Fetma bland barn är ett globalt växande problem och hälsokonsekvenserna av övervikt är de flesta medvetna om. I familjer med överviktiga barn har föräldrarna ett ansvar i att motivera till goda kostvanor och fysisk aktivitet för att skapa goda förutsättningar för en hälsosam vikt. För att vårdpersonal skall kunna hjälpa familjen till goda vanor behövs kunskap om hur föräldrarna upplever situationen och insatserna bör starta redan i tidig barndom eftersom behandlingen då är mer effektiv. Syftet är att belysa föräldrars erfarenheter av att ha överviktiga barn. För att kunna studera området ur olika perspektiv är litteraturstudiens analys baserad på primärkällor i form av publicerade kvalitativa och kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. I resultatet har de känslor och erfarenheter som upplevdes av föräldrarna samlats under ett huvudtema: En känsla av utanförskap och fyra subteman: en känsla av skam och skuld, att förlora kontrollen, ensam i sin strävan att hjälpa sitt barn och att distansera sig. Det utanförskap och den stigmatisering dessa föräldrar erfar riskerar att öka om kunskapen om deras upplevelser inte finns eller misstolkas. Av den anledningen bör sjuksköterskan i samtalet ta reda på de erfarenheter föräldrarna bär med sig och vilka kunskaper de besitter för att öka föräldrarnas motivering och minska distanseringen mellan vårdpersonal och föräldrarna. / Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning

This study examined whether cultural factors could predict parents' attitudes toward the use of harsh physical punishment on their children in Akwa Ibom state in Nigeria. Presuming that most people disapprove of child abuse, different cultural groups may define the parental behaviors that constitute abuse differently, and such variances may result in a disparity of identification of parents from some cultures as more abusive than others. Four different independent cultural variables were measured: (a) conflict tactics, (b) nurturance, (c) drinking, and (d) valuing children. Form P, Part E of Dimension of Disciplinary Inventory (DDI) was used to measure parents' perception of physical punishment. Part C of Form P of DDI was used to measure Conflict tactics. Nurturance scale was used to measure the warmth patents display toward their children. Valuing Scale was used to measure the amount of value parents place on their children, while Heavy Drinking Scale measured parents' frequency of drinking. Random sampling approach was used to select 269 parents' who were administered the questionnaires. A multiple linear regression analysis was applied to examine the contributions of the independent variables with the dependent variable of parents' attitudes toward physical punishment of children The results of the multiple regression analysis showed that all 4 cultural variables predicted parental attitudes toward physical punishment. Results will provide greater understanding of the Nigerian attitudes toward physical punishment of children, and thus offer a foundation for future public education with the goal of reducing the use of physical punishment at the individual and community levels.

Children's physical inactivity and poor eating patterns have received a great deal of attention in our country and worldwide. Studies have been conducted to identify determinates related to children's physical activity and eating patterns and to identify strategies for promoting positive behaviors. Parental support is a well-accepted determinate of children's physical activity and eating patterns. However, little qualitative research has been done to determine parental attitudes and perceptions related to this critical role. First, the study sought to gain a greater understanding of parental perspectives on their children's physical activity and eating patterns. Second, the study examined parental attitudes and perceptions of their own personal roles related to their children's physical activity and eating patterns and the possible role of others. Focus groups were conducted with parents who had a child or children in kndergarten through sixth grade in the Madison School District in Rexburg, Idaho. Grounded theory was used to analyze findings. The results of the study indicated common elements of parental perceptions of physical activity and positive eating patterns in children. These elements were the same for supportive networks, supportive environments, and individual factors. Of these elements, most participants felt that their role as a parent was the most critical. Although knowing how critical their involvement was, participants continually brought up concerns and barriers associated with their role. The most common concerns addressed by parents were the significant impact of not having enough time and busyness of family schedules. Findings indicated that these elements should be considered and researched when conducting a needs assessment and planning interventions designed to increase physical activity and improve eating patterns in children. Findings also indicated that parents should play an extremely important role when collecting needs assessment data related to the physical activity and eating patterns of children. Interventions aimed at improving the health of children should be family focused and include strategies for incorporating positive changes into households and must address the demands of families' schedules. Effective health education strategies may also include facilitating parental involvement in community and school advocacy related to their perceived need for changes.

