Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:37:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Kishimoto.pdf: 6514091 bytes, checksum: cb3893235ae3a54cbfa637835b6903e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-13 / Instituto Presbiteriano Mackenzie / In digital game development, it is not uncommon to split the development process in three stages: pre-production, production and post-production. Game planning occurs in pre-production, in which game concept ideas are discussed and defined. In this stage, developers start working on the game design, describing what the game is about, its theme, number of players, game objectives, and others. Game design also includes game mechanics,which describes game rules, what players can and cannot do and how the game systems work. The production stage involves coding and asset creation that are used to build the game. Once the game is done, developers reach the post-production stage, shipping the game and entering the maintenance phase (bug fixing and updates). As for systems, it is possible to model a system using mathematical equations and verify its behaviour via temporal analysis. From this, this thesis aimed to evaluate the possibility of using dynamical systems as a tool to help defining game mechanics for digital games, including definition and analysis of agents and objects and their interaction via temporal analysis of the system. The time travel concept was included to offer players the ability to modify the initial parameters of the system modelled in a game, as a way to solve the challenges and problems presented in the game by changing the system behaviour over time. A digital game was developed as proof of concept, and its mechanics was based on the Lotka-Volterra model with logistic growth, applied to a three-species food chain. An agent-based three-species prey-predator model was also included in the game, and both models' behavior and outcome were compared. A pretest was taken by 11 users to evaluate the use of dynamical system as game mechanics as well as the time travel feature available in the game developed in this thesis. The proof of concept was evaluated and, together with the pretest results, it was confirmed that dynamical systems as game mechanics is possible, as it establishes the relationship between species and set the rules of temporal evolution for the game. / Na área de desenvolvimento de jogos digitais, costuma-se dividir o processo de desenvolvimento em três etapas: pré-produção, produção e pós-produção. A pré-produção envolve o planejamento do jogo, em que conceitos sobre este são discutidos e a ideia a ser desenvolvida é selecionada. Nessa etapa, começa o trabalho de game design (projeto de jogo), no qual se define sobre o que é o jogo, o tema, quantidade de jogadores, objetivos, entre outros. Um dos elementos de jogo definido no game design é a mecânica, que indica as regras e funcionamento do jogo. A produção é a etapa em que código e recursos áudiovisuais săo criados a fim de construir o jogo elaborado na pré-produção. Após o jogo ser desenvolvido, entra-se na etapa de pós-produção, com a distribuição do jogo e manutenção (correções posteriores e atualizações). Quanto ao funcionamento de um sistema real ou fictício, é possível modelar um sistema por meio de equações matemáticas e analisar seu comportamento a partir da evolução temporal. A partir disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a possibilidade do uso de sistemas dinâmicos como ferramenta para elaboração da mecânica de jogos digitais, a fim de definir e analisar comportamentos de agentes e objetos e suas interações por meio da evolução temporal do sistema. Propôs-se a inclusão de viagem no tempo para permitir que o jogador modificasse parâmetros iniciais do sistema modelado, redefinindo o comportamento do sistema com o passar do tempo, com o objetivo de solucionar os desafios e problemas dispostos no âmbito do jogo. Para a realização da prova de conceito foi desenvolvido um jogo digital, sendo que aplicou-se como mecânica o modelo de Lotka-Volterra com crescimento logístico para uma cadeia alimentar de três espécies, assim como um sistema presa-predador baseado em agentes, a fim de comparar o funcionamento e comportamento de ambos os modelos. Realizou-se um teste preliminar com 11 usuários para avaliar o jogo desenvolvido na presente pesquisa quanto ao uso de sistemas dinâmicos como mecânica e ŕ funcionalidade de viagem no tempo. Com a análise da prova de conceito e resultados obtidos com o teste preliminar, confirmou-se a possibilidade de aplicação de sistemas dinâmicos como mecânica em jogos digitais, sendo possível estabelecer a relação entre espécies e definir as regras de evolução temporal no âmbito do jogo.

