Public concern about the quality of teaching and learning is at an all time high in respect of certain schools in South Africa. This study focuses on the participation of the SMT members in managing the instructional programme with a view on improving the academic performance of learners. The lack of the involvement of all the members of the SMT thus prompted this investigation. Apart from the literature review, an empirical investigation, based on a qualitative paradigm involving interviews, was undertaken to collect data at selected primary schools in Circuit 1 in the Metropole North Education District of the Western Cape Education Department. Other methods used included observations as well as the analyses of documents relevant to the investigation. As a case study this research examined the involvement of all the members of the SMT by utilizing the principles of participative management. It is hoped that this study will contribute to the improvement of the academic performance of schools by virtue of what has been highlighted as a reason for the poor performance of schools namely the lack of involvement of all the members of the SMT in the management of the instructional programme. The literature findings revealed that School Management Teams (SMTs) have to be properly structured. The SMT should be involved in decision-making in matters that concern them. This, together with a more effective and efficiently managed instructional programme, should improve the academic performance of learners. Empirical findings indicated that the members of the SMT consider themselves professionally trained individuals with the expertise needed to deliver what is expected from them. The study further revealed that the success of a school depends on effective instruction as a result of the effective management and leading of the instructional programme by all members of the SMT. / Education management / M.Ed. (Education Management)

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Die tradisionele benadering tot bestuur het die Suid-Afrikaanse korrektiewe sisteem sedert sy ontstaan gedomineer. Die vraag wat ontstaan, is of daar enige praktiese, werkbare altematiewe is, veral omdat die huidige strategiese ingesteldheid, argitektuur en menslike hulpbronne onder verdenking is. Hierdie navorsing bevestig die vermoede dat 'n nuwe benadering tot strategie, struktuur, kultuur, bestuursfilosofie, werkspraktyke en mense te voorskyn kom en dat dit alleenlik gemobiliseer kan word deur organisasievernuwing. 'n Penologiese sisteem wat 'n deelnemende bestuursbenadering aanvaar, sal as 'n wereldleier geklassifiseer word. / The traditional approach to management has dominated the South African correctional system since its conception. The question arises whether there are any practical workable alternatives, especially as the present strategic intent, architecture and human resources are under suspicion. This research confirms the supposition that a new approach to strategy, structure, culture, management philosophy, work methods and people is emerging and that this approach can be enabled only by organisational renewal. A penological system that adopts a participative management approach would be classified as a world leader. / Penology / M.A. (Penology)

Os direitos humanos ao desenvolvimento e à saúde estão intimamente ligados, uma vez que não há processo de desenvolvimento sem a consolidação da saúde. Ainda, pode-se observar a influência do nível de desenvolvimento na saúde, por meio da incidência de doenças que tende a ser maior em regiões menos desenvolvidas. Esta pesquisa qualitativa centrou-se no questionamento sobre as conexões entre o exercício do direito à saúde e o desenvolvimento no município de Ribeirão Preto, enfocando o controle social, no âmbito do Conselho Municipal de Saúde. Apresenta, portanto, como objetivo geral descrever as interrelações entre o controle social desempenhado pelo Conselho Municipal de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto e o desenvolvimento local. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de triangulação de fontes de dados, através da análise documental das atas das reuniões do Conselho, da observação passiva nas reuniões e de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os conselheiros. As entrevistas foram analisadas por meio das análises de conteúdo e temática. Os entrevistados revelaram que apesar do reconhecimento da população sobre a saúde como um direito, há baixa participação popular no Conselho. Dentre os fatores determinantes da baixa participação estão a falta de conhecimento e informação e a baixa divulgação das ações do Conselho. Ainda assim, foram observadas melhorias na saúde por meio da atuação do Conselho e os membros reconheceram a importância dessa atividade para o desenvolvimento do município e aumento da qualidade de vida da população. Os participantes do estudo admitiram, porém, que o exercício do controle social necessita de muitos avanços para chegar perto do considerado ideal, o que depende da atuação dos próprios conselheiros, visando melhorar a sua representatividade. Constatou-se que, embora o Conselho Municipal de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto seja reconhecido pelos conselheiros como um espaço de democratização que funciona, a institucionalização de espaços participativos não garante a participação popular e o controle social em saúde. Nesse sentido, este trabalho apresentou alternativas para a construção deste processo, como a maior disseminação de informações, a elaboração de um canal de comunicação com a população, alterações no regimento interno e a capacitação permanente dos conselheiros, como elementos essenciais para a busca de outros caminhos para o exercício efetivo do controle social e a garantia do direito à saúde e desenvolvimento local do município de Ribeirão Preto. / The rights for the development and health are closely related since there is no development process without consolidation of health. Furthermore, one can observe the influence of the level of development of health, by disease incidence tends to be higher in less developed regions. This qualitative study focused on questions about the connections between the exercise of the right to health and development in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto, focusing on social control, under the Municipal Health Council presents, so as a general objective describing the interrelationships between social control played by the Municipal Council of Health of the development site. Data were obtained through triangulation of data sources, through documentary analysis of the minutes of Board meetings, meetings of passive observation and semi-structured interviews with counselors. The interviews were analyzed through content analysis and thematic. Respondents revealed that despite the recognition of population health as a right, there is low public participation in the Council. Among the determinants of low participation are lack of knowledge and information dissemination and low shares of the Council. Still, we observed improvements in health through the work of the Council and members recognized the importance of this activity for the development of the municipality and increased quality of life. Study participants admitted, however, that the exercise of social control requires many advancements to come close to the considered ideal, which depends on the performance of the councilors themselves, to improve its representativeness. It was found that, although the Board of Health of Ribeirão Preto is recognized by the board as a space that works for democratization, institutionalization of participatory spaces not guarantee popular participation and social control in health. Accordingly, this work presents alternatives for the construction of this process, as the greatest dissemination of information, the development of a communication channel with the population, changes in the bylaws and the permanent training of counselors, as essential to the pursuit of other paths for the effective exercise of social control and guarantee the right to health and development site in the city of Ribeirão Preto.

