Στις σύγχρονες τηλεπικοινωνίες, χρησιμοποιείται μια μεγάλη γκάμα από RF μοντέλα, για τον υπολογισμό την μέσης τιμής ισχύος του σήματος εκπομπής για δεδομένη απόσταση από τον πομπό και για δεδομένη συχνότητα. Στις διεργασίες αυτές , επιδρούν στο δικό τους βαθμό διάφορες παράμετροι τοπολογικού (πληθυσμός , τύπος εμποδίων, πυκνότητα εμποδίων) και γεωγραφικού (μορφολογία εδάφους, υγρασία, διαμόρφωση χώρου) χαρακτήρα, αλλά και χαρακτηριστικά των πομποδεκτών ( συνήθως το ύψος και το κέρδος των κεραιών). Στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις οι απώλειες όδευσης (Path Loss όπως είναι γνωστές στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία) , εκφράζονται σε dB , σα συνάρτηση της συχνότητας λειτουργίας του υπό μελέτη συστήματος και της απόστασης ανάμεσα στον πομπό και το δέκτη ( πάντα για δεδομένα χαρακτηριστικά κεραιών και τύπο περιβάλλοντος). Έτσι μια ντετερμινιστική γνώση του μέσου path loss, που σε συνδυασμό με άλλες πιθανές απώλειες μας δίνει το σύνολο των απωλειών είναι εφικτή. O περιορισμός όσον αφορά στη συχνότητα και στις αποστάσεις , έχουν οδηγήσει τη σύγχρονη έρευνα στην επέκταση των υπαρχόντων μοντέλων , τόσο εξωτερικού όσο και εσωτερικού χώρου. Μια βασική παράμετρος της έρευνας στηρίζεται στην παραδοχή πως ο νόμος του αντιστρόφου τετραγώνου , ο οποίος περιγράφεται από την εξίσωση του Friis δε βρίσκει εφαρμογή, παρά μόνο σε περιβάλλοντα όπου επιτυγχάνεται LOS( Line of Sight) όδευση. Η τροποποίηση της παραπάνω εξίσωσης με δυναμικό ως προς το εκάστοτε περιβάλλον τρόπο , επιτρέπει πλέον τον υπολογισμό της μέσης ισχύος του σήματος σε σχετικά ρεαλιστικό βαθμό. Για παράδειγμα έχει προταθεί τροποποίηση με την τρίτη δύναμη της απόστασης για ένα σύνολο εφαρμογών , που αφορούν συστήματα ασυρμάτων τηλεπικοινωνιών εξωτερικού περιβάλλοντος.Ένα εσωτερικό περιβάλλον απαιτεί μια πολύ πιο ντετερμινιστική φόρμουλα υπολογισμού των απωλειών ώστε να μπορέσει ο μελετητής να υπολογίσει με αξιοπιστία την ισχύ του σήματος σε μια δεδομένη θέση. Η ακρίβεια λοιπόν των μοντέλων εξαρτάται άμεσα από την ικανότητά τους να απεικονίσουν και να αποδώσουν με τη σειρά τους , μέσω των υπολογισμών, όλα αυτά τα σύνθετα φαινόμενα με τον καλύτερο δυνατό τρόπο. Η πλειοψηφία των RF μοντέλων που αναπτύσσονται στα πλαίσια ακόλουθων παραγράφων, έχει αναπτυχθεί και αξιολογηθεί για συστήματα κυτταρικής κινητής τηλεφωνίας (GSM, PCS-1800, GPRS, UMTS). Προκειμένου να ξεπεραστούν διάφοροι περιορισμοί των αρχικών μοντέλων ως προς την συχνότητα λειτουργίας του συστήματος και την απόσταση πομπού-δέκτη (ουσιαστικά την εμβέλεια του μοντέλου), ορισμένες προεκτάσεις έχουν παρουσιαστεί σε διάφορες ερευνητικές εργασίες και χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως . Ορισμένα νέα μοντέλα έχουν επίσης προστεθεί στα ήδη υπάρχοντα για τις συχνότητες συστημάτων κινητής τηλεφωνίας . Για άλλες περιοχές συχνοτήτων με έντονο ενδιαφέρον, πχ στα 5,2 GHz, διάφορες προτάσεις έχουν πραγματοποιηθεί, συχνά υποστηριζόμενες από μετρήσεις. Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη την συχνότητα των 2,4 GHz, δεν μπορούμε παρά να συμπεράνουμε ότι η όσο το δυνατόν πιο ακριβής και επιστημονικά αξιόπιστη μοντελοποίηση του ασύρματου διαύλου, ιδιαίτερα – άλλα όχι αποκλειστικά – για τοπολογίες εσωτερικών χώρων, είναι πολύ σημαντική για τον σχεδιασμό και την εύρυθμη λειτουργία των Wi-Fi συστημάτων και των WLAN δικτύων. Παρόλα αυτά, αν και στην υπάρχουσα βιβλιογραφία και στην διεθνή επιστημονική και ερευνητική κοινότητα υπάρχουν αρκετά σημαντικές εργασίες για την μοντελοποίηση του ασύρματου διαύλου στα 2,4 GHz , εντούτοις απουσίαζε, για πολύ καιρό, μία ολοκληρωμένη συγκριτική αντιπαραβολή και αξιολόγηση των βασικών θεωρητικών μοντέλων για τον υπολογισμό της μέσης απώλειας οδεύσεως στη συγκεκριμένη συχνότητα. Στα πλαίσια της εργασίας αυτής , θα προσπαθήσουμε να αξιοποιήσουμε το σύνολο των μετρήσεων και των δεδομένων που συλλέξαμε , σε ρεαλιστικές συνθήκες και για πραγματικά συστήματα μετάδοσης , τόσο να αξιολογήσουμε τα ήδη υπάρχοντα RF μοντέλα , όσο και να προβούμε στις απαραίτητες προτάσεις και τροποποιήσεις όπου αυτό κριθεί