie do Caribe, foi mantida e reforçada a hipótese de quatro estoques sugerida pela FAO (Norte, Sul, Centro-Norte e Centro-Sul). / Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804) is one of the main lobster species in the Atlantic, and one of the largest fisheries in the western Atlantic, with a high commercial value. The heavy exploitation of the species results in much pressure on its populations. Recently, it was discovered that under the name P. argus there are two cryptic species that occur in allopatry, one in the Caribbean and the other on the coast of Brazil. This thesis studies the population genetic structure of those two species with the purpose of providing more information to delimitate stocks for fisheries management, and for understanding the historical processes that have shaped their evolutionary demographic histories. For this, we analysed two mitochondrial markers (control region and the Cytochrome Oxidase I gene) and microsatellite markers of individuals from 7 localities in the Caribbean (Florida, Bahamas, Turks and Caicos, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Colombia, and Venezuela) and 11 States of Brazil (Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo). Within each species two different mitochondrial lineages were observed. They occurred throughout their distributions, and it is hypothesized that they were formed from a vicariance event with secondary contact or are the result of a genetic bottleneck followed by expansion. The lineages of P. cf. argus from Brazil were only observed in the mitochondrial control region and were separated approximately 233-288 thousand years ago, and each lineage underwent expansion at different times: the first expanded 100,000 years ago and the second 50,000 years ago. The lineages of the Caribbean species were found for the two mitochondrial markers. They were separated about 1 million years ago and have had the same expansion time, 50,000 years. Microsatellites revealed no population subdivision for either species, but the molecular markers together suggest a differential gene flow between localities exposed to different currents. Since these lobsters are heavily exploited, it is important to be conservative when defining their fishing stocks. For the species from Brazil, two fishing stocks are suggested, the first from Pará to Bahia States and the second from Southern Bahia to São Paulo State. For the species of the Caribbean, our data give support to the four stocks suggested by FAO (North, South, North Central and South Central).

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804) é uma das principais espécies de lagosta no Atlântico, sendo um dos maiores recursos pesqueiros do Atlântico Ocidental, onde apresenta um alto valor comercial. A forte explotação da espécie resulta em uma grande pressão sobre suas populações. Recentemente, foi descoberto que sob o binômio P. argus estão contidas duas espécies crípticas que ocorrem em alopatria, uma na região do Caribe e outra na costa brasileira. Esta tese tem como objetivo estudar como se estruturam geneticamente as populações dessas duas espécies, com o propósito de fornecer mais informações para a determinação de estoques e um correto manejo das espécies, e analisar os processos históricos evolutivos que moldaram suas histórias demográficas. Para tal, foram estudados dois marcadores mitocondriais (região controle e o gene da Citocromo Oxidase I) e loci de microssatélites de indivíduos de 7 regiões do Caribe (Florida, Bahamas, Turks e Caicos, Porto Rico, Cuba, Colômbia e Venezuela) e 11 estados do Brasil (Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo). Dentro de cada espécie foram observadas duas linhagens mitocondriais diferentes, que co-ocorriam, de maneira homogênea, ao longo de suas distribuições. Hipotetiso que essas linhagens foram formadas a partir de um evento de vicariância com contato secundário ou como consequência de um efeito gargalo seguido de expansão. As duas linhagens são evidentes nas sequências da região controle mitocondrial, mas no gene da COI foram evidentes apenas em P. cf. argus do Caribe. As linhagens do Brasil se separaram há aproximadamente 233 - 288 mil anos e cada uma sofreu expansão em tempos diferentes, a primeira se expandiu há 100 mil anos e a segunda linhagem há 50 mil anos. As linhagens do Caribe se separaram cerca de 1 milhão de anos atrás e possuem o mesmo tempo de expansão, 50 mil anos. Os microssatélites não revelaram subdivisão populacional para nenhuma das duas espécies, porém os marcadores, juntos, sugeriram um fluxo gênico diferenciado entre localidades expostas a diferentes correntes marítimas. Considerando que essas lagostas são intensamente explotadas, é importante ser