Purpose - This study aims to understand what paradoxical tensions arise within an ecosystem when companies collectively pursue digital servitization and how these tensions impact value co-creation. Method -  The study is an explorative single-case study based on the mining industry in Sweden and involves respondents from industry-leading organizations. A total of 30 interviews were conducted and analyzed through a thematic analysis. Findings – Our study has identified five paradoxical tensions that arise during the process of digital servitization in ecosystems. These tensions are the paradox of competition and cooperation, the tension between IP sharing and control preservation, the tension of skill transition and reluctance to change, the tension between traditional identity and digital identity, and the need to balance data access and data security. The findings also identified the impact that the tensions have on value co-creation. Theoretical contributions – Our study demonstrates the intricate nature of tensions within ecosystems, revealing their multifaceted origins stemming from factors such as ecosystem coopetition, organizational identity dynamics, and data utilization practices. Additionally, we highlight that these tensions can manifest at two levels: within organizations and between ecosystem partners. Our research provides a more nuanced understanding of the complex and multi-faceted nature of tensions in ecosystems. Managerial contributions – This study provides valuable insights for managers of the impact on value co-creation of paradoxical tensions within a digital servitization ecosystem. We highlight the significance of recognizing and addressing tensions in ecosystem collaborations. By unpacking the complexity of tensions, we contribute to mitigating conflicts and enhancing the effectiveness of business ecosystems in practical settings. Limitations – This research is based on a single case study in the mining industry. Therefore, there are opportunities for future research to investigate the applicability of the findings in other industrial contexts. / Syfte - Denna studie syftar till att förstå vilka paradoxala spänningar som uppstår inom ett ekosystem när företag gemensamt strävar efter digital tjänstefiering och hur dessa spänningar påverkar värdeskapande. Metod - Studien är en utforskande fallstudie baserad på gruvindustrin i Sverige och involverar respondenter från ledande organisationer inom branschen. Totalt 30 intervjuer genomfördes och analyserades genom tematisk analys. Resultat - Vår studie har identifierat fem paradoxala spänningar som uppstår under processen med digital tjänstefiering i ekosystem. Dessa spänningar är paradoxen mellan konkurrens och samarbete, spänningen mellan delning av immateriella tillgångar och bevarande av kontroll, spänningen mellan färdighetsövergång och motvilja till förändring, spänningen mellan traditionell identitet och digital identitet samt behovet av att balansera åtkomst till data och datasäkerhet. Resultaten identifierade även hur spänningarna påverkar värdeskapande. Teoretiskt bidrag - Vår studie visar den komplexa naturen av spänningar inom ekosystem, och avslöjar deras mångfacetterade ursprung från faktorer som ekosystemets samverkan och konkurrens, organisationers identitetsdynamik och praxis för dataanvändning. Dessutom betonar vi att dessa spänningar kan yttra sig på två nivåer: inom organisationer och mellan ekosystempartners. Vår forskning ger en mer nyanserad förståelse för spänningarnas komplexa och mångfacetterade natur i ekosystem. Praktiskt bidrag - Denna studie ger värdefulla insikter för ledare om påverkan av paradoxala spänningar på värdeskapandet inom ett digitalt tjänstefierings-ekosystem. Vi belyser vikten av att erkänna och hantera spänningar i ekosystemssamarbeten. Genom att avveckla komplexiteten i spänningar bidrar vi till att mildra konflikter och öka effektiviteten hos affärs-ekosystemen i praktiska sammanhang. Begränsningar - Denna forskning baseras på en fallstudie i gruvindustrin. Därför finns det möjligheter för framtida forskning att undersöka tillämpbarheten av resultaten i andra industriella sammanhang.