σκόπιμο. Επίσης για τη σκίαση επιχειρούμε εδώ μια προσέγγιση υπολογισμού μέσω της χρήσης των RF μοντέλων και την ενσωμάτωση όλων των χαρακτηριστικών διάδοσης , που αφορούν και στα δύο στοιχεία των μεγάλης κλίμακας διαλείψεων. Οι μετρήσεις μέσης λαμβανόμενης ισχύος πραγματοποιήθηκαν σε πέντε διαφορετικές τοπολογίες. Σε κάθε μία από αυτές τις τοπολογίες ελήφθησαν μετρήσεις της μέσης λαμβανόμενης ισχύος σε διάφορες δειγματοληπτικές αποστάσεις πομπού-δέκτη ούτως ώστε να είναι εφικτή, με έναν υψηλό βαθμό αξιοπιστίας, η αξιολόγηση των βασικών μοντέλων απωλειών οδεύσεως. Ταυτόχρονα, μέσα από αυτή την διαδικασία, αξιολογήθηκε η αξιοπιστία των μοντέλων αναφορικά με τις ιδιαιτερότητες της κάθε τοπολογίας, που αποτυπώνονται ποιοτικά και ποσοτικά στους μηχανισμούς διάδοσης του ραδιοσήματος σε κάθε περίπτωση. / In modern wireless communications, a wide range of RF models are used to provide the median (average) value of the signal strength at a given distance from the transmitter and for a given frequency spectrum. In this procedure, certain geographical (ground, humidity, terrain irregularities), topological (heavy or scattered population, type of obstacles, density of the buildings) characteristics of the area, as well as certain specifications of the transmitter and receiver antennas (most notably antenna height and antenna gain) have to be taken into consideration. In most cases, the mean value of the path loss is expressed in dB in dependence with the frequency of the operating system and the distance between the transmitter and the receiver (for given antenna characteristics and a certain type of environment where the system operates). Thus, a deterministic knowledge of the average path loss (which along with the average rain loss and diffraction loss provides the overall propagation loss in dB) is available. However, distance and frequency limitations have led research to a further study and expanding of the existing empirical and semi-empirical models , for both outdoor and indoor scenarios. A fundamental parameter-based study of the path loss models is based on the concept that the second power law that is predicted by the Friis equation does not apply in real-life scenarios except for standard LOS paths. The modified power law research allows engineers and scholars to calculate the mean received power of a signal transmitted over a wireless link in a more realistic approach. It has been suggested that the third-power law is more suitable for a plethora of applications based on wireless communications for an outdoor environment.The indoor propagation channel, in particular, demands a lot more than a deterministic formula of calculating the average signal strength as a function of distance and frequency. The increased impact of multipath and other propagation phenomena such as reflection and scattering, as well as the existence of many objects whose proportions are comparatively close to the wavelength of the operating wireless systems, render the propagation of a signal and its arrival at a receiver (mobile or fixed) a rather complex procedure. The precision of the path loss models depends heavily on their ability to demonstrate and reflect, in the calculations, these complex phenomena to the best possible way .The majority of these models have been developed and validated for mobile telephony systems in both outdoor and indoor schemes (GSM, PCS-1800, GPRS, UMTS). Certain extensions of many of these models were conducted in order to expand the frequency and distance limitation of the original formulas. New empirical models have also been suggested for these certain frequencies .Taking into account the very sensitive and subject to many different factors nature of the indoor propagation channel, it is easily concluded that both researchers in academia and engineers in industry need to have reliable models that will predict precisely the average path loss over the indoor 2.4 GHz channel which is of utter importance as the de facto frequency of Wi-Fi and WLAN systems. A gap in aforementioned research, however, is