Within the aerospace design, analysis and optimization community, there is an increasing demand to finalize the preliminary design phase of the wing as quickly as possible without losing much on accuracy. This includes rapid generation of designs, an early adaption of higher fidelity models and automation in structural analysis of the internal structure of the wing. To perform the structural analysis, the aerodynamic load can be transferred to the wing using many different methods. Generally, for preliminary analysis, indirect load transfer method is used and for detailed analysis, direct load transfer method is used. For the indirect load transfer method, load is discretized using shear-moment-torque (SMT) curve and applied to ribs of the wing. For the direct load transfer method, the load is distributed using one-way Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) and applied to the skin of the wing. In this research, structural analysis is performed using both methods and the nodal displacement is compared. Further, to optimize the internal structure, iterative changes are made in the number of structural members. To accommodate these changes in geometry as quickly as possible, the parametric design method is used through Engineering SketchPad (ESP). ESP can also provide attributions the geometric feature and generate multi-fidelity models consistently. ESP can generate the Nastran mesh file (.bdf) with the nodes and the elements grouped according to their geometric attributes. In this research, utilizing the attributions and consistency in multi-fidelity models an API is created between ESP and Nastran to automatize the multi-fidelity structural optimization. This API generates the design with appropriate parameters and mesh file using ESP. Through the attribution in the mesh file, the API works as a pre-processor to apply material properties, boundary condition, and optimization parameters. The API sends the mesh file to Nastran and reads the results file to iterate the number of the structural member in design. The result file is also used to transfer the nodal deformation from lower-order fidelity structural models onto the higher-order ones to have multi-fidelity optimization. Here, static structural optimization on the whole wing serves as lower fidelity model and buckling optimization on each stiffened panel serves as higher fidelity model. To further extend this idea, a parametric model of the whole aircraft is also created.<br>

Esse trabalho visa entender o processo de design a partir da complexidade e estabelecer princípios claros para o processo específico que utiliza de procedimentos advindos do design paramétrico e da fabricação digital para o desenvolvimento de objetos arquitetônicos que possuem superfícies complexas. Entendemos que o pensamento complexo, que considera a rede em contraponto a lógica linear, integra, aproxima e possibilita entender o uno composto por múltiplos e a leitura do processo de design a partir da lente da complexidade é um caminho para seu entendimento. / This work aim to understand the design process from the complexity and establish clear principles for the design process that uses procedures arising from parametric design and digital fabrication for the development of architectural objects that have complex surfaces. We understand that complex thinking, which considers the network as opposed to linear logic, integrates approaches and enables understand one composed of multiple and the reading of the design process as from the complexity is a way for your understanding.

Esse trabalho visa entender o processo de design a partir da complexidade e estabelecer princípios claros para o processo específico que utiliza de procedimentos advindos do design paramétrico e da fabricação digital para o desenvolvimento de objetos arquitetônicos que possuem superfícies complexas. Entendemos que o pensamento complexo, que considera a rede em contraponto a lógica linear, integra, aproxima e possibilita entender o uno composto por múltiplos e a leitura do processo de design a partir da lente da complexidade é um caminho para seu entendimento. / This work aim to understand the design process from the complexity and establish clear principles for the design process that uses procedures arising from parametric design and digital fabrication for the development of architectural objects that have complex surfaces. We understand that complex thinking, which considers the network as opposed to linear logic, integrates approaches and enables understand one composed of multiple and the reading of the design process as from the complexity is a way for your understanding.

Quais são os limites entre o físico e o digital no design? Esta é a grande questão motivadora das investigações teóricas e práticas realizadas neste trabalho. Entretanto, as razões deste questionamento em si, bem como sua relevância, mostraram-se mais importantes do que a mera busca por respostas. Uma outra questão se impõe: desde quando os limites entre o físico e o digital são relevantes para o design? Existem três áreas do design que contribuem de maneira contundente para a exploração da questão acima: o design paramétrico, o design de interação e a fabricação digital. O presente trabalho é uma busca por um estado da arte dos temas propostos e por um melhor entendimento sobre a crescente separação entre as três áreas, que, apesar de utilizarem termos e definições semelhantes, seguem caminhos diversos na literatura. O que tem sido escrito recentemente sobre design paramétrico, design de interação e fabricação digital nos apresenta discursos variados e até mesmo divergentes. Em virtude desse aspecto multifacetado, fica evidenciada a importância de uma busca histórica e bibliográfica por suas origens e o entendimento dos diversos pontos de vista apresentados por autores da atualidade / W hat are the limits between the physical and the digital in design? This is the big question motivating the theoretical and practical investigations in this work. However, the reasons for this questioning itself as well as its relevance, proved to be more important than the mere search for its answers. Another question arises: since when the boundaries between the physical and the digital became relevant to design? There are three design areas that contribute incisively to the exploration of the question above: parametric design, interaction design and digital fabrication. This thesis is a search for a state of the art on the proposed themes and for a better understanding of the growing separation between the three areas, which, despite the use of similar terms and definitions, follow diverse paths in literature. What has been written recently about parametric design, interaction design and digital fabrication presents various and even divergent speeches. Because of this multifaceted aspect, the importance of historical and bibliographical search for its origins and the understanding of different points of view presented by today\'s authors is evident