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Cet ouvrage a été rédigé en LaTeX, ce qui permet d'atteindre directement certaines sections, notes ou références bibliographiques par le biais des hyperliens. / Ce mémoire se veut une synthèse critique de la littérature portant sur la logique déontique. Le premier objectif est d'y présenter un aperçu historique de son origine et de son évolution. Cet objectif sera principalement atteint par le biais du chapitre 2 portant sur les paradoxes, lequel nous permettra non seulement de voir en réaction à quoi les principales approches se sont développées, mais nous donnera aussi une vue d'ensemble quant aux différents courants que l'on retrouve en logique déontique. En second lieu, cet ouvrage vise à fournir une synthèse de la littérature portant sur l'analyse formelle du discours normatif. Les chapitres 3, 4 et 5 offrent une synthèse des principaux courants qui cherchent à répondre à cet objectif, ce que l'on peut regrouper sous trois banières, à savoir les logiques monadiques, les logiques dyadiques et les logiques temporelles. Finalement, nous proposons une lecture critique de cette littérature. Cette critique, qui repose notamment sur la prémisse à savoir que la logique déontique se doit non pas de rendre compte de l'utilisation du discours normatif mais plutôt de sa structure, vise à montrer que les systèmes actuels ne parviennent pas à rendre compte adéquatement de certaines caractéristiques fondamentales au discours juridique. / In this essay we aim to provide a critical analysis of the literature regarding deontic logic. First of all, we wish to give a historical account of deontic logic's evolution, which will be done mainly by chapter 2. This chapter concerns the paradoxes of deontic logic and gives an overview of the usual systems and their origin. Our second objective is to provide a synthesis of the literature regarding the formal analysis of the normative discourse. The chapters 3, 4 and 5 give an account of the three principal ways which deal with deontic operators, that is the monadic deontic logic, the dyadic deontic logic and the temporal deontic logic. Finally, we propose a critical analysis of that literature and we show that these systems do not represent adequately some of the normative discourse's fundamental characteristics. We will accomplish this by providing an analysis of the legal discourse and show that the concept of obligation has some properties and behaves in a way that cannot be represented by the actual systems.

Ce mémoire se veut une synthèse critique de la littérature portant sur la logique déontique. Le premier objectif est d'y présenter un aperçu historique de son origine et de son évolution. Cet objectif sera principalement atteint par le biais du chapitre 2 portant sur les paradoxes, lequel nous permettra non seulement de voir en réaction à quoi les principales approches se sont développées, mais nous donnera aussi une vue d'ensemble quant aux différents courants que l'on retrouve en logique déontique. En second lieu, cet ouvrage vise à fournir une synthèse de la littérature portant sur l'analyse formelle du discours normatif. Les chapitres 3, 4 et 5 offrent une synthèse des principaux courants qui cherchent à répondre à cet objectif, ce que l'on peut regrouper sous trois banières, à savoir les logiques monadiques, les logiques dyadiques et les logiques temporelles. Finalement, nous proposons une lecture critique de cette littérature. Cette critique, qui repose notamment sur la prémisse à savoir que la logique déontique se doit non pas de rendre compte de l'utilisation du discours normatif mais plutôt de sa structure, vise à montrer que les systèmes actuels ne parviennent pas à rendre compte adéquatement de certaines caractéristiques fondamentales au discours juridique. / In this essay we aim to provide a critical analysis of the literature regarding deontic logic. First of all, we wish to give a historical account of deontic logic's evolution, which will be done mainly by chapter 2. This chapter concerns the paradoxes of deontic logic and gives an overview of the usual systems and their origin. Our second objective is to provide a synthesis of the literature regarding the formal analysis of the normative discourse. The chapters 3, 4 and 5 give an account of the three principal ways which deal with deontic operators, that is the monadic deontic logic, the dyadic deontic logic and the temporal deontic logic. Finally, we propose a critical analysis of that literature and we show that these systems do not represent adequately some of the normative discourse's fundamental characteristics. We will accomplish this by providing an analysis of the legal discourse and show that the concept of obligation has some properties and behaves in a way that cannot be represented by the actual systems. / Cet ouvrage a été rédigé en LaTeX, ce qui permet d'atteindre directement certaines sections, notes ou références bibliographiques par le biais des hyperliens.