that it either concentrates on multipath parameters or does not feature a full comparative validation of most well-known indoor path loss models.The purpose of this work is to present, all the data collected through experiments in realistic conditions and real telecom systems, in order to validate and modify (where necessary) the existing RF models. Furthermore an empirical formula to measure attenuation due to shadowing is derived through these RF models.Measurements took part in five different topologies. In each of them the mean received power was recorded, for various distances between the transmitter and the receiver, in order for our endeavor to validate the RF models in question to be reliable. Through this procedure, RF models where examined towards each topology’s distinctive characteristics that reflect in quality and quantity all the attenuation mechanisms that affect the propagated signal.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GustavoAC__DISSERT.pdf: 2594771 bytes, checksum: b46a4c0b026ad559d9ed126acb92b471 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-09 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The telecommunications industry has experienced recent changes, due to increasing quest for access to digital services for data, video and multimedia, especially using the mobile phone networks. Recently in Brazil, mobile operators are upgrading their networks to third generations systems (3G) providing to users broadband services such as video conferencing, Internet, digital TV and more. These new networks that provides mobility and high data rates has allowed the development of new market concepts. Currently the market is focused on the expansion of WiMAX technology, which is gaining increasingly the market for mobile voice and data. In Brazil, the commercial interest for this technology appears to the first award of licenses in the 3.5 GHz band. In February 2003 ANATEL held the 003/2002/SPV-ANATEL bidding, where it offered blocks of frequencies in the range of 3.5 GHz. The enterprises who purchased blocks of frequency were: Embratel, Brazil Telecom (Vant), Grupo Sinos, Neovia and WKVE, each one with operations spread in some regions of Brazil. For this and other wireless communications systems are implemented effectively, many efforts have been invested in attempts to developing simulation methods for coverage prediction that is close to reality as much as possible so that they may become believers and indispensable tools to design wireless communications systems. In this work wasm developed a genetic algorithm (GA's) that is able to optimize the models for predicting propagation loss at applicable frequency range of 3.5 GHz, thus enabling an estimate of the signal closer to reality to avoid significant errors in planning and implementation a system of wireless communication / O setor de telecomunica??es vem passando por grandes transforma??es, devido ao aumento da busca por acesso a servi?os digitais de transmiss?o de dados, v?deo e multim?dia, especialmente, por meios das redes de telefonia m?vel. Recentemente, no Brasil, as operadoras de telefonia m?vel v?m atualizando suas redes para sistemas de terceira gera??o (3G) proporcionando aos usu?rios servi?os em banda larga como v?deo confer?ncia, Internet e TV digital, dentre outros. Essas novas redes que proporcionam mobilidade e elevadas taxas de transmiss?o t?m permitido o desenvolvimento de novos conceitos de mercado de servi?os. Atualmente o mercado est? voltado para a expans?o da tecnologia WiMAX, que v?m ganhando cada vez mais o mercado das comunica??es m?veis de voz e de dados. No Brasil o interesse comercial para esta tecnologia aparece com a primeira outorga de licen?as em 3,5 GHz. Em fevereiro de 2003, a ANATEL realizou a licita??o 003/2002/SPV-ANATEL, onde ofereceu blocos de frequ?ncia em 3,5 GHz. As operadoras que adquiriram os blocos de frequ?ncia foram: Embratel, Brasil Telecom (Vant), Grupo Sinos, Neovia e WKVE, cada uma com opera??es distribu?das em regi?es do Brasil. Para que esse e outros sistemas de comunica??es sem fio sejam implementados com efici?ncia, muitos esfor?os t?m sido investidos na tentativa de desenvolvimento de m?todos de simula??o, de predi??o e de cobertura que se aproximem da realidade o melhor poss?vel, de forma a que se possam tornar ferramentas fi?is e indispens?veis no planejamento dos sistemas de comunica??es sem fio. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um algoritmo gen?tico (AG s) capaz de otimizar os modelos de predi??o de perda de propaga??o aplic?veis na frequ?ncia de 3,5 GHz, possibilitando dessa forma uma estimativa do sinal mais pr?xima da realidade, evitando erros significativos no planejamento e implementa??o de um sistema de comunica??o sem fio

The dissertation concerns about the path loss calculation of Radio Frequency (RF) propagation models for 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) Network to prefer the best Radio Frequency propagation model. The radio propagation models are very significant while planning of any wireless communication system. A comparative analysis between radio propagation models e.g. SUI model, Okumura model, Cost 231 Hata Model, Cost 231-Walfisch Ikegami and Ericsson 9999 model that would be used for outdoor propagation in LTE. The comparison and performance analysis has been made by using different geological environments e.g. urban, sub-urban and rural areas. The simulation scenario is made to calculate the lowest path loss in above defined environments by using selected frequency and height of base station antennas while keeping a constant distance between the transmitter and receiver antennas. / Asad Saeed C/O Muhammad Awais Hovslagargatan 47 LGH 1004 19431 Stockholm Sweden Mob: 0046723333734

This paper deals with the propagation of waves. Here is the wavelength distribution according to the wavelength. It focuses on the UHF and SHF band in which IEEE802.11n operates. Contains model breakdown by cell type. Describes which propagation methods are dominant in the cell type. Several propagation patterns are presented, which are then modeled in Matlab environment.The models are then compared to experimental measurements.

In this thesis electromagnetic wave propagation is investigated in an indoor environment. The indoor environment is a furnished office building with corridors, corners and rooms. Particularly, there is an atrium through the building in the center. For the study there were measurements available from real building in the 2.1 GHz frequency band. One objective is to design a propagation model that should be simple but reflect the trend of the propagation measurements. Furthermore, a system performance evaluation is carried out based on the implemented model. The proposed 3D model is a combination of the Free Space Path Loss model, the Keenan-Motley model and the recursive diffraction model. The channel predictions from the 2D Keenan-Motley algorithm are quite different from the measurements. Therefore, the 3D Keenan-Motley algorithm is designed to depict the atrium effect and speed up the simulation at the same time. Besides a buttery radiation diagram is created to mimic Kathrein 80010709 antenna installed in the building. Finally, a diffracted path is added to improve the received signal strength for the users around the atrium areas. With all the above procedures, the final results from the model are in good quantitative agreement with the measurement data. With the implemented propagation model, a further analysis of the system performance on the Distributed Antenna System (DAS) is performed. A comparison for the system capacity between the closed building and the atrium building is conducted, showing that the former one benefits more when the number of the cells increases. The reason is the atrium cells suffer severe interference from neighbor cells during high traffic demand scenarios. Then some further cell configurations show that the number of the cells, the geometry performance and the balance of the user fraction should be considered to improve the system capacity.