Estimating the structural weight of a Hybrid Wing Body (HWB) aircraft during conceptual design has proven to be a significant challenge due to its unconventional configuration. Aircraft structural weight estimation is critical during the early phases of design because inaccurate estimations could result in costly design changes or jeopardize the mission requirements and thus degrade the concept's overall viability. The tools and methods typically employed for this task are inadequate since they are derived from historical data generated by decades of tube-and-wing style construction. In addition to the limited applicability of these empirical models, the conceptual design phase requires that any new tools and methods be flexible enough to enable design space exploration without consuming a significant amount of time and computational resources. This thesis addresses these challenges by developing a parametric and physics-based modeling and simulation (M&S) environment for the purpose of HWB structural weight estimation. The tools in the M&S environment are selected based on their ability to represent the unique HWB geometry and model the physical phenomena present in the centerbody section. The new M&S environment is used to identify key design parameters that significantly contribute to the variability of the HWB centerbody structural weight and also used to generate surrogate models. These surrogate models can augment traditional aircraft sizing routines and provide improved structural weight estimations.

The present work represents both: a design proposal and a proposal for design.Today we are exposed to more and louder noise than ever before in all areas of human life, which alters the environment, our health and the quality of social interaction to the worse. Therefore, this project takes its departure point in the concept of Stille (German for stillness and silence) in order to oppose this culture of noise. Our surroundings influence our actions and vice versa we alter these surroundings with our actions. However, since constructed within every detail, they do not allow a transient feedback to take place naturally. A possible otherness is hardly attainable in an overly planned reality.This thesis seeks to transcend the boundaries where descriptive language ceases to function and introduces materiality and interactive devices to evoke other avenues of reflection where the boundaries of actor, context and artefact converge. The proposal at hand embodies the fundamental principles of Stille in order to exploit aspects of parametric design and contingency. It imagines and materialises alternative ways of a potentially open process in which our physical environment could continuously constitute itself. Both hidden and apparent aspects of reality are unraveled and transformed into artifacts. The work depicts the transient complexity of reality and the contingent influence of everyone on our surroundings. How is our behaviour altered by the materialisation of ideas? How receptive is the current design practice to a constantly changing reality?

Quais são os limites entre o físico e o digital no design? Esta é a grande questão motivadora das investigações teóricas e práticas realizadas neste trabalho. Entretanto, as razões deste questionamento em si, bem como sua relevância, mostraram-se mais importantes do que a mera busca por respostas. Uma outra questão se impõe: desde quando os limites entre o físico e o digital são relevantes para o design? Existem três áreas do design que contribuem de maneira contundente para a exploração da questão acima: o design paramétrico, o design de interação e a fabricação digital. O presente trabalho é uma busca por um estado da arte dos temas propostos e por um melhor entendimento sobre a crescente separação entre as três áreas, que, apesar de utilizarem termos e definições semelhantes, seguem caminhos diversos na literatura. O que tem sido escrito recentemente sobre design paramétrico, design de interação e fabricação digital nos apresenta discursos variados e até mesmo divergentes. Em virtude desse aspecto multifacetado, fica evidenciada a importância de uma busca histórica e bibliográfica por suas origens e o entendimento dos diversos pontos de vista apresentados por autores da atualidade / W hat are the limits between the physical and the digital in design? This is the big question motivating the theoretical and practical investigations in this work. However, the reasons for this questioning itself as well as its relevance, proved to be more important than the mere search for its answers. Another question arises: since when the boundaries between the physical and the digital became relevant to design? There are three design areas that contribute incisively to the exploration of the question above: parametric design, interaction design and digital fabrication. This thesis is a search for a state of the art on the proposed themes and for a better understanding of the growing separation between the three areas, which, despite the use of similar terms and definitions, follow diverse paths in literature. What has been written recently about parametric design, interaction design and digital fabrication presents various and even divergent speeches. Because of this multifaceted aspect, the importance of historical and bibliographical search for its origins and the understanding of different points of view presented by today\'s authors is evident