En mathématiques et en logique classiques, on démontre que {P,¬P}├Q. C’est le fameux ex contradictione sequitur quodlibet, nommé également principe d’explosion. Si une théorie contradictoire est condamnée à exploser, c.à.d. à devenir triviale et à perdre tout intérêt pour la science, il faut à tout prix éviter la contradiction qui, pour ainsi dire, joue le rôle de détonateur. Dès lors, il devient impératif de nier toute conjonction d’une formule et de sa négation. C’est le principe de non-contradiction (PNC) symbolisé par ¬(P^¬P), une tautologie en logique mathématique classique. Aristote, déjà, dans l’antiquité, avait explicitement formulé le PNC qui, depuis, a été élevé au rang de principe définitif et absolu. Quelques rares mais irréductibles détracteurs, toutefois, ont mis en cause le statut absolu de ce principe. La présente thèse est une rediscussion du PNC -de son statut, de sa validité, de sa valeur- qui s’appuie sur le travail du logicien J. Łukasiewicz. Il sera établi que la mise en cause de l’absoluité du PNC proposée par le logicien n’est pas un prolongement des thèses sophistes antiques. Ses critiques s’inscrivent dans le cadre d’une Gegenstandstheorie twardowsko-meinongienne. La combinaison des éléments hérités de la théorie des objets et d’une analyse originale usant des outils de l’algèbre de la logique dans l’interprétation des textes anciens a permis au logicien de dégager l’idée cardinale selon laquelle on peut récuser l’absoluité du PNC sans tomber dans le trivialisme. Il sera démontré que ses travaux contiennent, pour la logique, l’esquisse d’un nouveau paradigme fondé sur la désabsolutisation du PNC, par sa dissociation d’avec le principe d’explosion. / In mathematics and classical logic, one proves that {P,¬P}├Q. This is the celebrated ex contradictione sequitur quodlibet, also named the principle of explosion. If a contradictory theory is condemned to explode, that is to become trivial and to lose all interest from a scientific point of view, one must at all costs avoid any contradiction which plays the role of detonator. Consequently, it is necessary to deny any conjunction of a formula and its negation. This is the principle of non-contradiction (PNC) symbolised by ¬(P^¬P), a tautology in classical mathematical logic. Already in antiquity, Aristotle had explicitly formulated PNC which, since, has been elevated to the status of a definitive and an absolute principle. However, a few obstinate critics have questioned the absolute status of this principle. The present thesis is a reappraisal of PNC -of its status, its validity, its value- which builds on the work of the logician J. Łukasiewicz. It will be demonstrated that the critique of absoluteness attributed to PNC proposed by Łukasiewicz is not a continuation of the theses of the ancient sophists. His criticisms can be placed in the framework of a Twardowskian-Meinongian Gegenstandstheorie. The combination of elements from a theory of objects and an original analysis using the tools of the algebra of logic in the interpretation of ancient texts has enabled Łukasiewicz to discern an essential idea according to which one can challenge the absoluteness attributed to PNC without sinking into triviality. It will be shown that his works contain, for logic, an outline for a new paradigm based on the disabsolutization of PNC, by dissociating it from the principle of explosion.