[pt] A óptica de espaço livre (FSO), inicialmente estudada na década de 60, está atraindo atenção no contexto dos sistemas 5G+, que exige tecnologias de back-hauling sem fio com taxas de dados extremamente altas em distâncias de poucos quilômetros. A atual falta de um modelo global de perda de percurso para FSO motiva o estudo do comportamento do enlace óptico sob diferentes condições atmosféricas. Esta tese trata do desenvolvimento de modelos para prever a atenuação devido a neblina e chuva para projetar enlaces FSO em tecnologias 5G e além. Estudamos os bancos de dados de medições de superfície disponíveis em todo o mundo como referência para analisar as respostas do FSO considerando os dados disponíveis de longo prazo e descobrimos que o maior impacto na visibilidade em todo o mundo é causado por neblina, neve e chuva. Assim, selecionamos neblina e chuva como o foco deste estudo. Vários modelos de perda de percurso, baseados na visibilidade, são avaliados através de uma abordagem analítica. Propomos modelos de limite inferior e superior para estimar a atenuação específica devido ao nevoeiro considerando incertezas quanto à sensibilidade da atenuação específica, gama, em função da visibilidade em 1.550 micrômetros e o melhor ajuste aos resultados do modelo microfísico. Com relação à atenuação causada pela chuva, estudamos modelos disponíveis na literatura para enlaces de micro-ondas e os modificamos para aplicação em enlaces FSO. Quando os efeitos de espalhamento múltiplo são considerados, foi encontrada uma redução significativa na atenuação da chuva. Construímos a partir dos modelos, um método para combinar estatisticamente a atenuação em enlaces FSO causada por diferentes condições climáticas. O desempenho dos enlaces ópticos é avaliado em termos do máximo comprimento do enlace em relação à disponibilidade sob quatro condições climáticas: (i) somente chuva, (ii) somente neblina, (iii) chuva e neblina, e (iv) e todas as condições. Finalmente, eventos experimentais para os enlaces FSO e mmWave implementados no campus Leonardo do Politecnico di Milano são classificados e analisados dependendo do efeito atmosférico estudado: chuva estratiforme, chuva convectiva, chuva leve, vento, neblina pesada, neve e outros. / [en] Free-space optics (FSO), initially studied in the 60s, is attracting attention in the frame of 5G+ systems, which demands wireless back-hauling technologies with extremely high data rates over distances up to a few kilometers. The current lack of a global path loss model for FSO motivates studying the optical link s behavior under different atmospheric conditions. This thesis deals with the development of models for predicting the attenuation due to fog and rain for designing FSO links in 5G and beyond technologies. We study extensive surface measurement databases worldwide as a benchmark for analyzing FSO responses considering available long-term data. We find that the highest impact on visibility worldwide is caused by fog, snow, and rain. Thus, we select fog and rain as the focus of this study. Several path loss models based on visibility are assessed. We propose lower and upper-bound models to estimate the specific attenuation, gamma, due to fog which considers uncertainties as the sensitivity of gamma to the visibility at 1.550 µm and a micro-physical model of fog. Regarding attenuation caused by rain, we study models available in the literature for microwave links and modify them for application to FSO. When the multiple scattering effects are considered, a significant reduction in the rain attenuation has been found. From the findings, we build a method to statistically combine the attenuation effects on FSO caused by different weather conditions. The performance of FSO links is assessed in terms of the maximum link range against availability under four weather conditions: (i) rain only, (ii) fog only, (iii) rain and fog, and (iv) all conditions. Finally, experimental events for FSO and mmWave links implemented at Leonardo Campus of Politecnico di Milano are classified and analyzed depending on the studied atmospheric effects: stratiform rain, convective rain, light rain, wind, heavy fog, snow, and others.