Framgången i ett komplicerat byggprojekt bygger på välplanerad projektering som i sin tur är beroende av erfarna aktörer för att kunna vara konkurrenskraftig. Genom att utnyttja parameterstyrda modeller i bland annat repetitiva projekteringsprocesser kan även samarbetet mellan arkitekter, konstruktörer och projektörer effektiviseras. Arbetet syftar till att undersöka vikten av parameterstyrda modeller för byggbranschen tidigt i projekteringsfasen och bland annat identifiera fördelar och nackdelar genom en enkätundersökning och skapandet av en parameterstyrd bågbro i Grasshopper. Bland annat ges en introduktion i hur parameterstyrning av ett projekt skulle kunna genomföras och de möjligheter och utmaningar som följer. De frågeställningar som studien behandlar är: • I vilken utsträckning används parameterstyrning i branschen? • Vilka för- och nackdelar finns det med parameterstyrningsprocessen inom byggbranschen? • Vilka möjligheter och utmaningar medföljer parameterstyrd modellering? I dagsläget används inte parameterstyrning i stor utsträckning i Sverige. Ett fåtal aktörer nyttjar potentialen men alla ser värdet och möjligheterna. De närmsta åren kommer mer parameterstyrda modeller utvecklas av aktörer inom byggbranschen i Sverige och precis som 3D- modeller inte var standard för ett decennium sedan kommer förmodligen även parameterstyrda modeller bli allt vanligare. Nackdelarna med parameterstyrning är den initiala investeringen som krävs av företagen samt kompetensbristen och den utdragna inlärningsprocessen som medföljer. Fördelarna är många men de som primärt har identifierats är effektivisering av repetitiva arbetsuppgifter och modeller. Effektivisering av projekteringen i form av kostnadseffektivisering och anbud samt smidiga revideringar. Återanvändning av likartade projekt vilket hela tiden leder till förbättringar genom återkoppling av referensprojekt. De utmaningar som medföljer parameterstyrd modellering ställer stora krav på företag och framförallt utbildningsinstituten. Mer kompetens i form av programmering och datavetenskap bör integreras i utbildningarna för att minimera inlärningskurvan. Modelleringsverktyg som Revit, Rhinoceros och AutoCad underlättar övergången mellan traditionell modellering och parameterstyd modellering men utan grundläggande kunskaper i datavetenskap kommer de parameterstyrda modellerna vara begränsade. / A key to success in a complicated building project is the project planning itself and the people involved. To be competitive, repetitive tasks among others have to be automated with the use of parametric design. Computational design can greatly improve the collaboration between architects, designers and structural engineers. The aim of this study is to identify the use and importance of parametrized models in the Swedish construction industry by the use of survey research. This study will also develop an arch bridge with Grasshopper in Rhinoceros 6. After doing so the advantages and drawbacks of this type of modeling will be analyzed. The study revealed that the use of parametric design isn´t well established in the Swedish construction industry. Most companies that participated in this survey recognizes the possibilities and want to see a development in the area. The downside of computational design is the initial cost and lack of competence in the field. The knowledge required by the user is also a restriction for many companies, because well established scripts and stable models require an experienced and educated user. The advantages that´s primarily been identified in this study through the survey are the optimization of repetitive tasks and models as well as cost optimization in the initial planning phase. By reusing and improving scripts with each reference project each company can increase its competitiveness in their own area of expertise. This requires involvement from the educational institutes in the form of increased programming and computer sciences skills incorporated in the education of engineers. Whilst engineers with their modelling knowledge in traditional software can adapt to software´s like Grasshopper their lack of basic knowledge in computer science will restrict the complexity of the models themselves.

Parametric design can be used for structural design. This approach has someclear advantages compared to the conventional point-based approach using differentComputer Aided Design (CAD)-software, especially in early stage of design. Since themodel is parametrically defined, alternate designs, that are within the scope of theparametric definition, can be explored with little effort from the user compared tothe point-based models. In this way, optimization routines can be used to make moreinformed decisions about the design. Pipe bridges usually have a similar design that issuitable to be defined parametrically.The aim of the thesis is to automate the modeling of pipe bridges in the earlystages of design, to make an integrated analysis and to optimize the structure withregard to material cost and carbon dioxide equivalent-emissions as well as mass ofthe structure. Further, to investigate in what way these objectives are correlated.This thesis improves an existing grasshopper script used to design pipe bridges andimplement an automatic generation of a Bill of Quantity (BoQ).The results of the thesis case study suggests that there is potential in usingoptimization with parametric design to minimize the cost of pipe bridges. With a goodparametric design definition alternate designs can be explored with little effort fromthe user. This benefit to speed up the design process, and allowing the designer towork with adaptable design, could be reasons to turn to a parametric design method.It should also be stressed that this thesis suggests a correlation between the cost of thestructure and the carbon dioxide equivalent emission from the structure. Meaning thatwhile minimizing emissions one could also be minimizing the cost.

Buildings in the United States account for nearly 68% of all U.S. energy consumption due to their reliance on electrical lighting and mechanical systems. Beginning in the 20th century, emphasis on developing the glass curtain wall created increased energy demands on lighting and mechanical systems. Consequently, the building’s curtain wall is a direct cause of significant energy loads. This research project investigated how current parametric design tools and energy analysis software are used during a performance-driven passive solar design process to develop facade systems that lower the energy use intensity (EUI) of a building and increase natural daylight to an acceptable illuminance level (lux). Passive solar shading strategies were employed to realize the proposed design process through a proof of concept project that retrofits the facade of an outdated office building in a hot-mediterranean climate. Incremental steps were taken using parametric software (Revit Architecture 2015) to increase the passive solar and daylighting performance capabilities of the facade system and Autodesk Green Building Studio was employed to measure, compare and contrast the results of each design.