Submitted by Ana Paula Borges Gonçalves (borgean12@hotmail.com) on 2012-10-10T20:08:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE 2011 final F - versao final 64 defesa SETEMBRO DE 2012.pdf: 2215043 bytes, checksum: 456742cbb1f18495ddf860d7c068c939 (MD5) / Rejected by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br), reason: Prezada aluna Ana Paula, Favor retirar o embargo e submeter novamente, pois as Teses e Defesas devem ficar disponíveis na Biblioteca para consulta. 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No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE 2011 final F - versao final 64 defesa SETEMBRO DE 2012.pdf: 2215043 bytes, checksum: 456742cbb1f18495ddf860d7c068c939 (MD5) TESE 2011 final F - versao final 64 defesa SETEMBRO DE 2012.pdf: 2215043 bytes, checksum: 456742cbb1f18495ddf860d7c068c939 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-27 / Argumentando-se que as Tecnologias da Informação Móveis e Sem Fio (TIMS) vêm ocupando um espaço, cada vez maior, na vida dos indivíduos, e que, em função desta proximidade, novas formas de interação aparecem, este trabalho procurou aprofundar a relação entre Smartphones e Gênero. Fundamentado em abordagens teóricas relativas à existência de paradoxos associados ao uso de artefatos tecnológicos e às copying strategies adotadas pelos usuários, este estudo procurou identificar a existência e a intensidade de paradoxos associados ao uso diário de smartphones por executivos brasileiros, de ambos os sexos. O trabalho também procurou avaliar a forma como os executivos lidam com as possíveis ambiguidades vivenciadas em seus dia-a-dia. O método de estudo de caso múltiplo, cujos executivos eram as unidades de análise, foi aplicado junto a executivos mulheres e homens, usuários constantes da tecnologia smartphone e ocupantes de cargos de médio e alto escalão em grandes empresas brasileiras. A partir de um método de coleta misto – questionários, diários de uso e entrevistas em profundidade –, o trabalho teve o objetivo de aprofundar e refinar os estudos sobre paradoxos tecnológicos, bem como iniciar análises quanto à relação do gênero e esses mesmos paradoxos. Após a consolidação e análise dos dados obtidos, verificou-se que apenas parte dos 14 paradoxos tecnológicos apresentados por Mick e Fournier (1998), Jarvenppa e Lang (2005) e Mazmanin et al. (2006) foram associados à interação entre executivos e smartphones. Dos 6 paradoxos identificados, 2 foram exclusivamente relacionados às mulheres, sugerindo que as executivas percebem e vivenciam os paradoxos com mais intensidade do que seus pares masculinos. Os dados também revelaram que diantes das ambiguidades, os executivos mulheres e homens procuram adotar estratégias de enfrentamento, tentando desenvolver um relacionamento positivo e de parceria com seus artefatos. Ao final, as conclusões e implicações deste estudo são detalhadamente apresentadas. / Considering that the Wireless and Mobile Information Technology have been occupying a crescent space in our lives, changing the way how we use it, this study sought to deepen the relationship between smartphones and gender. Based on theoretical approaches regarding the paradoxes associated with the use of technological artfacts and copying strategies adopted by users, this study intended to identify the existence and intensity of paradoxes associated with the daily use of smartphones by Brazilian executives of both genders. The study also aimed to assess how managers deal with the possible ambiguities experienced in their day-to-day. From a mixed collection method - questionnaires, daily use and in-depth interviews - the work was intended to deepen and refine the study of technology paradoxes and begin analysis on the relationship between gender and such paradoxes. After consolidation and data analysis, it was found that only some of the 14 technology paradoxes provided by Mick and Fournier (1998), Jarvenppa and Lang (2005) and Mazmanin et al. (2006) were associated with the interaction between managers and smartphones. Of the six paradoxes identified, two were exclusively related to women, suggesting that executives perceive and experience the paradoxes with more intensity than their male counterparts. The data also revealed that in touch with the ambiguities, both executives looking to adopt coping strategies, trying to develop a positive relationship and partnership with its artifacts. Finally, the conclusions and implications of this study are presented in detail.