At present, the current 4G systems provide a universal platform for broadband mobile services; however, mobile traffic is still growing at an unprecedented rate and the need for more sophisticated broadband services is pushing the limits on current standards to provide even tighter integration between wireless technologies and higher speeds. This has led to the need for a new generation of mobile communications: the so-called 5G. Although 5G systems are not expected to penetrate the market until 2020, the evolution towards 5G is widely accepted to be the logical convergence of internet services with existing mobile networking standards leading to the commonly used term “mobile internet” over heterogeneous networks, with several Gbits/s data rate and very high connectivity speeds. Therefore, to support highly increasing traffic capacity and high data rates, the next generation mobile network (5G) should extend the range of frequency spectrum for mobile communication that is yet to be identified by the ITU-R. The mm-wave spectrum is the key enabling feature of the next-generation cellular system, for which the propagation channel models need to be predicted to enhance the design guidance and the practicality of the whole design transceiver system. The present work addresses the main concepts of the propagation channel behaviour using ray tracing software package for simulation and then results were tested and compared against practical analysis in a real-time environment. The characteristics of Indoor-Indoor (LOS and NLOS), and indoor-outdoor (NLOS) propagations channels are intensively investigated at four different frequencies; 5.8 GHz, 26GHz, 28GHz and 60GHz for vertical polarized directional, omnidirectional and isotropic antennas patterns. The computed data achieved from the 3-D Shooting and Bouncing Ray (SBR) Wireless Insite based on the effect of frequency dependent electrical properties of building materials. Ray tracing technique has been utilized to predict multipath propagation characteristics in mm-wave bands at different propagation environments. Finally, the received signal power and delay spread were computed for outdoor-outdoor complex propagation channel model at 26 GHz, 28 GHz and 60GHz frequencies and results were compared to the theoretical models.

This thesis aims at proposing all the possible enhancements for the Multi-Resolution Frequency-Domain ParFlow (MR-FDPF) model. As a deterministic radio propagation model, the MR-FDPF model possesses the property of a high level of accuracy, but it also suffers from some common limitations of deterministic models. For instance, realistic radio channels are not deterministic but a kind of random processes due to, e.g. moving people or moving objects, thus they can not be completely described by a purely deterministic model. In this thesis, a semi-deterministic model is proposed based on the deterministic MR-FDPF model which introduces a stochastic part to take into account the randomness of realistic radio channels. The deterministic part of the semi-deterministic model is the mean path loss, and the stochastic part comes from the shadow fading and the small scale fading. Besides, many radio propagation simulators provide only the mean power predictions. However, only mean power is not enough to fully describe the behavior of radio channels. It has been shown that fading has also an important impact on the radio system performance. Thus, a fine radio propagation simulator should also be able to provide the fading information, and then an accurate Bit Error Rate (BER) prediction can be achieved. In this thesis, the fading information is extracted based on the MR-FDPF model and then a realistic BER is predicted. Finally, the realistic prediction of the BER allows the implementation of the adaptive modulation scheme. This has been done in the thesis for three systems, the Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) systems, the Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) diversity systems and the wideband Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems.

