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The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationships between physical and emotional peer victimization, parental and peer support and depressive symptoms. The moderating role of parental and peer support and gender differences in such moderation were the focus of the study in examining the association between peer victimization forms and depressive symptoms. Two hundred and sixty one youths (ages 10-14) completed self report measures of parental and peer support and depressive symptoms and were interviewed about their victimization experiences. Physical victimization rates were higher for boys whereas girls reported higher emotional victimization experiences and higher peer support than boys did. Correlations indicated that the experience of physical and emotional victimization by peer is linked to depressive symptoms. For boys, but not for girls, a significant moderation effect indicated that physical victimization was significantly related to depressive symptoms among youths with low peer support whereas physical victimization was not related to depressive symptoms among youths with high peer support. There were significant main effects of parental and peer support for both genders suggesting the importance of such support against depressive symptoms. The study's findings contribute to the literature regarding peer victimization's effects on mental health by illustrating the beneficial effect of parent and peer support during adolescence. / Master of Science

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund: Det finns omfattande vetenskaplig grund för att pappors delaktighet i deras barns liv främjar hälsa och gynnar en positiv utveckling hos barnen. Studier har även visat att stöd från hälso- och sjukvården främjar pappors delaktighet. Inom barnhälsovården erbjuds bland annat föräldrastöd i grupp och tanken är att män och kvinnor ska vilja medverka i lika stor utsträckning. Pappor deltar dock i mycket lägre grad än mammor. En av utmaningarna för barnhälsovården är därför att finna former för föräldrastöd i grupp som tilltalar alla föräldrar. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva utformningen av föräldrastöd i grupp samt BVC-sjuksköterskornas uppfattningar kring utformningen och pappors deltagande. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en tvärsnittsstudie med ett strukturerat frågeformulär i webbformat som datainsamlingsmetod. Materialet analyserades med icke-parametrisk statistik. Resultat: Resultatet visade att tidpunkten som föräldrastöd i grupp erbjuds på tycks vara av betydelse för pappors deltagande, både vad det gäller tid på dygnet och barnets ålder. Analysen visade på skillnader i BVC-sjuksköterskornas uppfattningar kring pappadeltagandet utifrån vilken typ av vårdcentral de arbetade på samt om de hade fortbildning i genusfrågor. Slutsats: Sociodemografiska faktorer kan ha betydelse för BVC-sjuksköterskornas uppfattningar kring pappors deltagande i föräldrastöd i grupp, men detta behöver undersökas ytterligare. / ABSTRACT Background: There is extensive scientific evidence that fathers' involvement in their children's lives promotes health and positive development in children. Studies have also shown that support from health professionals promote fathers' involvement. Group parental support is offered within the Child health care (CHC) service with the goal that mothers and fathers participate equally. Fathers, however, participate to a much lower extent than mothers. One of the challenges the CHC faces is to design parental support groups that will appeal to all parents. Aim: The aims of this study were to investigate the structure of parental support groups and the CHC nurses' perceptions of the structure and father participation. Method: The study was conducted as a cross-sectional study using a structured questionnaire in web format as data collection method. Data were analyzed with non-parametric statistics. Results: The results found that the time at which parental support groups are offered seems to be crucial for father participation, both with regard to time of the day and age of the child. The analysis showed that there were differences in the CHC nurses' perceptions of father participation based on the type of health center they were working in, and whether or not they had training in gender issues. Conclusion: Socio-demographic factors may be of importance for CHC nurses' perceptions of father participation, but this needs to be investigated further.