cuidadoso no momento de definir estoques pesqueiros. Para a espécie do Brasil, dois estoques pesqueiros foram sugeridos, o primeiro do Pará à Bahia e o segundo do sul da Bahia a São Paulo. Para a espécie do Caribe, foi mantida e reforçada a hipótese de quatro estoques sugerida pela FAO (Norte, Sul, Centro-Norte e Centro-Sul). / Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804) is one of the main lobster species in the Atlantic, and one of the largest fisheries in the western Atlantic, with a high commercial value. The heavy exploitation of the species results in much pressure on its populations. Recently, it was discovered that under the name P. argus there are two cryptic species that occur in allopatry, one in the Caribbean and the other on the coast of Brazil. This thesis studies the population genetic structure of those two species with the purpose of providing more information to delimitate stocks for fisheries management, and for understanding the historical processes that have shaped their evolutionary demographic histories. For this, we analysed two mitochondrial markers (control region and the Cytochrome Oxidase I gene) and microsatellite markers of individuals from 7 localities in the Caribbean (Florida, Bahamas, Turks and Caicos, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Colombia, and Venezuela) and 11 States of Brazil (Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo). Within each species two different mitochondrial lineages were observed. They occurred throughout their distributions, and it is hypothesized that they were formed from a vicariance event with secondary contact or are the result of a genetic bottleneck followed by expansion. The lineages of P. cf. argus from Brazil were only observed in the mitochondrial control region and were separated approximately 233-288 thousand years ago, and each lineage underwent expansion at different times: the first expanded 100,000 years ago and the second 50,000 years ago. The lineages of the Caribbean species were found for the two mitochondrial markers. They were separated about 1 million years ago and have had the same expansion time, 50,000 years. Microsatellites revealed no population subdivision for either species, but the molecular markers together suggest a differential gene flow between localities exposed to different currents. Since these lobsters are heavily exploited, it is important to be conservative when defining their fishing stocks. For the species from Brazil, two fishing stocks are suggested, the first from Pará to Bahia States and the second from Southern Bahia to São Paulo State. For the species of the Caribbean, our data give support to the four stocks suggested by FAO (North, South, North Central and South Central).

The western rock lobster (WRL), Panulirus cygnus is a decapod crustacean which is found in abundance in the coastal waters of Western Australia and which supports a major fishery of economic importance for the State, with an annual harvest ranging between 10-12 million kilograms. The growth of the existing markets in Asia for live exports and the competition exerted by other countries marketing spiny lobsters prompted the need for the Industry to assess and develop post-harvest handling procedures likely to contribute to an improved quality of live product. The physiological responses of P. cygnus to handling and transportation were virtually unexplored.The objectives of this project were, (i) to generate information with regard to the biological phenomena underlying morbidity and mortality of lobsters during live export shipments, (ii) to investigate the physiological responses of P. cygnus to the post-harvest handling practices currently used by the WRL industry in their five export program and, (iii) to identify protocols by which post-harvest handling techniques could be modified to reduce the occurrence of morbidity and mortality during five export.These objectives were achieved through, (i) a field survey conducted during the course of the 1992/93 fishing season, investigating the relative influence of environmental factors and processing techniques on the incidence of lobster morbidity+mortality during simulated live shipments and, (ii) a series of field experiments that monitored the physiological responses elicited by lobsters to post-harvest handling procedures and simulated live shipment conditions.From the field survey, it appeared that the rate of morbidity+mortality experienced in simulated live shipments, within the three processing units surveyed, averaged 5.22 +/- 0.63 %, with a highly significant difference (p [less than] 0.001) between the ++ / processing units. Scrutiny of the data revealed a major influence of two factors directly related