Submitted by Pedro Bruzzi (pedrobruzzi@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-10-14T03:24:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Pedro Bruzzi.pdf: 1940934 bytes, checksum: 19915fe54062f52bca45a80bff4af449 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2014-10-14T18:50:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Pedro Bruzzi.pdf: 1940934 bytes, checksum: 19915fe54062f52bca45a80bff4af449 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2014-10-17T12:05:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Pedro Bruzzi.pdf: 1940934 bytes, checksum: 19915fe54062f52bca45a80bff4af449 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-17T12:05:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Pedro Bruzzi.pdf: 1940934 bytes, checksum: 19915fe54062f52bca45a80bff4af449 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-26 / The use of Information Technologies Mobile and Wireless (TIMS) artifacts brings up a number of associated technological paradoxes, already identified in the literature. The increase in use of TIMS and its evolutions eventually enabled new types of uses and interactions. Based on theories about the existence of paradoxes associated with the use of technological equipment, especially TIMS, this study sought to verify the relationship between smartphones and professionals. Starting with a data collection through a structured survey, this research used quantitative analysis and aimed to determine the presence and measure the intensity of the technological paradoxes identified in the literature, upon statistical professional use of smartphones. Another issue observed in this study was the association between these technological paradoxes and also the identification of factors that could impact the perception of these paradoxes associated with smartphone use by professionals who use them. Data analysis has shown which of the fourteen technological paradoxes presented by Mick and Fournier (1998), Jarvenpaa and Lang (2005) and Mazmanian et al. (2006) were perceived by most respondents, highlighting the paradox of autonomy and addiction, which was experienced by more than 85% of those who responded to the survey. Based on the percentage of respondents who perceive the paradoxes and considering its strengths, this paper also presents a ranking of their forces, determined by the rate of relative paradox strength. This ranking provides in the top positions the following ambiguities: autonomy / addiction, engagement / disengagement and freedom / slavery, respectively. Another contribution of this study was that none of the analyzed paradoxes are statistically independent. Finally, conducting an ordinal logistic regression with the data collected led to the conclusion that only two of the paradoxes considered are impacted by the independent variables observed. / A utilização de artefatos de Tecnologias da Informação Móveis e Sem Fio (TIMS) traz consigo alguns paradoxos tecnológicos associados, já identificados na literatura. O aumento do uso de TIMS e suas evoluções acabam por permitir novos tipos de uso e interação junto aos usuários. Tendo como base teorias sobre a existência de paradoxos associados ao uso de equipamentos tecnológicos, mormente TIMS, este estudo buscou aprofundar a relação entre smartphones e profissionais. A partir da coleta de dados por meio de questionário estruturado, esta pesquisa utilizou a análise quantitativa e teve como objetivo determinar a presença e medir a intensidade dos paradoxos tecnológicos, identificados na literatura, quando do uso profissional de smartphones. Outro ponto observado no presente trabalho foi a associação estatística entre esses paradoxos tecnológicos e, ainda, a identificação de fatores que poderiam impactar a percepção desses paradoxos associados ao uso do smartphone pelos profissionais que os utilizam. A análise dos dados permitiu verificar quais dos quatorze paradoxos tecnológicos apresentados por Mick e Fournier (1998), Jarvenpaa e Lang (2005) e Mazmanian et al. (2006) foram percebidos por mais respondentes, com destaque para o paradoxo de autonomia e vício, que foi vivenciado por mais de 85% daqueles que responderam à pesquisa. Usando como base o percentual de respondentes que percebem os paradoxos tecnológicos e considerando suas intensidades, esta dissertação também apresenta um ranking das forças dos paradoxos, determinado pela taxa relativa da força dos paradoxos. Esse ranking traz nas primeiras posições as seguintes ambiguidades: autonomia / vício, engajamento / desengajamento e liberdade / escravidão, respectivamente. Outro apontamento dessa pesquisa foi que nenhum dos paradoxos analisados é estatisticamente independente. Por fim, a realização de uma regressão logística ordinal levou à conclusão que apenas dois dos paradoxos em questão sofrem impacto das variáveis independentes observadas. / The use of Information Technologies Mobile and Wireless (TIMS) artifacts brings up a number of associated technological paradoxes, already identified in the literature. The increase in use of TIMS and its evolutions eventually enabled new types of uses and interactions. Based on theories about the existence of paradoxes associated with the use of technological equipment, especially TIMS, this study sought to verify the relationship between smartphones and professionals. Starting with a data collection through a structured survey, this research used quantitative analysis and aimed to determine the presence and measure the intensity of the technological paradoxes identified in the literature, upon statistical professional use of smartphones. Another issue observed in this study was the association between these technological paradoxes and also the identification of factors that could impact the perception of these paradoxes associated with smartphone use by professionals who use them. Data analysis has shown which of the fourteen technological paradoxes presented by Mick and Fournier (1998), Jarvenpaa and Lang (2005) and Mazmanian et al. (2006) were perceived by most respondents, highlighting the paradox of autonomy and addiction, which was experienced by more than 85% of those who responded to the survey. Based on the percentage of respondents who perceive the paradoxes and considering its strengths, this paper also presents a ranking of their forces, determined by the rate of relative paradox strength. This ranking provides in the top positions the following ambiguities: autonomy / addiction, engagement / disengagement and freedom / slavery, respectively. Another contribution of this study was that none of the analyzed paradoxes are statistically independent. Finally, conducting an ordinal logistic regression with the data collected led to the conclusion that only two of the paradoxes considered are impacted by the independent variables observed.

This thesis aims to interpret the changed interactions and communication in the workplace due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Due to the massive changes in society and the workplace, it is important to look into this aspect of the pandemic’s consequences. The research question “What impact does the expedited digitalisation of communication, caused by the global pandemic of 2020, have on the experienced interactions in organisational contexts?” allows for easy access into different aspects of the topic by conducting the study relatively broadly. In order to answer the research question, semi-structured interviews with employees, who were working during the pandemic, were held and all necessary data was extracted from these interviews. This data was then interpreted in light of the four principal theoretical topics: Communication, Social Interaction, Work Life and Leadership Relations. Certain similarities, but also paradoxes were discovered in the findings, and therefore discussed through paradoxical lenses. The basic findings concerning the research question are that many changes happened in opposing directions, for example having at the same time more, but also less communication. This double shift applies to almost all findings. To put these findings into practical use, organisations and companies should consider their team’s needs and optimise the working structures between hybrid and on-site in order to get the best possible working results.

In today’s increasingly digital society, the rampant creation and spread of misinformation and disinformation poses a critical problem in our lives. As a society, we are suffering heightened panic facing Information Disorder (ID). This is especially true in the context of Indonesia, a highly Internet-penetrated country with low levels of literacy. A prominent solution to the problem at hand is to develop Media and Information Literacy skills (MIL). To gain in-depth understanding of the context and phenomenon at hand, three things need to be explored; conceptions of the problem, conceptions of the solution, and conceptions of possible issues with the solution. This study aims to explore conceptions and experiences of ID, MIL and discussions of possible issues with advancing MIL skills in Indonesia across a variety of stakeholders. This extensive insight will give an opportunity to reflect upon current efforts and help design sustainable and adept solutions. In order to undertake the aim of collecting and analyzing conceptions and experiences of a variety of stakeholders, a theoretical approach of phenomenography is taken using semi-structured qualitative interviews as a method of empirical data collection.  The varied conceptions and experiences of stakeholders paints a picture of how Indonesian society conceives ID, MIL skills and possible issues with the solution. A solution broadly encouraged by stakeholders is for all stakeholders to work together to create comprehensive, context-relevant, and sustainable solutions.