<p>Vi fattar dagligen beslut. Ungdomar har mindre möjlighet än vuxna att fatta självständiga beslut. Ungdomar påverkas av sina föräldrar och vänner när de står inför olika val. När ungdomar väl fattar självständiga beslut så utvecklas de psykologiskt. Syftet med studien var att se hur ungdomars tilltro till den egna förmågan, öppenhet, autonomi och föräldrars stöd påverkar deras nöjdhet med beslut som de tidigare har fattat inom ett av tre områden: utbildning, träning eller konsumtion. 120 enkäter delades ut till gymnasieelever och 92 enkäter besvarades. Resultaten visade att ungdomar lägger stor vikt vid sin autonomi och är därmed mer nöjda då de får fatta ett beslut på egen hand. Föräldrarnas stöd påverkade också ungdomars nöjdhet med beslutet; ju mer föräldrarna stöttade beslutet desto nöjdare var ungdomarna. Det är därför viktigt att föräldrar stöttar ungdomarna när de ska fatta beslut och uppmuntrar autonomi så att de blir nöjda med besluten.</p>

Few countries can boast of having the culture of volunteering seen in the United States. In explaining this phenomenon, many empirical studies have found religiosity significant in predicting volunteering behaviors among young adults, adults, and the elderly. However, teens (13 – 17 years) have not attracted much attention from researchers, though they possess the time and resources most needed to volunteer. Using data from the National Study on Youth and Religion (NSYR) Wave 1, this study examines the relationship between volunteering and teens’ private (religious salience and religious experience) and collective religiosity (religious tradition, church attendance, and youth group participation). Parental variables and teen demographics are also tested using a three-stage ordinal logistic regression. Regarding individual religiosity, the results suggested a significant relationship between teens’ religious experiences and volunteering. In addition, parents can induce volunteering by encouraging their teens to volunteer and participate in religious youth groups.

Paralleling recent increased public awareness of transgender issues, gender nonconforming youth are coming out at increasingly earlier ages. It is important to understand the impact that family acceptance or family rejection has on the health outcomes of transgender young people, who are at increased risk of discrimination, prejudice, harassment, victimization, violence, and possible mental health issues and who are understudied. This understanding can be framed within the minority stress model and Carl Rogers' theory of self, which provide insight into how minority groups experience negative reactions from both society and an internalized sense of congruence. The purpose of this descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative study was to measure the levels of negative health behaviors between transgender young adults who felt they had the support of their parents for their gender identity and those who did not. Data from 96 young transgender adults, between 18 and 25 years of age recruited through LGBT and transgender community organizations, were analyzed using correlation and logistic regression. Results showed significant relationships between the perception of parental support and suicidal ideation, number of suicide attempts, and illicit drug use. Findings from this study could contribute to positive social change by informing families, schools, health care providers, mental health practitioners, and policy makers about the significance of affirmative support for transgender youth. Quantifiable data regarding the impact of parental responses to a young person's gender identity could lead to the development of programs and policies leading to improved health outcomes for transgender youth.

Trauma literature demonstrates that sexually abused youth are at risk for psychopathology and adjustment problems, including Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD; e.g. Yancey, & Hansen, 2010). Dissociation is a response to a traumatic event that may be adaptive within the traumatic experience; however, persistent trauma-specific dissociation can impair affect regulation and cognitive skills and increase risk for PTSD (e.g. Kaplow, Dodge, Amaya-Jackson, & Saxe, 2005). The current study aimed to confirm the relationship between dissociation and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and examine the potential moderating effect of abuse-related support from the non-offending caregiver, the single best predictor of resilience after sexual abuse. The study sample included 52 sexually abused youth ages 8-16 years (M = 12.94, SD = 2.18) who were predominantly female (85%) and African American (62%). It was hypothesized that (1) dissociation during a forensic interview would predict PTSS and (2) low levels of caregiver support would strengthen the magnitude of the association between dissociation and PTSS compared to high levels of caregiver support. Findings confirmed the first hypothesis such that participants who reported more symptoms of dissociation in response to a forensic interview were at higher risk for PTSS. However, caregiver support did not moderate this relationship. Exploratory analyses examining the differential impact of caregiver support and caregiver blame also revealed no moderating effects. However, youth of caregivers reporting more blame of the child and/or less blame of the perpetrator were at higher risk of PTSS. These results provide support for guidelines recommending forensic interviewers include screening for dissociation and PTSS, as well as caregiver responses to disclosure. Importantly, the caregiver’s attributions of blame may be relevant points of intervention when targeting resilience among sexually abused youth. / acase@tulane.edu