to post-harvest handling procedures: a) the time spent under normal commercial conditions in packaging export cartons and, b) the ambient temperature within the export cartons. Following 30-36 hrs in packaging, the percent mortality increased twofold, from 5.2 +/- 0.0 % recorded following 20 - 24 hrs to 10.4 +/- 2.3%. With regard to the ambient temperature within the export carton, temperatures between 17.5 and 20.0 degrees celsius appear to be optimal for P. cygnus survival while temperatures above 20.0 degrees celsius induce significantly greater morbidity and mortality.A number of factors were identified as having a potential influence on lobster physiological responses to post-harvest handling conditions:a)Immediately after harvesting, lobsters are subjected to a range of transport environment options, according to their origins: i.e., (i) direct delivery from fishing vessels by local fishermen to the processing facility, (ii) onshore transportation by truck from coastal depots and, (iii) transport in baskets on board carrier-boats from the Houtman Abrolhos Islands.b) After delivery, lobsters are subjected to sorting and grading procedures, with a concomitant exposure to air and disturbance.c) Recovery in holding tanks is usually allowed for a period ranging between 24 to 72 hours.d) Prior to being packed in export cartons, lobsters are subjected to a short period (30 sec to 3 min) of immersion in chilled water (8 - 12 degrees celsius), the procedure varying from one processor to the other.e) During subsequent periods of transit in export cartons, (up to 48 hrs) lobsters are subjected to aerial exposure and fluctuating ambient temperature.A comparison of the physiological profiles of lobsters from different origins revealed significant differences, with respect to a ++ / range of physiological variables. On the basis of visual estimates of health status, lobsters from the "local" origin exhibited a consistently superior condition, when compared to "coastal" and "carrier-boat" animals. The examination of physiological variables revealed consistent trends reflecting the visual assessments. "Local" lobsters exhibited significantly lower levels in anaerobic metabolic waste concentrations, with the haemolymph lactate titre between 2.77 +/- 0.19 and 4.33 +/- 0.56 mmol L(subscript)-1, compared with the other groups, between 5.23 +/- 0.24 and 8.86 +/- 1.29 mmol L(subscript)-1. A 250 to 300% increase in haemolymph ammonia concentration was observed between "coastal" and "carrier-boat" groups and the "local" lobsters, at 0.32 +/- 0.02 mmol L(subscript)-1. Significantly higher pH values were recorded for the "local" group, at 7.72 +/- 0.04, compared with values below 7.64 +/- 0.04 for the other groups. "Local" lobsters recorded 8 to 15 times less circulating glucose, at 0.11 +/- 0.03 mmol L(subscript)-1, having 50% more ATP in their muscle tissues, at 6.07 +/- 0.15 mu mol g(subscript)-1 and 250% more arginine phosphate, at 6.56 +/- 0.72 mu mol g(subscript)-1.An assessment of the efficiency of the industry sorting procedures revealed differences between selected and rejected animals with regard to the ATP and arginine phosphate concentrations in their muscle tissues with, as a common trend for both variables, selected animals recorded higher values. Significant differences were identified within the "local" group of lobsters, with selected animals recording 40% more ATP, at 6.92 +/- 0.63 mu mol g(subscript)-1 and 30 % more arginine phosphate, at 7.77 +/- 1.01 mu mol g(subscript)-1.A monitoring of the physiological profiles of lobsters subjected to extended (up to 8 hours) periods of onshore transportation in trucks revealed a significant ++ / reduction in their health status. A consistent and almost linear fall in the concentration of total adenylate (35%), to 5.46 +/- 0.50 mu mol g(subscript)-1 and phosphagen reserve (70%),to 2.77 +/- 0.26 mu mol g(subscript)-1, were recorded throughout the 8 hour period. For up to 6 hours the concentration of lactate in the leg muscle tissues increased by 0.95 mu mol g(subscript)-1 h(subscript)-1 and then by 4.7 mu mol g(subscript)-1 h(subscript)-1,to reach 20.57 +/- 1.61 mu mol g(subscript)-1 after 8 hours. Haemolymph glucose and ammonia titres recorded a 3.5 fold increase over the first 6 hours, to reach 2.14 +/- 0.54 and 1.17 +/- 0.16 mmol L(subscript)-1, respectively, the last period (6 to 8 hours) being characterised by a 1.6 and 1.9 fold decrease in concentration. Lobsters were able to maintain their haemolymph pH close to 7.77 during the first four hours, with a concomitant rise in haemolymph calcium concentration. From the results, it appeared that, under current industry procedures, extending the period during which lobsters are