La présente étude se propose de dégager les significations successives qu’emprunte le fameux paradoxe socratique du mal involontaire dans l’œuvre de Platon. Pour ce faire, notre propos se déclinera en trois principaux développements : 1) le premier consistera à clarifier le sens que recouvraient les catégories du volontaire et de l’involontaire dans l’Antiquité, de manière à éviter toute confusion anachronique avec les acceptions modernes de ces mêmes notions ; 2) le second tâchera de mettre au jour le postulat anthropologique qui fonde chez Platon l’idée qu’aucun homme ne saurait agir méchamment de son plein gré ; 3) le troisième exposera à tour de rôle les trois grands dispositifs de disculpation qu’élabore Platon dans son œuvre : les dispositifs de l’âme ignorante, de l’âme renversée et de l’âme malade. Nous montrerons ainsi comment Platon, à rebours de la théodicée chrétienne classique, cherche à blanchir l’homme de toute implication morale véritable dans la genèse causale de ses « mauvaises » actions. / This study intends to describe the successive meanings borrowed by the famous Socratic paradox of involuntary evil in the work of Plato. For that purpose, our ideas we will developed under three main themes: 1) the first will be to clarify the meaning covered by the voluntary and involuntary categories in ancient times, in order to avoid any anachronistic confusion with the modern meanings of these same concepts; 2) the second will seek to bring to light the anthropological postulate underlying Plato’s idea that no one could do wrong on his own purpose; 3) the third will in turn expose the three major exculpation devices developed by Plato in his work: the ignorant soul devices, of the inverted soul and of the diseased soul. We will thus show how Plato, contrary to the classic Christian theodicy, seeks to absolve human being from any real moral involvement in the causal genesis of his ‘‘bad’’ actions.

Questo studio si propone di esplorare i paradossi esistenti nell’offerta di prodotti alimentari sostenibili e, di conseguenza, i comportamenti (strategie di coping) (Lazarus e Folkman, 1984) adottati dai consumatori al momento di tale percezione. A questo scopo abbiamo adattato il modello concettuale di Mick e Fournier (1998), sviluppato inizialmente per i paradossi delle tecnologie moderne, al contesto dell’Alimentazione sostenibile. A livello metodologico, è stata realizzata un’inchiesta qualitativa presso 84 individui “ordinari” (non militanti) in Francia e Italia. In più, sono stati interrogati 18 soggetti (individui militanti) che fanno abitualmente i loro acquisti presso la rete dell’AMAP, in Francia, e dei GAS in Italia. Le interviste semi-strutturate hanno permesso di mettere in luce delle differenze tra i consumatori “ordinari” dei due Paesi da un punto di vista delle strategie di coping evocate per superare i paradossi percepiti. Così abbiamo proposto tre profili di consumatori “ordinari”. Al contrario gli individui militanti si avverano come un gruppo più omogeneo tra i due contesti d’indagine, sia a livello di percezione di paradossi sia nell’adozione di pratiche sostenibili. La ricerca ha, altresì, evidenziato delle caratteristiche più specifiche alle due nazioni, per esempio a livello della struttura di mercato, della comunicazione sui prodotti sostenibili, nonché nell’ottica delle caratteristiche socioculturali. Pertanto questo studio ha avuto tre obiettivi: teorico al fine di verificare i paradossi elencati e le strategie di coping adottate dai consumatori francesi e italiani; metodologico adattando gli “ingranaggi” del modello concettuale di Mick e Fournier (1998) al contesto specifico di ricerca; e poi pratici allo scopo di distinguere degli elementi frenanti la diffusione dell’offerta sostenibile e altri che possano favorire lo sviluppo di un consumo sostenibile in ciascun Paese, come attraverso un’offerta più mirata agli aspetti ambientali in Francia ("filière nord/nord" di agricoltori francesi equo-solidali, biologici e locali) e delle produzioni più legate agli aspetti etici in Italia (ex. prodotti di economie solidali). / This study aims to explore existing paradoxes in the offer of food sustainable products and consequently consumers’ behaviours (coping strategies) (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984) at the time of this perception. For this purpose, the theoretical model of Mick and Fournier (1998), built initially for studying the paradoxes of modern technologies, were adapted to sustainable food consumption. At methodological level, a qualitative survey was conducted among 84 “ordinary” consumers in France and Italy. Later other 18 subjects, usually involved into sustainable purchases (participants of AMAP, GAS), were interviewed. The semi-structured interviews shed light on some differences between “ordinary” consumers of the two countries when they adopted coping strategies to go beyond perceived paradoxes. Thus we proposed three ordinary consumers’ profiles. On the contrary engaged individuals are like a more homogeny group going over national boundaries. They agree with paradoxes and sustainable practices. In addition, the research pointed out some divergent aspects connected with specific context, for instance market of sustainable food products, communication over this offer and social cultural characteristics. Finally, this work had three objectives: theoretical to verify the paradoxes listed and evocated consumers’ strategies by French and Italian consumers; methodological regarding the adaptation of the conceptual model “gears” of Mick et Fournier (1998) to the context of sustainable consumption; and then practical ones such as identification of barriers for developing sustainable consumption and specific possible ways of growth: more attention to environmental aspects in France (“filière nord/nord” of organic, fairly, local French peasants) and ethics products in Italy (products issued from social economies).