An evaluation is reported of an alcohol prevention program that targets parents in order to decrease drinking among 13-16 year-olds. The evaluation was performed in a quasi-experimental study with a matched control group and annual assessments, directed at youths and their parents independently, in a longitudinal intention-to-treat design. The implementation of the program centered around three different schools located in inner city, public housing and small town areas. Participants in the study were 900 students entering junior high school and their parents. The intervention consisted in information and mailings directed at parents, which advised them to maintain restrictive attitudes towards underage alcohol drinking, and to encourage their youths’ involvement in organized leisure activities. The implementation successfully influenced parents’ attitudes to underage drinking, but failed to increase youth participation in organized activities. At post-test at grade 9, youths in the intervention group reported less drunkenness and delinquency. Effect sizes were 0.35 for drunkenness and 0.38 for delinquency. Two subsamples, early starters in drinking and early delinquents, were analyzed separately in addition to full sample. Results from analyses of these subsamples yielded effect sizes of .52 for drunkenness and .32 for delinquency. The findings were similar for boys and girls. The effects of the intervention were not moderated by type of community. The main results were replicated in a latent growth curve analysis, which too the clustered nature of the data into account. It is concluded that working via parents is an effective way of reducing underage drinking and delinquency.

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the attitudes of parents toward outdoor environments and their children spending time outdoors, and how these attitudes related to their children's overall health. The sample for this study consisted of parents of six to thirteen year old children from the U.S., who accessed the survey from the Aggie Horticulture homepage between March and August 2009. Surveys were collected until 142 completed questionnaires were received. The online questionnaire included questions about parents' attitude toward nature; their children playing outdoors, play site rating, and children's overall health and demographic questions. Descriptive statistics were used to tabulate mean scores on the Parental Attitude About Nature Scale, and Parental Attitude About Their Children Spending Time Outdoors Scale, both of which indicated overall positive views. Pearson's product-moment correlations indicated statistically significant relationships between the Parental Attitude About Nature Scale, and Parental Attitude About Their Children Spending Time Outdoors Scale (P=0.001), and between these two scales and time children spent outdoors (P=0.008, P=0.05). No correlation existed between Parental Attitude About Their Children Spending Time Outdoors score and the Health Problems score (P=0.459). Also, there were statistically significant relationships between time spent indoors on video games or watching TV and health problems of children (r=+0.182, P=0.031), congestion (r=+0.192, P=0.023), and children having trouble sleeping (r=+0.237, P=0.005); asthma attacks and with the time spent in indoor organized sports (r=+0.274, P=0.001) and outdoor organized sports (r=+0.177, P=0.036). Additionally, time spent outdoors in free play was negatively correlated with body pain or discomfort (r=-0.219, P=0.009), repeated upset stomach (r=-0.179, P=0.034), or feeling tired or having low energy (r=-0.289, P=0.001). In regards to play areas a post-hoc analysis (Tukey's HSD) revealed that all the outdoor play scene pictures had statistically significantly higher mean scores in ratings of approval by parents (P=0.001) when compared to the indoor play area and that the outdoor scene picture with the black hardtop surface had a statistically significantly lower mean score (P=0.001) than the other outdoor play scene pictures. This indicated that, in general, parents preferred play areas with a greater amount of natural elements.

Help-seeking has been studied for over 20 years, but much is yet to be known about what variables influence parental help-seeking. In the present studies, participants were recruited from Texas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Study 1, included 260 caregivers recruited from local school districts and a church. Using confirmatory factor analysis, results supported the hypothesized 3-factor structure of the Parental Attitudes Toward Psychological Services Inventory (PATPSI) and internal consistency ranged from moderate to high. Study 2 conducted subsequent analyses on the data from Study 1. Correlation analyses supported the relationships among parental attitudes, stigma, and help-seeking. Secondly, parents with previous use of child mental health services reported more positive attitudes and less stigma than parents with no previous use. Thirdly, no significant gender differences were found, but there was a trend toward parents reporting higher intentions for boys than girls. Additionally, African Americans reported less positive attitudes and more stigma than the other ethnic groups. Finally, moderation analyses suggested that attitudes are more likely to influence help-seeking for European Americans but not for African Americans, and stigma appeared to influence helpseeking for Hispanic Americans but not for European Americans; no moderation effects were found for child gender. Finally, analyses indicated that only stigma and attitudes were significant independent predictors of help-seeking. Study 3 was a sub-sample from Study 1 (N = 118) who completed additional measures. The purpose was to replicate findings from Study 2 and examine test-retest reliability of the PATPSI. Test-retest reliability for the PATPSI was low in this sample. Overall, results were consistent with Study 2. Results indicated that parents with previous service use reported higher externalizing symptoms (not internalizing) than those with no previous use. Inconsistent with Study 2, Asian Americans reported less positive attitudes, and African Americans reported less stigma than European Americans and Asian Americans. Additionally, stigma tolerance was found to have a stronger influence on European Americans likelihood of future service use than for African Americans. Furthermore, the interaction between problem type and gender was not a significant predictor of likelihood of future use. Finally, only previous service use and attitudes (not stigma) were independent predictors of likelihood of future use. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Sveikos gyvensenos įgūdžių ir įpročių ugdymas pradedamas nuo mažiausių šalies gyventojų. Sveikas vaikas – tai visų tėvų ir pedagogų tikslas. E. Adaškevičienė (2004) teigia, kad mūsų šalies vaikų, moksleivių ir studentų sveikata yra ne tik prasta, bet turi tendenciją katastrofiškai blogėti. Todėl šiandieną vis dažniau kalbama apie sveikatą, jos stiprinimą, sveikatos problemas ir ypatingai apie sveiko gyvenimo būdo nuostatų formavimo(si) svarbą vaikystėje. G. Šurkienė, S. Potieliūnienė (2009), E. Adaškevičienė (2004, 1999) pabrėžia, kad sveika mityba ir fizinis aktyvumas – ypač svarbūs sveikos gyvensenos komponentai. Mityba yra viena iš būtinų vaiko normalaus augimo, fizinio ir psichinio vystymosi sąlygų, o fizinis aktyvumas lemia vaiko organizmo harmoningą vystymąsi. / Training healthy lifestyle skills and habits starts with the smallest residents of the country. Healthy child is the target for all parents and educators.E. Adaškevičienė (2004) argues that health of our country's children, pupils and students is not only poor, it has a tendency to catastrophically worsen. Therefore, today more and more is spoken about health, its strengthening, health issues and in particular about healthy lifestyle formation importance in the childhood.G. Šurkienė, S. Potieliūnienė (2009), E. Adaškevičienė (2004, 1999) emphasize that a healthy diet and physical activity are particularly important components of a healthy lifestyle. Nutrition is one of the preconditions for child’s normal growth, physical and mental conditions, development and physical activity leads to a harmonious development of the child's body. Therefore, physical activity and healthy eating is becoming a very important issue in the modern society.