transported in spray trucks to more than 6 hours is conducive of altered physiological status.An assessment of the effects of short periods (up to 60 min) of aerial exposure and disturbance revealed significant changes in the physiological profiles of lobsters. When exposed to air, lobsters exhibited a significant fall in haemolymph pH, a rise in lactate concentration, and a depletion in energy reserves. Lobsters left undisturbed were able to buffer an incipient acidosis for up to 40 min (7.78 +/- 0.03), after which a decline in pH was recorded to reach 7.71 +/- 0.02. Conversely, disturbed animals experienced an uncompensated acidosis and a decrease by 0.7 of a unit over a 60 minute period. Similarly, undisturbed lobsters did not demonstrate behavioural signs of stress while disturbed animals exhibited dramatically diminished responses ++ / to handling after 60 min of exposure. Both disturbed and undisturbed animals recorded a decline in ATP/ADP, to reach after 40 min, 8.31 +/- 0.77 and 5.05 +/- 0.45, respectively, compared to 13.18 +/- 1.69 (control). During the last period (40 to 60 min), the undisturbed animals recorded a 40 % decrease in ATP concentration, to reach 4.42 +/- 0.16 mu mol g(subscript)-1, while a 53% decline was recorded in the disturbed group, to 3.59 +/- 0.41 mu mol g(subscript)-1. During aerial exposure, the phosphagen reserve recorded a 55% decrease in the disturbed animals, at 4.82 +/- 1.37 mu mol g(subscript)-1, compared to 20% in the undisturbed group, at 8.64 +/- 0.87 mu mol g(subscript)-1. A 100% increase in lactate ion concentration was recorded in the muscle tissues of disturbed animals to reach 5.53 +/- 0.49 mu mol g(subscript)-1, compared to a 15% increase in the undisturbed group, at 2.83 +/- 0.29 mu mol g(subscript)-1.The monitoring of the physiological profiles of lobsters during extended periods (up to 72 hrs) of recovery in holding tanks revealed significant shifts in their physiological profiles and that a return to a steady state occurred only after 8 to 48 hours following re-immersion, according to the environmental conditions and the origin of the animals. Resting levels were identified after 24 hours for the haemolymph pH (close to 8.00), for the concentration in lactate, ions in the muscle tissues (2.00 to 3.00 mu mol g(subscript)-1 for the haemolymph glucose titre (0.30 to 0.60 mmol L(subscript)-1), for the haemolymph ammonia titre (close to 0.25 mmol L(subscript)-1), for ATP (6.50 to 7.70 mu mol g(subscript)-1), and for the phosphagen reserve (12.2 to 16.70 mu mol g(subscript)-1). Longer periods ([greater than]/= 48 hrs) were required for full recovery to occur when lobsters were stored at high stocking density and when lobsters were not isolated from their ++ / artificial environment. Extending the recovery period to 72 hrs resulted in slight changes in the physiological profiles of lobsters, with a 20 % decline in ATP/ADP, a 10% decrease in phosphagen concentration in the muscle tissues of the lobsters and subdued behavioural responses for those lobsters held at higher stocking densities.No attempt was made in the present study to establish the resting levels for the physiological variables surveyed. In a number of experiments, "control" groups have been studied and used as reference points to monitor changes accompanying exposure to a range of environmental conditions. The data pertaining to these different groups revealed a variability for most of the variables surveyed, suggesting that it would be hazardous to assume that these animals were undisturbed and to state with confidence that the values recorded for the variables surveyed would represent resting levels.The physiological responses of lobsters subjected to chilling procedures was investigated and significant physiological changes were identified. Short chilling procedures (3 and 6 min) were conducive of a dramatic reduction of the behavioural responses to handling, a reduction in pH values ranging between 0.13 and 0.24 of a unit, a rise in haemolymph lactate concentration by 1 to 2.6 mmol L(subscript)-1, a 20 to 100% increase in haemolymph glucose titre, a 35 to 75% decrease in phosphagen concentration. Extending the chilling period for up to 24 hrs resulted in a progressive return to control levels for most of the physiological variables surveyed. However, physiological signs of disturbance remained perceptible between 2 to 15 hours, as demonstrated by elevated lactate concentrations, lowered ATP and AP concentrations and lowered ATP/ADP values.Lobster body core temperature (CBT) reduction resulting from immersion in chilled water suggested that limited cooling ++ / effects were achieved by using the standard chilling procedures currently used by the WRL industry. Using "A" size lobsters (395 - 453 gr), a reduction of the CBT by 0.5 to 0.8 degrees celsius was recorded after 1 and 3 min immersion in 12 degrees celsius water, highlighting the limited low temperature effect exerted by these procedures in lowering the overall temperature of the mass of the product to be packed into export cartons.A study of the general physiological responses of lobsters to simulated live transport conditions in export cartons was conducted, investigating the effects of the period spent by the animals in export cartons, the effects of environmental temperature and the impact of chilling regimes. No attempt was made to duplicate exactly the conditions of cartons shipped overseas, that is carted by trucks to the airport and then transported by air to foreign markets. This study revealed that during the first 4 hours of transit, the animals exhibited physiological changes probably related to delayed responses to handling, disturbance and chilling procedures, as demonstrated by a decline in pH (0.1 to 0.3 of a unit), a rise in haemolymph ammonia (0.5 to 1 mmol L(subscript)-1) and glucose (0.5 mmol L(subscript)-1) titres, an increase in muscle lactate concentration (0.5 to 1 mu mol g(subscript)-1, a decrease in ATP concentration (1.5 mu mol g(subscript)-1, and a partial replenishment of the phosphagen reserve. These changes were less pronounced for those lobsters which underwent intermediate (30 min) chilling treatments.The subsequent periods (to 48 hours) were characterised, for all the treatments, by a rise in lactate concentration in the muscle tissues, this response being delayed for those lobsters which underwent a "6 min" or "30 min" chilling treatment. The data suggested that moderate changes in haemolymph lactate titre resulted from the increase ++ / in muscle lactate concentration, up to values ranging between 6 and 8 mu mol g(subscript)-1, beyond which levels, haemolymph lactate rose dramatically, to reach values up to 19.98 mmol L(subscript)-1. The ATP concentration remained relatively constant up to 18 - 26 hours, after which a steep decline was recorded to reach values below or close to 4 mu mol g(subscript)-1 after 42 hours, suggesting that the adenylate pool was maintained, probably through aerobic and anaerobic pathways of energy generation and by the "buffering" role played by the phosphagen reserve. After 24 to 36 hours, all the lobsters exhibited signs of energy depletion, as demonstrated by the changes in ATP/ADP ratio. A concomitant increase in lactate ion concentration and a decrease in haemolymph glucose titre was recorded, suggesting that anaerobic metabolism had become the major component of energy production. Simultaneously, a marked increase in the internal carton temperature was identified, which probably induced an increase in the metabolic rate of the lobsters. This "temperature effect" was delayed for up to 32-38 hrs transit, for those lobsters which underwent intermediate (30 min) and extended (24 hrs) chilling treatments. The changes in haemolymph pH and calcium titre suggest that the initial decline in pH identified at the completion of the first 4 hours of transit was, at least partially, compensated after 26 - 32 hours. A 30 to 40% increase in haemolymph calcium titre was recorded after 4 hours of transit, suggesting that bicarbonate ions were released in order to buffer the pH of the haemolymph. However, a decrease in pH (0.1 to 0.3 of a unit) was recorded during the subsequent periods suggesting that the bicarbonate buffering capacity did not suffice to match the recorded massive rise in lactate titre.By extending the duration of the chilling procedures and by using refrigerated ++ / material (wood-shaving fillers, ice-bottles), lower temperatures were achieved inside the packaging cartons and these were maintained for longer periods of transit (up to 20 hours), delaying the effect of the external environment on the temperature changes recorded inside the cartons and the concomitant metabolic responses of the animals. This effect was also achieved by maintaining the cartons in controlled temperature environments ([less than] 20 degrees celsius) and, to a lesser extent, by improving the insulation capacity of the polystyrene cartons.This study constitutes an overview of the physiological responses of Panulirus cygnus to post-harvest handling procedures currently used by the WRL industry. It revealed that an improved return for the Industry could be achieved by reducing the debilitating effects exerted on the lobsters by handling, exposure to air and elevated environmental temperature. It provides direction for future research, aimed at improving the quality and hence, the financial return in the live export of WRL.

Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) is a popular and heavily exploited seafood throughout its range. This species supports the primary fishery in many Caribbean countries, especially in the Bahamas, which reports the highest catches and where spiny lobster serves as the number one food export. P. argus possesses one of the longest pelagic larval durations of any marine species, ranging from 6-12 months. This allows for the possibility of long-range dispersal, which would make it difficult to determine if local adult populations originate from areas close-by or within the same countries/jurisdictions, thus presenting implications for conservation and management of the species. This project seeks to explore the policy implications of lobster larval dispersal in the Bahamas by examining the larval connectivity of locally spawned P. argus in order to determine the mean dispersal kernel and to identify hotspots of settlement within the area. A coupled biophysical model was used to simulate larval transport from scaled egg production of 47 release locations within the Bahamas. The model was initialized bi-weekly from April through May, the highest months of larvae production in the Bahamas, with each model run occurring for a maximum of 180 days. The dispersal kernel for the Bahamas was calculated to be an average of 100-300 km, indicating that the larvae released within its boundaries typically settled there as well. Due to the long pelagic larval duration, larval particles were able to travel extensive distances, averaging trajectories covering distances of 4000 km and greater from the source locations. Yet, those same larval particles still settled in locations within the Bahamas, suggesting local retention, which varies from the common perception that lobster in the Bahamas originate elsewhere. This knowledge can be used to assess and perhaps reevaluate conservation and management strategies related to the Bahamian P. argus fishery, including the implementation of MPAs and/or MPA networks, input and output management controls, and other management tools.

Adult neurogenesis of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) occurs in diverse organisms including in decapod crustaceans. This dissertation describes the molecular, cellular, and physiological changes that occur during adult neurogenesis of ORNs in the antennular lateral flagellum (LF) of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. Examination of the role of splash (spiny lobster achaete scute homolog) in adult neurogenesis and regeneration using in situ hybridization showed splash was not closely associated with the formation of sensory neurons under normal physiological conditions. Damage to the LF, which induces regeneration, enhanced splash expression, suggesting an association between splash with regeneration and repair. This study suggests that splash plays multiple roles in the olfactory organ of adult spiny lobsters. Examination of extracellular and intracellular Ca2+ in mediating spontaneous and odor-induced responses of ORNs, using calcium imaging showed that odor-induced Ca2+ transient responses and spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations in ORN somata are primarily mediated by an influx of extracellular Ca2+ through Co2+ -sensitive Ca2+ channels, but that intracellular Ca2+stores also have some contribution. These responses are independent of TTX-sensitive Na+ channels, suggesting that these Ca2+ responses may reflect receptor potentials. Examination of changes in odor specificity, sensitivity, and temporal responses in adult-born ORNs showed an increase in the percentage of odorant-responsive ORNs as they age from newly-born cells to mature, and a decrease in odorant-responsive ORNs as they senesce. As adult-born ORNs age, there was a decrease in the percentage of ORNs that undergo spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations and an increase in the amplitude of oscillation. ORNs became more broadly tuned as they senesce, and their response profile, defined by the most effective odorant, changed. Odor sensitivity changed with age. This study demonstrated that the physiological response properties of adult-born ORNs changed with functional maturation. Taken together, this dissertation reveals molecular, cellular and physiological changes in adult born ORNs and elucidates mechanisms of adult neurogenesis.

The scalloped spiny lobster, Panulirus homarus has a subspecies trio that are widely distributed in shallow-water habitats in the South West Indian Ocean. Subspecies are defined by differences in colour and abdominal sculptural pattern. A red variety with the megasculptural carapace pattern, P. h. rubellus is distributed along the south east coast of Africa and Madagascar, where they are endemic. Along the African coast P. h. rubellus stocks traverse political boundaries, Mozambique and South Africa. This project aimed to facilitate regional fisheries management of shared stocks by employing genetic tools to determine whether stocks (or populations) are indeed shared between countries. Lobster samples were collected from seven localities throughout the east African coast. The mitochondrial cyctochrome c oxidase subunit 1 region was sequenced to assess the genetic diversity 1) between different subspecies, P. h. homarus and P. h. rubellus and 2) between populations of P. h. rubellus across its African distribution range. Using DNA barcoding methods, genetic diversity was also found between morphologically distinct subspecies, Panulirus homarus homarus and P. h. rubellus which differed genetically by ca. 2-3% in sequence divergence. Both subspecies were monophyletic relative to the out-group taxa and formed well supported sister clades (BI: 1.00, ML: 93%, P: 100%, NJ: 100%). The distribution of P. h. rubellus along the African coast occurs adjacent to different current regimes and therefore varied larval transport modes (i.e. Agulhas Current and inshore countercurrents along the Eastern Cape). This may have driven the formation of subpopulations (ΦPT = 0.104, p = 0.010) which differ by ca. 1.7% in sequence difference. The pattern of gene flow of populations of P. h. rubellus lends support to the Agulhas Current being a major mode of larval transport as well as corroborates previous abundance and distribution records. Time since population expansion estimates for the P. h. homarus and P. h. rubellus subspecies as well as for the P. h. rubellus subpopulations dated back to the mid-Holocene Epoch in accordance with a warmer, more stable marine environment. Genetically distinct subspecies of P. homarus as well as differentiated subpopulations of P. h. rubellus calls for a re-visit of the current collective management of P. homarus as well as P. h. rubellus as a single genetic stock along the south east African coast. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2013.