Os direitos humanos ao desenvolvimento e à saúde estão intimamente ligados, uma vez que não há processo de desenvolvimento sem a consolidação da saúde. Ainda, pode-se observar a influência do nível de desenvolvimento na saúde, por meio da incidência de doenças que tende a ser maior em regiões menos desenvolvidas. Esta pesquisa qualitativa centrou-se no questionamento sobre as conexões entre o exercício do direito à saúde e o desenvolvimento no município de Ribeirão Preto, enfocando o controle social, no âmbito do Conselho Municipal de Saúde. Apresenta, portanto, como objetivo geral descrever as interrelações entre o controle social desempenhado pelo Conselho Municipal de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto e o desenvolvimento local. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de triangulação de fontes de dados, através da análise documental das atas das reuniões do Conselho, da observação passiva nas reuniões e de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os conselheiros. As entrevistas foram analisadas por meio das análises de conteúdo e temática. Os entrevistados revelaram que apesar do reconhecimento da população sobre a saúde como um direito, há baixa participação popular no Conselho. Dentre os fatores determinantes da baixa participação estão a falta de conhecimento e informação e a baixa divulgação das ações do Conselho. Ainda assim, foram observadas melhorias na saúde por meio da atuação do Conselho e os membros reconheceram a importância dessa atividade para o desenvolvimento do município e aumento da qualidade de vida da população. Os participantes do estudo admitiram, porém, que o exercício do controle social necessita de muitos avanços para chegar perto do considerado ideal, o que depende da atuação dos próprios conselheiros, visando melhorar a sua representatividade. Constatou-se que, embora o Conselho Municipal de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto seja reconhecido pelos conselheiros como um espaço de democratização que funciona, a institucionalização de espaços participativos não garante a participação popular e o controle social em saúde. Nesse sentido, este trabalho apresentou alternativas para a construção deste processo, como a maior disseminação de informações, a elaboração de um canal de comunicação com a população, alterações no regimento interno e a capacitação permanente dos conselheiros, como elementos essenciais para a busca de outros caminhos para o exercício efetivo do controle social e a garantia do direito à saúde e desenvolvimento local do município de Ribeirão Preto. / The rights for the development and health are closely related since there is no development process without consolidation of health. Furthermore, one can observe the influence of the level of development of health, by disease incidence tends to be higher in less developed regions. This qualitative study focused on questions about the connections between the exercise of the right to health and development in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto, focusing on social control, under the Municipal Health Council presents, so as a general objective describing the interrelationships between social control played by the Municipal Council of Health of the development site. Data were obtained through triangulation of data sources, through documentary analysis of the minutes of Board meetings, meetings of passive observation and semi-structured interviews with counselors. The interviews were analyzed through content analysis and thematic. Respondents revealed that despite the recognition of population health as a right, there is low public participation in the Council. Among the determinants of low participation are lack of knowledge and information dissemination and low shares of the Council. Still, we observed improvements in health through the work of the Council and members recognized the importance of this activity for the development of the municipality and increased quality of life. Study participants admitted, however, that the exercise of social control requires many advancements to come close to the considered ideal, which depends on the performance of the councilors themselves, to improve its representativeness. It was found that, although the Board of Health of Ribeirão Preto is recognized by the board as a space that works for democratization, institutionalization of participatory spaces not guarantee popular participation and social control in health. Accordingly, this work presents alternatives for the construction of this process, as the greatest dissemination of information, the development of a communication channel with the population, changes in the bylaws and the permanent training of counselors, as essential to the pursuit of other paths for the effective exercise of social control and guarantee the right to health and development site in the city of Ribeirão Preto.