本論文以「詞彙功能語法」來分析中文「移位矛盾」之現象，以Bresnan (2001)針對英文movement paradoxes以及Huang (1989)，Her (1999)針對中文「移位矛盾」之研究為基礎，探討當述語所要求的典型的「名詞組賓語」被禁止出現時，將藉由體現為主題來滿足述語對賓語的要求，但並不是所有詞類的賓語都可以體現為滿足述語要求的主題。因此，本論文將中文中帶有移位矛盾現象的述語分為三大類，蒐集並分析這三大類述語在語料庫中的語料，將得以呈現只有名詞組、動詞組、句子以及帶有引介主題標記的介系詞組可以體現為主題。本論文更進一步為可以體現為主題的詞組建立一個階層，在此階層中位階最高的是名詞組，代表著名詞組在體現為帶有移位矛盾現象的述語之主題時，所受到的限制最小。除此之外，這個階層帶有遞移性，任一詞組若是可以體現為主題，則在階層中位階比該詞組高的詞組，也都可以體現為該述語的主題，反之則不一定成立。 / Based on Bresnan’s (2001) study of movement paradoxes in English and Huang’s (1989) and Her’s (1999) studies of movement paradoxes in Mandarin Chinese, this study discusses that when the prototypical NP object required by the predicate is forbidden to map to the OBJ function in the f-structure, this required NP argument must be realized as TOP identified with the missing OBJ to satisfy the Completeness and Coherence Conditions. However, not all category types of phrases can be realized as TOPs. Thus, this study classes the Mandarin Chinese predicates with movement paradoxes into three types; collect and analyze the data in the corpus. The analysis presents that only NP, VP, CP, and PP with topic-introducing marker can be realized as TOPs identified with the missing OBJ. Moreover, this study forms a hierarchy. The NP’s highest status in this hierarchy represents that it is the least restricted category type in being able to be realized as TOP of predicates with movement paradoxes. In addition, if one category type can be realized as TOP of one predicate, other category types with a higher priority can be realized as TOP of that predicate as well, but not vice versa.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-07-16T14:20:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Miguel Junges.pdf: 4097222 bytes, checksum: ff90676639837e81bd0d6aa5577547e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-16T14:20:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Miguel Junges.pdf: 4097222 bytes, checksum: ff90676639837e81bd0d6aa5577547e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-12 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A pesquisa se propõe a identificar e analisar como o contexto de mobilidade influencia o processo de tomada de decisão, em que três elementos podem ser destacados. Primeiro, trata-se de uma pesquisa em que a lente está no processo e não nos seus resultados, e o sujeito de análise é o indivíduo que atua como gestor intermediário. Segundo, o fenômeno que se pretende estudar é o da tomada de decisão, que caracteriza uma das principais atribuições dos gestores intermediários e que tem os seus efeitos refletidos no sucesso ou fracasso das iniciativas organizacionais. A tomada de decisão é um fenômeno multifacetado que pode ser compreendido por diferentes lentes teóricas, dentre as quais essa pesquisa utilizou a perspectiva que considera a intuição e a razão como partes do sistemas cognitivos que compõem o processo de escolha do indivíduo. O terceiro elemento a ser destacado é o contexto específico em que esse fenômeno é estudado, o da mobilidade empresarial, que evidencia a tomada de decisão em movimento e é observado nesta pesquisa pelas perspectivas das affordances e dos paradoxos da tecnologia móvel. Nesse contexto, os gestores podem tomar decisões distantes dos seus locais tradicionais e fixos de trabalho, em que as dimensões de tempo e espaço assumem uma perspectiva diferente e a linearidade dá lugar à paradoxalidade de ação. Foram utilizados multimétodos para a etapa empírica de coleta e de análise dos dados, o primeiro qualitativo, pela realização de um grupo focal e vinte entrevistas em profundidade, e o segundo experimental, em que foi possível observar a ação do indivíduo em uma situação de decisão por meio de um quase-experimento aplicado a um grupo de controle e um grupo experimental. Os resultados revelam que o processo de tomada de decisão em movimento possui características específicas que são evidenciadas pela influência do contexto de mobilidade e pelo uso das tecnologias móveis, em que restrições e contribuições ao processo de tomada de decisão foram identificadas. Observou-se a redução na percepção de qualidade da informação, maior superficialidade e menor foco na ação em primeiro plano, menos tempo para reflexão, a dificuldade na produção e consumo de informações e uma maior exposição ao erro. Por outro lado, observou-se que o contexto de mobilidade pode contribuir para aumentar a agilidade das atividades organizacionais e dos fluxos de decisão, especialmente nos casos em que as decisões são carregadas com um nível menor de complexidade. Não se observou, no entanto, que a decisão em movimento evidencia alguma diferença em relação ao grau de intuição ou de razão empregados. Na perspectiva acadêmica, a pesquisa preenche uma lacuna teórica na compreensão do fenômeno investigado e contribui metodologicamente pela elaboração e utilização de um protocolo experimental para um estudo que