Το πρόβλημα της μοντελοποίησης του ασύρματου διαύλου συνίσταται σε ένα ολοένα και αυξανόμενο πλήθος παραμέτρων και ιδιαίτερων χαρακτηριστικών που πρέπει να λαμβάνονται υπόψη και να ενσωματώνονται στα πλαίσια του RF σχεδιασμού (Radio-Frequency planning) ενός ασύρματου δικτύου εύρωστης παροχής υπηρεσιών. Ο χαρακτηρισμός του ασύρματου καναλιού προϋποθέτει κάτι περισσότερο από μία ντετερμινιστική εξίσωση που υπολογίζει τις απώλειες οδεύσεως ελεύθερου χώρου συναρτήσει της απόστασης πομπού-δέκτη και της συχνότητας. Ένα αξιόπιστο μοντέλο απωλειών σε μία τέτοια περίπτωση απαιτεί τον συνυπολογισμό των απωλειών λόγω των διάφορων μηχανισμών διάδοσης και εξασθένησης της Η/Μ ακτινοβολίας, συμπεριλαμβανομένων των απωλειών λόγω εμποδίων, αλλά και των φαινομένων σκίασης λόγω ανθρώπινης παρεμβολής. Η σημασία της συμβολής της διατριβής έγκειται στην συγκριτική αντιπαραβολή των βασικότερων μοντέλων απωλειών οδεύσεως και στην αριθμητική διόρθωση και επαναξιολόγηση του μοντέλου της ITU για ένα σύνολο τοπολογιών σύνθετης ράδιο-διάδοσης. Οι προτεινόμενες μας αλλαγές στο μοντέλο ITU αύξησαν σημαντικά την αξιοπιστία του όχι μόνο σε σχέση με την αρχική του απόδοση αλλά και συγκριτικά με τα υπόλοιπα μοντέλα. Επιπρόσθετα, υπολογίσαμε αναλυτικά για κάθε τοπολογία την εξασθένηση ανά απόσταση και προβήκαμε στην μοντελοποίηση της γεωγραφικής διασποράς της εξασθένησης ανά απόσταση με τρόπο που μπορεί να αποτελέσει το θεμέλιο ενός προγνωστικού εργαλείου για την παράμετρο αυτή. Επίσης, εξετάσαμε τις διαλείψεις μεγάλης κλίμακας και καταλήξαμε σε μία καινοτόμο μέθοδο για τον υπολογισμό του βάθους σκίασης απευθείας από τα εμπόδια της εκάστοτε τοπολογίας. Η μέθοδος αυτή προτάθηκε και ελέγχθηκε για την ακρίβειά της στα 2.4 GHz, αλλά μπορεί να εφαρμοστεί για κάθε συχνότητα ενδιαφέροντος εφόσον ακολουθηθούν οι διαδικασίες καταμέτρησης των απωλειών σκίασης των εμποδίων κάθε τύπου και πλήθους. Με τη μέθοδο αυτή μπορεί να υπολογιστεί και η εξασθένηση ανά απόσταση μέσω του βάθους σκίασης, συνεπώς είναι εφικτός ο χαρακτηρισμός της εξασθένησης εντός της τοπολογίας χωρίς την αναγκαιότητα πραγματοποίησης εκτεταμένων μετρήσεων. Επιπρόσθετα, εξετάσαμε πώς διαφορετικοί μηχανισμοί ράδιο-διάδοσης οδηγούν σε διαφορετική γεωγραφική διασπορά των τοπικών τιμών της λαμβανόμενης ισχύος. Τέλος, παρουσιάστηκε η λύση της Ασφάλειας Φυσικού Επιπέδου (Wireless Information-Theoretic Security, WITS) με διερεύνηση της επίδρασης των ρεαλιστικών απωλειών οδεύσεων ενός ασύρματου διαύλου με εμπόδια και διαλείψεις στα όρια των τιμών των παραμέτρων, ενώ επίσης εξετάστηκε για πρώτη φορά σε κλειστή μορφή η Αποκοπή Χωρητικότητας Ασφαλείας (Outage Secrecy Capacity). Μελετήσαμε την επίδραση της κινητικότητας των χρηστών στην αξιοπιστία της μεθόδου σε επίπεδο προσομοιώσεων αλλά και με πειραματικές μετρήσεις, αξιολογώντας ποσοτικά και ποιοτικά την επίδρασή τους στα όρια τιμών των παραμέτρων υπό την παρουσία ενός ωτακουστή, και εν συνεχεία σε καθεστώς πολλαπλών ωτακουστών, θεωρώντας μέθοδο συνεργασίας ωτακουστών SC και MRC. / Wireless Channel Modeling consists of an even more increasing number of factors and parameters that need to be accounted for, in the context of RF planning. Wireless Channel Characterization requires more than a deterministic formula for calculating free space path loss in relation to frequency and distance. A reliable path loss model needs to incorporate in its formula the various propagation mechanisms that influence signal attenuation, including losses due to obstacles and human body shadowing. The importance of our contribution lies in the comparative evaluation and validation of the most fundamental RF path loss models and in the numerical adjustment and re-evaluation of the ITU path loss model for a number of different complex propagation topologies. Our suggested correction to the ITU model has significantly increased its prediction precision compared not only to the initial ITU model but also to all other path loss models in question. In addition, we have calculated the attenuation over distance and modeled the distribution of the local mean values versus distance throughout each topology, in a way that can serve as the foundation of a prediction method for this parameter. The large-scale fading of the received signal has also been characterized and a new empirical method for the calculation of the shadow depth has been introduced. This method has been validated for the 2.4 GHz frequency, but it can be applied to any frequency of interest as long as the respective obstacle-caused losses are