Dans la sphère publique, la nudité est toujours porteuse de signes. Symbolisant la vulnérabilité dans certains contextes, elle peut représenter la folie, la liberté, le désir de choquer, un appel ardent à être écouté. C’est pourquoi les militantes Femen, mouvement féministe activiste, utilisent leur corps comme principale arme de revendication politique, se mettant en scène les seins nus dans leurs manifestations. Malgré leur visibilité qui s’étend maintenant à l’échelle internationale, leurs méthodes de revendications restent très controversées et suscitent de nombreuses critiques. Mais au-delà de ces critiques, de quoi nous « parle » le mouvement Femen? Que nous dit-il sur notre société d’aujourd’hui, sur ses paradoxes, ses tensions et ses rapports de force? Ce mémoire a pour objectif de répondre à ces questions. Il est structuré comme suit : une première partie porte sur l’historique du mouvement et ses orientations ainsi que sur les principales critiques qui lui sont adressées. Cette section présente également le cadre conceptuel du mémoire qui s’articule autour de cinq grands points : la nudité comme outil de contestation politique, la société de l’image, le corps, l’apparence et la beauté, la «résistance urbaine spectaculaire» et enfin, l’engagement et le désengagement militants. La deuxième partie présente la méthodologie, une démarche de type ethnographique comprenant des entretiens semi-dirigés avec des militantes Femen et avec la fondatrice de la branche québécoise ainsi que de l’observation participante lors d’entrainements et de réunions formelles et informelles du groupe. Finalement, la dernière section présente les résultats du terrain. Ceux-ci mettent en évidence les nombreux paradoxes et contradictions inhérents au mouvement, lesquels nous apparaissent comme un condensé de grandes contradictions de notre société. Une société de l’image et du spectacle, où le corps, celui des femmes en particulier, a acquis une centralité particulière et paradoxale. Une société d’individus « libres » mais adhérant à des standards de beauté stéréotypés. Une société où les « causes », celles de la gauche et du féminisme notamment, ont du mal à s’exprimer de façon cohérente, entre autres parce qu’elles sont traversées de tensions internes où l’individu l’emporte trop souvent sur le collectif. Une société, enfin, où le religieux est imbriqué plus que jamais au politique, venant brouiller davantage les lignes de contestation. / In the public scene, nudity always carried signs. Being a symbol of vulnerability in some contexts, it may also represent the madness, freedom, the desire to shock or even an ardent appeal to be heard in some cases. This is actually the reason why activist feminist Femen movement militants are using their bodies as the main weapon of political demands by featuring themselves breast naked in their events. Despite of the visibility of the movement that now extends internationally; their methods of claims remain highly controversial and are the source of several critical. But beyond all these criticisms, what is the Femen movement telling us? What is it telling us about today’s society, on its paradoxes, its tensions and power struggles? This thesis aims to answer these questions. It is structured as follows: A first part focuses on the history of the movement, its directions and the main criticisms addressed to it. This first part is also presenting the conceptual framework of the thesis that is built around five major points: nudity as political protest tool, the image society, the body, appearance and beauty, the “spectacular urban resistance” and finally, engagement and disengagement activist. The second part presents the methodology; an ethnographic approach including semi-structured interviews with Femen activist and founder of the