[Truncated abstract] In this thesis I investigated the ingestive and digestive morphology and digestive physiology during development of phyllosomata of the ornate spiny lobster, Panulirus ornatus. This knowledge was applied to develop a suitable formulated diet to be fed in combination with Artemia or used as a supplement to reduce production costs. The major impediment to closure of the life cycle of spiny lobsters has been an inadequate dietary regime, stemming from a lack of information on their feeding biology and ingestive and digestive capabilities. Of all spiny lobster species, P. ornatus is the best candidate for aquaculture in Australia having the shortest larval development phase (46 months) and fast growth rate, attaining 1 kg within 2 years of hatch. Currently, Artemia and fresh feeds such as mussel are used routinely as hatchery feeds. However, the development of a formulated diet that is palatable and delivers the correct balance of nutrients is seen as a highly attractive and cost effective alternative. An appropriate formulated diet for aquaculture of phyllosomata of spiny lobsters can be developed more effectively when the ingestive and digestive morphology, physiology and feeding behaviour are fully understood. ... Partial replacement trials revealed that P. ornatus phyllosoma are stimulated to feed by visual cues. Furthermore, 75% of the entire Artemia ration can be replaced with a formulated diet without having any adverse effects on survival and growth of early-stage phyllosomata. Weaning P. ornatus phyllosomata onto 100% formulated diet during stages II-III resulted in reduced survival but demonstrated that diets containing 44-50% crude protein with a diverse range of marine protein sources provides optimum survival and growth. This thesis has identified both physical and nutritional components that will contribute to the successful development of formulated diets for aquaculture of this species. Ultimately, although formulated diets are ingested and provide more than adequate survival when fed in combination with Artemia during early ontogeny, greater success and the possibility of totally replacing Artemia may occur after day 32 (stage IV) due to an increased efficiency to capture and manipulate larger sized particles externally and a greater capacity to triturate prey and sort and filter particles internally. Furthermore, a general increase in specific activity of digestive enzymes at stage IV suggests the possibility of a greater capacity to digest and assimilate nutrients.