Since the democratic election in 1994 and the publishing of the SA Schools Act on the 16th of November 1996 the South African education system has undergone a fundamental transformation. Pupils are regarded as a specific interest group that stands in a partnership relationship with other interest groups (stakeholders) in the school. The principle of partnership advocated by the South African Schools Act invites pupils to partake in and share responsibility for the governance, organising and funding of public schools. To participate in school management pupils have to be part of participative structures. Two such structures for pupil participation and representation exist in South African schools, namely SRC's and the governing body of the school. The aim of this research is to develop a model for pupil participation in the management of schools and specific attention was given to participative management of pupils on the SRC and governing body of the school. In order to operationalize the above mentioned aim an analysis of the nature of participative management by pupils was done on the basis of theoretical approaches to participative management. Participative management by pupils can only be successful if the following participative management techniques namely pupil participation, pupil empowerment, influence. participative decision-making, delegation, democracy, decentralization, committees and meetings are interwoven with the participative management process. Pupil participation can also be successful if the advantages of such participation is realised by all school interest groups. The structure and functioning of pupil participation in the management activities of the school is reviewed firstly by giving attention to the practices of pupil participation in the education systems of a few international countries. This is done by analizing the structure of each education system, the statutory directives for pupil participation and the structures for pupil participation in these education systems. Secondly the managerial involvement of pupils in the management activities of SRC's and the governing bodies of schools was reviewed, while certain lacunas that resulted from the lack of information were addressed by empirical research. As a result of the preceding criteria a model for pupil participation in school management was developed and certain findings and recommendations were derived from it. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000

Since the democratic election in 1994 and the publishing of the SA Schools Act on the 16th of November 1996 the South African education system has undergone a fundamental transformation. Pupils are regarded as a specific interest group that stands in a partnership relationship with other interest groups (stakeholders) in the school. The principle of partnership advocated by the South African Schools Act invites pupils to partake in and share responsibility for the governance, organising and funding of public schools. To participate in school management pupils have to be part of participative structures. Two such structures for pupil participation and representation exist in South African schools, namely SRC's and the governing body of the school. The aim of this research is to develop a model for pupil participation in the management of schools and specific attention was given to participative management of pupils on the SRC and governing body of the school. In order to operationalize the above mentioned aim an analysis of the nature of participative management by pupils was done on the basis of theoretical approaches to participative management. Participative management by pupils can only be successful if the following participative management techniques namely pupil participation, pupil empowerment, influence. participative decision-making, delegation, democracy, decentralization, committees and meetings are interwoven with the participative management process. Pupil participation can also be successful if the advantages of such participation is realised by all school interest groups. The structure and functioning of pupil participation in the management activities of the school is reviewed firstly by giving attention to the practices of pupil participation in the education systems of a few international countries. This is done by analizing the structure of each education system, the statutory directives for pupil participation and the structures for pupil participation in these education systems. Secondly the managerial involvement of pupils in the management activities of SRC's and the governing bodies of schools was reviewed, while certain lacunas that resulted from the lack of information were addressed by empirical research. As a result of the preceding criteria a model for pupil participation in school management was developed and certain findings and recommendations were derived from it. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000