<p>The aim of this research is to examine how the homes of children, in cooperation with the schools, are offered opportunities to communicate and discuss mathematics together with the children in relevant situations. The overall intent of the study is manifest in scientific questions with focus on how parents view the subject and the opportunities to support their children with math homework as well as possibilities to actively support their child´s mathematics progress. The paper has a pfenomenographic approach, which means that it in a qualitative way describes similarities and differences in the ways the homes perceive this issue. The examination is implemented through a survey in which responds from 73 parents in four classes have been studied. Within this study six semi constructed interviews have been conducted. The result of the study indicates that parents are positive to math homework, but that their ability to guide and support the child's math studies are to some extent limited. There is a need for an increased collaboration between the school and the homes, for instance by instructing the parents on modern math methods.</p>

<p>The aim of the study was to describe how child health care nurses (CHCN) experienced their work with regard to give support to parents, the content of the work as well as their thoughts concerning developing the support to parents. The study had a descriptive design where ten CHCN from different healthcarecentres in the central part of Sweden were interviewed. The collected material was transcribed and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The result was presented under the theme<em> to do what is the best for the child</em>, categories and subcategories. In the category <em>conditions and attitudes </em>the CHCN described how they viewed the situation from the child´s point of view, created a confidence, were available, prepared and understanding. The CHCN addressed that the <em>content of the parental support </em>was<em> </em>to identify and make assessments<em>, </em>support parents and give advice, protect the child, cooperate and coordinate and give out information. <em>Positive experiences</em> the CHCN mentioned was to connect with the parents and children, to get positive feedback, the job situation and the feeling of meaningfulness. <em>Difficult situations</em> in their work was to meet children that were abused, parents who were hard to reach, insufficient attachment between mother and child, when reports needed to be made, illness or death, personal obstacles and lack of resources. <em>Improvement areas</em> identified by the CHCN were related to the nature of the parental support provided, resources as well as the level of personal education.<strong></strong></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Keywords: Child health care nurses, parental support, children, experiences</p> / <p>Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur BVC-sjuksköterskor upplevde sitt arbete gällande föräldrastöd, vad arbetet innebar samt vilka tankar BVC-sjuksköterskan hade kring utveckling av föräldrastödet. Studien hade en beskrivande design där tio BVC-sjuksköterskor från olika hälsocentraler i Mellansverige blev intervjuade. Det insamlade materialet blev transkriberat och analyserat med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet presenterades i temat <em>att se till barnets bästa</em>, kategorier samt underkategorier. I kategorin <em>förutsättningar och förhållningssätt</em> beskrev BVC-sjuksköterskorna hur de utgick från barnet, skapade förtroende, var tillgänglig, var förberedd och var förstående. BVC-sjuksköterskorna menade att i <em>föräldrastödets innehåll </em>ingick att identifiera behov och göra bedömningar stödja och råda, att skydda barn, samarbeta och samordna samt att ge ut information. <em>Positiva upplevelser </em>som BVC-sjuksköterskorna nämnde var att få kontakt med föräldrar och barn, att få positiv feedback, arbetssituationen samt känsla av meningsfullhet. <em>Svåra situationer </em>i arbetet var att möta barn som for illa, föräldrar som var svåra att nå, brister i anknytningen mellan mor och barn, då anmälningar behövde göras, sjukdom eller dödsfall, personliga hinder samt bristande resurser. <em>Förbättringsområden </em>som BVC-sjuksköterskorna nämnde handlade om innehållet i föräldrastödet, resurser att hjälpa samt egen personlig utveckling av kunskapsområdet.<em></em></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>                                                                                     </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>Nyckelord: BVC-sjuksköterskor, föräldrastöd, barn, upplevelser</p>

<p>The aims of the study were to: (1) explore the education support services required by three learners who were integrated into the mainstream, (2) determine the level of support required by these learners to function maximally in the mainstream, (3) specifically explore the socioemotional ability of these learners to adjust to the mainstream setting. Three cases were explored within an eco-systemic approach. Each case consisted of a learner with a physical disability, the learner&rsquo / s mother and the educator/s who first taught the learner at the mainstream school. Interviews were conducted with all of the participants and subsequently transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was then conducted to extract themes from the transcriptions.</p>