Quebec branch as well as the participant observation during formal and informal trainings and meetings of the group. Finally, the last section presents the results of the field. These highlight the many paradoxes and contradictions inherent in the movement, which we appear as an overview of some of the big contradictions of our society. A society of image and show. Where body, especially women’s body has gained a particular and paradoxical centrality. A society of ‘’free’’ individuals who adhere to stereotypical standards. A society in which "causes", those on the left and feminism in particular, are struggling to speak coherently, in part because of internal tensions crossings where the individual prevails too often on the collective. A society where religion is nested more than ever, blurring once again the protest lines.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Carlos Aguiar.pdf: 901472 bytes, checksum: 3b6c26303ce1edc02887e20aa5c9575c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-03 / The purpose of this study is to show that union unicity is not part of the Brazilian constitutional system. The Brazilian Federal Constitution is grounded on a closed system formed by guarantees and principles which consolidate democracy, particularly by means of diversity; pluralism; broad possibility of options. This system operation is presented by a model of scientific-structural acknowledgement of union freedom by means of an explanatory concentric diagram showing the democratic coexistence of subsystems within the union system, and the formatting of ways of expressing the representativeness and execution of atypical collective-bargaining agreements / O presente estudo tem por objetivo demonstrar que a unicidade sindical não está inserida no sistema constitucional brasileiro. A Constituição Federal se sustenta mediante um sistema fechado, composto por garantias e princípios que consolidam a democracia, em especial, por meio da diversidade; pelo pluralismo; pela ampla possibilidade de opções. Para efetivação desse sistema é apresentado um modelo de reconhecimento científico-estrutural da liberdade sindical, por intermédio de um diagrama concêntrico explicativo, evidenciando o convívio democrático de subsistemas dentro do sistema sindical, bem como a formatação de modos de exteriorização de representatividade e celebração de acordos coletivos atípicos

Ξεκινώντας από το θέμα του Μένωνα, χωρίζεται σε δύο μέρη. Το πρώτο μέρος είναι εμφανές ήδη από την αρχή του διαλόγου, όταν ο νεαρός Θεσσαλός θα απευθύνει το ερώτημα στον Σωκράτη αναφορικά με ποιον τρόπο αποκτάται η αρετή. Σύμφωνα με την σωκρατική τοποθέτηση, το εν λόγω ερώτημα δεν είναι δυνατόν να απαντηθεί, αν πρωτίστως δεν διατυπωθεί ο ορισμός της αρετής, οπότε τίθεται εμμέσως ως το δεύτερο μέρος της θεματολογίας. Το ότι ο Μένων έχει μαθητεύσει πλησίον του Γοργία αποτελεί έναυσμα για τον Σωκράτη, ώστε να προκαλέσει τον συνομιλητή του να ορίσει την αρετή, προφασιζόμενος τον αμνήμονα. Ο Μένων επιχειρεί να ορίσει την έννοια της αρετής τρεις φορές, χωρίς μία ορισμένη επιτυχία, εφόσον ο Σωκράτης κατορθώνει να εντοπίζει σφάλματα. Ωστόσο, ο Μένων, οδηγούμενος σε αδιέξοδο, θα διερωτηθεί: πώς είναι δυνατόν κάποιος να ερευνήσει ένα θέμα το οποίο δεν γνωρίζει, και αν το γνωρίσει πώς γνωρίζει ότι αυτό είναι αυτό που αναζητούσε (το παράδοξο του Μένωνα). Ο Σωκράτης θα απαντήσει στην απορία του επικαλούμενος την θεωρία της ανάμνησης, σύμφωνα με την οποία η γνώση είναι ανάκληση του ήδη υπάρχοντος, έχοντας αναντιλέκτως προϋποθέσει την αθανασία της ψυχής. Μάλιστα θα προχωρήσει και σε απόδειξη της εν λόγω εκδοχής, προβαίνοντας σε ένα μαθηματικό πείραμα με έναν από τους δούλους του Μένωνα. Η θεωρητική παράμετρος που θα αποκομίσουν από την διαδικασία του πειράματος είναι η αξία της έρευνας, όταν σκοπός είναι η προσέγγιση της αλήθειας, όπου απαιτείται μάλιστα και η αποδοχή της άγνοιάς μας. Σε μια αντίστοιχη έρευνα έγκειται και ο φιλοσοφικός προσδιορισμός που επιδιώκει ο Σωκράτης και θα παρακινήσει τον Μένωνα να ερευνήσουν από κοινού για την αρετή. Αυτή τη φορά θα ακολουθήσουν την υποθετική μέθοδο μέσω της οποίας θα εξετάσουν με ποιον τρόπο αποκτάται η αρετή, εφόσον δεν κατόρθωσαν προηγουμένως στην συζήτησή τους να διατυπώσουν έναν επαρκή ορισμό.