Literature on the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) has paid much attention to stressors, stress and symptoms, coping, and support of Emergency Medical Workers (EMWs). However, it has paid little attention to the needs of EMWs, and the satisfaction thereof, which should result in their improved well-being and motivation. In an attempt to rectify this imbalance, this study investigated the needs of EMWs as suggested by descriptions of their experiences within the EMS. Interviews were conducted with EMWs employed by a private EMS company. The interviews were analysed for emerging needs by means of interpretive analysis. These needs comprised the Need for Freedom, the Need for Competence, the Need for Recognition, the Need for a Challenge, and the Need to be Understood. The findings were linked with theory and it is proposed that the relevant EMS company incorporates participative management into its management approach. In addition suggestions are made for future research. / Psychology / M. A.(Psychology)

In a democratic South Africa, a variety of factors are necessary to ensure effective school governance and management. One of these factors is shared decision-making (SDM). SDM is a process of making decisions in a collaborative manner at the school level. Those responsible for implementing a decision must be actively and legitimately involved in making the decision. In South African schools today, SDM is no longer an option. The new framework of SDM is embedded in the South African Schools Act (Act 84 of 1996). According to the Act, parents, learners and teachers should be given the opportunity of participating in decisions on educational matters. In this study, the researcher set out to investigate and explore effective decision-making of secondary school principals in the Thabo Mofutsanayana Education District (THMOED) of the Free State Province. In an endeavour to realize that end, an open-ended questionnaire, individual and focus group interviews were used to collect data. The main aim was to find out how teachers, learners, parents and principals experienced decision-making in their schools. The main findings of this research were that, decisions-making practices in the secondary schools in the THMOED still adhered to pre-democratic formal lines of authority. In other words, the locus of control and decision-making powers resided mainly with the principals, with minimum participation of other stakeholders. Consequently, there were dissatisfactions and concerns raised by the participants. The concerns were directed at the management and included lack of communication, lack of transparency, unacceptable disciplinary procedures, autocratic leadership styles and centralized decision-making. According to the findings, it would appear that democratic models of governance were insufficiently used or overlooked by the principals. Concerns raised by the respondents were a clear indication that much needed to be done to change the mind-set of the principals. / Educational Studies / D.Ed (Education Management)

Public concern about the quality of teaching and learning is at an all time high in respect of certain schools in South Africa. This study focuses on the participation of the SMT members in managing the instructional programme with a view on improving the academic performance of learners. The lack of the involvement of all the members of the SMT thus prompted this investigation. Apart from the literature review, an empirical investigation, based on a qualitative paradigm involving interviews, was undertaken to collect data at selected primary schools in Circuit 1 in the Metropole North Education District of the Western Cape Education Department. Other methods used included observations as well as the analyses of documents relevant to the investigation. As a case study this research examined the involvement of all the members of the SMT by utilizing the principles of participative management. It is hoped that this study will contribute to the improvement of the academic performance of schools by virtue of what has been highlighted as a reason for the poor performance of schools namely the lack of involvement of all the members of the SMT in the management of the instructional programme. The literature findings revealed that School Management Teams (SMTs) have to be properly structured. The SMT should be involved in decision-making in matters that concern them. This, together with a more effective and efficiently managed instructional programme, should improve the academic performance of learners. Empirical findings indicated that the members of the SMT consider themselves professionally trained individuals with the expertise needed to deliver what is expected from them. The study further revealed that the success of a school depends on effective instruction as a result of the effective management and leading of the instructional programme by all members of the SMT. / Education management / M.Ed. (Education Management)

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Die tradisionele benadering tot bestuur het die Suid-Afrikaanse korrektiewe sisteem sedert sy ontstaan gedomineer. Die vraag wat ontstaan, is of daar enige praktiese, werkbare altematiewe is, veral omdat die huidige strategiese ingesteldheid, argitektuur en menslike hulpbronne onder verdenking is. Hierdie navorsing bevestig die vermoede dat 'n nuwe benadering tot strategie, struktuur, kultuur, bestuursfilosofie, werkspraktyke en mense te voorskyn kom en dat dit alleenlik gemobiliseer kan word deur organisasievernuwing. 'n Penologiese sisteem wat 'n deelnemende bestuursbenadering aanvaar, sal as 'n wereldleier geklassifiseer word. / The traditional approach to management has dominated the South African correctional system since its conception. The question arises whether there are any practical workable alternatives, especially as the present strategic intent, architecture and human resources are under suspicion. This research confirms the supposition that a new approach to strategy, structure, culture, management philosophy, work methods and people is emerging and that this approach can be enabled only by organisational renewal. A penological system that adopts a participative management approach would be classified as a world leader. / Penology / M.A. (Penology)