measured. Extending this method can be applied in order to calculate the attenuation over distance as a function of shadow depth, therefore allowing us to predict this parameter without extensive measurements. The impact of different propagation mechanisms on the variation of distribution of local mean values of received signal power throughout the topology has also been studied. Finally, the concept of Wireless Information-Theoretic Security (WITS) was discussed, by investigating the impact of channel-dependent variation of path loss on the boundaries of secure communications as defined by WITS parameters, whereas a closed-form expression for Outage Secrecy Capacity was introduced. The impact of user mobility on the range of these parameters was investigated in terms of simulations and experimental measurements, in the presence of a single eavesdropper and also for a multiple eavesdroppers scenario, assuming SC and MRC schemes.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-01T13:36:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DALTON CÉZANE GOMES VALADARES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2015..pdf: 6500440 bytes, checksum: f8b244a64bf81646d322b68023c204d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-01T13:36:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DALTON CÉZANE GOMES VALADARES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2015..pdf: 6500440 bytes, checksum: f8b244a64bf81646d322b68023c204d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07 / No âmbito industrial, é sabido que as redes sem fio são as mais indicadas, já que possuem baixo custo de implantação, maior flexibilidade e são menos invasivas ao ambiente. Na literatura, dentre as tecnologias de rede sem fio aplicadas em ambientes industriais, pouco destaque é dado às tradicionais 802.11a/b/g, conhecidas pelo uso doméstico e chamadas WiFi (acrônimo de Wireless Fidelity). A pesquisa, ora descrita, tem como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de uma rede 802.11g em um ambiente industrial de uma usina termoelétrica (UTE). O cenário de análise foi constituído de 4 enlaces de comunicação, com o principal deles possuindo uma distância de, aproximadamente, 150 metros. Para a avaliação do desempenho da rede, foram consideradas três métricas: taxa de perda de pacotes, Taxa de Transferência e tempo de resposta. Os testes foram realizados por meio do estabelecimento de comunicação entre pontos dentro da sala de motores (primeiro enlace) e o servidor localizado na sala de administração (último enlace). Os resultados obtidos para potência do sinal foram comparados aos valores estimados por meio do modelo Log Distance Path Loss. Observou-se que o desempenho da comunicação realizada pela rede não sofreu degradação significativa, mesmo em um ambiente sujeito à interferência eletromagnética e demais características intrínsecas a uma UTE. Após a análise concluída, verificou-se a viabilidade do uso da tecnologia 802.11g para comunicação de dados em ambientes com características similares às de uma usina termoelétrica. / In industry, it is known that wireless networks are the most suitable, since they have low implementation cost, greater flexibility and are less invasive to the environment. In the literature, among the wireless network technologies applied in industrial environments, little attention is given to traditional 802.11a/b/g, known by the domestic use and by the acronym WiFi (Wireless Fidelity). This work aims to evaluate the performance of an 802.11g network in an industrial environment of a thermal power plant. The scenario consists of four communication links, with the main one having a distance of approximately 150m. For the evaluation of network performance, we considered three metrics: packet loss rate, bandwidth and response time. Tests were carried out through the establishment of communication between points within the engine square (first link) and the server located in the boardroom (last link). The obtained results for the signal strength at each point were compared with the estimated values by the Log Distance Path Loss Model. It was verified that the performance of the communication performed by the network did not suffer significant degradation, even being in an environment subject to considerable electromagnetic interference. After the concluded analysis, it was found feasibility of using 802.11g technology for data communication in environments with characteristics similar to those of a thermal power plant.