envolve mobilidade. Na perspectiva aplicada, essa pesquisa oferece contribuições para os gestores intermediários, para as organizações e para os desenvolvedores de tecnologias. Por fim, é oferecido um conjunto de recomendações para pesquisas futuras. / This research aims to identify and analyze how the enterprise mobility context and the use of mobile technologies can influence individual decision-making on the go, in which three elements can be highlighted. First, the focus is in the process rather than outcomes, and the analysis is on the individual who acts as a middle manager. Second, the phenomenon to be studied is the decision-making, which is one of the main responsibilities of middle managers and has its effects reflected in the success or failure of organizational initiatives. Decision-making is a multifaceted phenomenon that can be understood by different theoretical perspectives. This research has used the perspective based on two cognitive systems that shape the individual decision process: intuition and reason. The third element to be highlighted is the specific context in which this phenomenon is studied, called enterprise mobility, which highlights the decision-making on the go and can be observed as affordances and paradoxes of mobile technology. In this context, middle managers can make decisions away from their traditional and fixed workplaces, in which the dimensions of time and space take on different perspectives and linearity can be replaced by a paradoxical action. Two empirical stages with different participants in each one were used, a qualitative, by holding a focus group and twenty in-depth interviews, and an experimental, in which beyond the perceptions of the individuals was possible to observe the action of the individual in a decision situation by a quasi-experiment applied to a control group and an experimental group. The results show that the decision-making process on the go has specific characteristics that are evidenced by the influence of the enterprise mobility context and the use of mobile technology, where restrictions and contributions to decision-making process have been identified. On the one hand, there is a reduction in the perception of information quality, more superficial and less focus on the action in the foreground, less time for reflection, a difficulty in production and consumption of information and greater exposure to error. On the other hand, it was observed that the mobility helps to increase the agility of the organizational and decision flows, especially in cases in which decisions are loaded with a lower level of complexity. However, the decision making on the go has not evidenced difference in the level of intuition or reason that was used. From the academic perspective, research fills a gap in the theoretical comprehension of the phenomenon investigated and contributes methodologically by the validation and use of an experimental protocol. From the managerial perspective, this research offers contributions to middle managers, organizations in general and technology developers. Finally, this research offered a couple of future research recommendations.

This thesis deals with the form of relationship actors (client and social worker) in social work profession, through the optics of interactive model. Thesis also deals with the role, purpose, important aspects, principles and values of helping relationship with regard to working with postmodern (relational) loss. The critical discussion treats with the possible relationship difficulties and paradoxes, which are viewed by ethical perspective. In all of the formulated relational paradoxes is valid, that the social worker has to think, reflect and be able to have publicly defend his dealing with the client

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La presente tesina aborda la temporalidad de Maldito amor y otros cuentos (1986) de Rosario Ferré desde la perspectiva de la narratología. Se estudian no solamente las paradojas o deslindes temporales y las anacronías, sino también las coincidenciasy no coincidencias espaciotemporales (llamadas también cronotopos). Los datos analizados muestran que los cuatro cuentos que componen la colección están basados en los hechos relatados y no en el tiempo cronológico. Esto explica que los datos temporales puedan ser eliminados sin que por ello la historia se vea alterada. / The following thesis addresses the temporality of Sweet Diamond Dust and Other Stories (1986) by Rosario Ferré from the perspective of narratology. Not only are temporal paradoxes or boundaries and anachronies studied, but also spatial-temporal coincidences and non-coincidences (also called chronotopes). The analyzed data shows that the four short stories that make up the collection are based on the events narrated and not on chronological time. This explains that the temporal data can be eliminated without altering the story.