GAETA, J. de C. Densidade e distribuição espacial de lagostas espinhosas (Decapoda: Palinuridae) nas piscinas do Atol das Rocas. 2014. 60 f. Dissertação (mestrado em Ciências Marinhas Tropicais) - Instituto de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará,Fortaleza, 2014. / Submitted by Nadsa Cid (nadsa@ufc.br) on 2015-04-15T16:54:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_jdecgaeta.pdf: 2139494 bytes, checksum: d75db770c3c1c7f286ab8294ee8679a0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nadsa Cid(nadsa@ufc.br) on 2015-04-15T16:55:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_jdecgaeta.pdf: 2139494 bytes, checksum: d75db770c3c1c7f286ab8294ee8679a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-15T16:55:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_jdecgaeta.pdf: 2139494 bytes, checksum: d75db770c3c1c7f286ab8294ee8679a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / The loss of natural habitat due to increased human activity on ecosystems causes the degradation of the same, cause upsets and affects the balance of populations of organisms and thus is considered the main cause of the decline rate of species extinctions and population. Lobster populations have suffered a noticeable decline in recent decades due to overexploitation of its stocks offshore Brazil. A tool that is gaining more strength to preserve and restore degraded environments is the creation of protected areas. The Rocas Atoll was the first Marine Conservation Unit created in Brazil in 1979 with the aim to preserve and prevent further damage to biodiversity and scenic beauty within this environment. The data collections were held in april and october 2013 in the pools formed during low tide in the Rocas Atoll at daytime. Sampling was carried out through free diving (apnea) in which the researcher actively sought by lobsters in their refuges covering a total internal area of each sampled pool, measuring the time required for this procedure. Three species of lobsters Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804), Panulirus echinatus Smith, 1869 e Parribacus antarticus (Lund, 1793) were found. P. echinatus was dominant on the other species and the abundance of this species was 0.02 lobsters/m². It is estimated that the maximum potential of lobsters that can occur in the pools sampled in Rocas Atoll is 6,603 lobsters of this species. Panulirus argus specie was found in low abundances and varied between 0,00035 and 0,001 lobsters/m² in the Rocas Atoll waters.The ecological data collected in situ in april adjust to the proposed model to evaluate lobsters populations, however, the data for october showed an undefined pattern and that does not fit the proposed model. More samples are needed to verify if some factor not measured may influence the application of the model. The Atol das Rocas acts as a concentrator of puerulus postlarvae, juveniles and adults lobsters due to the restriction imposed by the local bathymetry with near 4000 m depth and to the local current system. It is suggested that studies have to being conducted regarding the patterns of larval recruitment, patterns of locally ocean current and populations connectivity in Brazilian lobsters populations to assess whether Atol das Rocas is acting as exporter of lobster larvae, or just providing larvae to self-recruitment of these populations. / A perda do habitat natural devido ao aumento da atividade humana nos ecossistemas acarreta na degradação dos mesmos, causa descontroles e afeta o equilíbrio das populações de organismos e, portanto, é considerada a causa principal da taxa de declínio de espécies e extinções de populações. As populações de lagostas vêm sofrendo um declínio evidente nas últimas décadas devido à sobreexplotação de seus estoques na costa do Brasil. Uma ferramenta que vem ganhando cada vez mais força para preservar e recompor ambientes degradados é a criação de áreas protegidas. A Reserva Biológica do Atol das Rocas foi a primeira Unidade de Conservação marinha criada no Brasil em 1979 com a finalidade de preservar e evitar maiores danos à biodiversidade e beleza cênica que este ambiente apresenta. As coletas de dados foram realizadas em abril e outubro de 2013 nas piscinas que se formam na baixa-mar no Atol das Rocas durante o período diurno. A amostragem foi realizada através de mergulhos livres (apneia) nos quais era feita uma busca ativa pelas lagostas em seus refúgios percorrendo a área total interna de cada piscina amostrada, mensurando o tempo necessário para a coleta dos dados. Foram encontradas três espécies de lagostas Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804), Panulirus echinatus Smith, 1869 e Parribacus antarticus (Lund, 1793). Houve dominância de P. echinatus sobre as demais espécies e a abundância desta espécie foi de 0,02 lagostas/m². Estima-se que o potencial máximo de lagostas que podem ocorrer nas piscinas amostradas do Atol das Rocas é de 6.603 lagostas desta espécie. A espécie P.argus ocorreu em baixas abundâncias variando entre 0,00035 e 0,001 lagostas/m² nas águas do Atol das Rocas. Os dados ecológicos coletados in situ no mês de abril se ajustaram ao modelo proposto neste trabalho para avaliar populações de lagostas, porém, os dados do mês de outubro apresentaram um padrão indefinido e que não se ajusta ao modelo. São necessárias mais mostragens para verificar se algum fator não mensurado no momento pode estar influenciando a aplicação do modelo. A Reserva Biológica do Atol das Rocas atua como concentrador de pós-larvas puerulus, juvenis e adultos de lagostas devido à restrição imposta pela batimetria com profundidades próximas de 4000 m e ao sistema de correntes local. Sugere-se que estudos sejam realizados a respeito dos padrões de recrutamento larval, das correntes oceânicas localmente e da conectividade de populações de lagostas no Brasil para avaliar se o Atol das Rocas está atuando como exportador de larvas de lagostas, ou apenas fornecendo larvas para o autorecrutamento dessas populações.