Tooth decay is one of the most common chronic conditions that affect children in the U.S. Non-Hispanic Blacks are among the children facing the greatest racial and ethnic disparities in caries experience and treatment. Parents play a significant role in ensuring the success of preventative measures aimed at reducing prevalence of early childhood caries. It is therefore important for public health professionals to understand the oral health, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of Black parents in order to effectively design and tailor interventions for caries prevention among preschool children. The twofold purpose of this study was to: (a) determine whether attitudes, beliefs of Black parents predict behaviors about preventative measures against caries for their preschool children, and (b) determine whether the attitudes and beliefs about caries preventive behaviors vary between different ethnic groups of Blacks in Miami-Dade County. The cross sectional study utilized an oral health survey comprised of a modified version of the CDHQ, and the Nutrition Questionnaire for Children to examine attitudes, beliefs and behaviors of Black parents. The study sample included 192 African American, Haitian, and Afro-Caribbean parents of 3-5 year-old children in Miami-Dade County. Logistic regression and Chi Square analysis were used to answer the research questions and hypotheses. Perceived seriousness of decay, parental efficacy to brush child’s teeth, and chance control are significant predictors of children using toothpaste and parents brushing children’s teeth twice a day (pp Health educators can play a major role in designing and delivering quality oral health and disease prevention interventions for parents of preschoolers. Clearly there are opportunities to complement school-based oral health education for preschool children with a culturally appropriate parental component. The between group differences indicate that interventions need to be more specifically tailored to the racial/ethnic group intended to receive the intervention in order to have greater effectiveness.

This study aims to establish the relationship between reading literacy in the primary school and parental attitudes and behaviour to reading. Reading literacy is another dimension of literacy (Dubin & Kuhlman, 1992), notably the ability to understand and make use of written language (Mullis, Martin, Kennedy, Trong & Sainsbury, 2009). Despite various educational improvement initiatives undertaken by the South African Education system (ANAs, SACMEQ, TIMMS, PIRLS) as a means of creating systems to improve standards of education (Education Policy Act 2015 of 1998), learner achievement in the primary school remains low. This study makes use of selected variables from the PIRLS 2011 parent questionnaire to measure the extent of the relationship between learner reading achievement in Grade 5 and home level factors such as learning environment, parental behaviours in reading and parental attitudes towards reading. It adopts a secondary analysis design and makes use of quantitative approaches (Creswell, 2003). The Developed model of Home Learning Environment, Parental Behaviours and Parental Attitudes to Reading and Reading Literacy Achievement was adapted from the model of attitudes, behaviours and reading as developed by Abu-Rabia and Yaari (2012). This study was able to establish that the home learning environment and parental behaviours to reading had negative association with reading literacy, meaning that in their absence reading literacy would decrease. It established that parental attitudes to reading had positive association with reading literacy, meaning that in the presence of positive parental attitudes, reading literacy would increase. This highlights the importance of parental involvement in learner reading development. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Science, Mathematics and Technology Education / MEd / Unrestricted

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