Η αρετή δεν είναι έμφυτη. Διαφορετικά, θα έπρεπε να διαφυλάττονται οι νέοι που γεννώνται ενάρετοι προκειμένου να μην διαφθαρούν. Η αρετή δεν είναι ούτε διδακτή, εφόσον, έπειτα από διάλογο που παρεμβάλλεται με τον Άνυτο, διαπιστώνουν ότι ούτε οι σοφιστές είναι οι αρμόδιοι δάσκαλοι ούτε και οι πολιτικοί κατόρθωσαν να μεταδώσουν στα τέκνα τους την αρετή. Άρα, ένα πρώτο συμπέρασμα στο οποίο οδηγούνται είναι ότι η αρετή δεν διδάσκεται. Όμως, πώς εξηγείται η διαπίστωση ότι υπάρχουν άνθρωποι που προβαίνουν σε ενάρετες πράξεις; Σε αυτό το σημείο ο Σωκράτης οδηγείται στην εκτίμηση ότι μία παράμετρος τους έχει διαφύγει της ερευνητικής προσοχής. Επαναπροσδιορίζουν τα όσα έχουν συζητηθεί και τελικώς εναποθέτουν τον ενάρετο χαρακτήρα των ανθρώπων στην εκ θεού αποκτηθείσα ορθή γνώμη, εισάγοντας με αυτόν τον τρόπο την διάκριση από την επιστήμη. Ωστόσο, ο διάλογος καταλήγει σε απορία, καθώς δεν διατυπώνεται ένας επαρκής ορισμός για την αρετή. / The main question of platonic dialogue Meno is distinct in two topics. The first one is manifested by the beginning of the dialogue, when younger Thessalian asks Socrates for the way that virtue is acquired. According to Socratic account, this question is impossible to be answered because it is required the formulation of determination of what the virtue is. That is the second topic of this dialogue that is mentioned indirectly. The fact that Meno was student of Gorgias is a Socrates' motivation to challenge his interlocutor to determine the notion of virtue, pretended his ignorance. Meno tries to determine the notion of virtue three times, without successful, since Socrates identifies many errors. However, Meno having reached deadlock wonders himself how someone can investigate something that he does not know it, and by extension if he know it how he can know that this is what he searched about (Meno's paradox). Socrates answers to that paradox with the theory of recollection, having presupposed the immortality of soul. Indeed, he proceed in the evidence of that theory by doing a geometrical experiment with one of Meno's slaves. What they reap from this experiment is the value of researching, for which is required the acceptance of our ignorance. The aim is to approach the Truth. In a similar way lies the philosophical determination that Socrates seeks and he prompts Meno to search about virtue together. In this point they follow the hypothetical method through which they search the way of acquiring the vitrue, since they did not succeed to give a sufficient definition.Areti is not inherent. Otherwise, young guys born virtuous should have been preserved in order not to be corrupted. Areti is not teachable. After the intervening dialogue with Anitos, they result to the fact that neither Sophists nor politicians are appropriate teachers and they are not able to teach the virtue to their children. Therefore, a first conclusion they lied to is that virtue is not teachable. But, how can someone explain the fact that there are people doing virtuous actions? Thus, at this point Socrates realizes that something is missed. They redefine their words and at the end they attribute the virtuous element of people in the orthi gnomi given by god. By this account they introduce the distinction between opinion and science. However, this dialogue result in query because an adequate definition about virtue is not formulated.