<p>This paper discusses honour related crimes and the judicial process within the legal system in a Swedish context. The empirical base of the study is four cases, with an honour background, and we have used discourse analysis as our method. We have developed four tools for analysing the sentences with which we observed aspects such as; language, the roles of victim and perpetrator that the involved can undertake, the different identities that the sentence might create and finally how the stories change when they enter the legal context. We connect our results to our theoretic backgrounds such as Kolfjord who discusses the legalization of conflicts, the holistic and individual perspective, the legal system as a theoretic background and finally the UN:s definition of honour crimes. These four theoretic perspectives have helped analyse the empiric base. The study reveals that the courts handle cases of honour without discussing that fact. It emerges aspects from the stories that are specific for honour crimes. The courts show a difficulty when handling cases with an honour background, there is a conflict between the group norms and the individualistic perspective. The courts describe honour in the empirical material despite the fact that honour has no legal grounds in the Swedish laws.</p>

This paper discusses honour related crimes and the judicial process within the legal system in a Swedish context. The empirical base of the study is four cases, with an honour background, and we have used discourse analysis as our method. We have developed four tools for analysing the sentences with which we observed aspects such as; language, the roles of victim and perpetrator that the involved can undertake, the different identities that the sentence might create and finally how the stories change when they enter the legal context. We connect our results to our theoretic backgrounds such as Kolfjord who discusses the legalization of conflicts, the holistic and individual perspective, the legal system as a theoretic background and finally the UN:s definition of honour crimes. These four theoretic perspectives have helped analyse the empiric base. The study reveals that the courts handle cases of honour without discussing that fact. It emerges aspects from the stories that are specific for honour crimes. The courts show a difficulty when handling cases with an honour background, there is a conflict between the group norms and the individualistic perspective. The courts describe honour in the empirical material despite the fact that honour has no legal grounds in the Swedish laws.

This dissertation examines the discussion that took place during the 19th century surrounding men’s violence against their wives, as well as the contemporary norms and ideas that shaped people’s understanding of, and ability to deal with the problem. The overall objective is to examine how cultural conceptions of gender, class, violence and power (relationships) were created and expressed during the period 1810–1880. I approach this objective through an examination of how men’s violence against their wives was reported and treated as marital conflict, both within local religious arenas (such as church councils and cathedral chapters) and in the Riksdag of the Estates. With a longer diachronic analysis of the discussions in the Riksdag of the Estates con-cerning propositions for changes in the law regarding marital conflict and divorce during the period 1828–1860, the dissertation shows that men’s violence against their wives as well as other forms of male misuse of power were neither made invisible, privatised nor marginalised in the public discussion in Sweden, which previous research has maintained. In contrast to previous research, the dissertation also shows that political attention to wife-beating and the reform work that took place in 19th century Sweden cannot be entirely characterised as a secularised project. The attention politicians directed towards the problem took place in a re-ligious context where the clergy, in practice, through their experience of dealing with wife-beating and other unsatisfactory conditions in marital relations, took the initiative and were instigators in the political process that after the middle of the century brought changes in the law on marital conflict and divorce. The dissertation’s investigations of how marital conflict and violence were dealt with by church councils and cathedral chapters also show how those involved talked about marital conflict based on competing ideas of gender, class, violence and marriage. The dissertation supports previous research that has demonstrated how men’s violence against their wives tended to be made invisible when it was interpreted and dealt with as marital conflict within the religious arenas. However, the results of the dissertation open up for other interpreta-tional perspectives regarding how violence was made invisible in the past, demonstrating that the prevailing understanding of violence that existed through concepts such as conflict and maltreatment may rather have resulted in an exposition of violence, which also included other forms of marital violence and oppression that were not physical. With a starting point in a marital ideology that perceived marriage as being in principle life-long, the intention of the church’s warnings during conflicts was to mediate, even in cases that included men’s vio-lence against their wives. The principal significance was not to make it easier for wives to remove themselves from their husbands’ violence, but to preserve the sanctity of marriage. Despite this, the study of praxis during the period shows that the church councils in particu-lar could assume more flexible and pragmatic attitudes towards the law. In their attempts to find solutions to their congregation’s unsatisfactory state of marital problems, they could even pursue actions that conflicted with legal provisions.

The main objective of this dissertation is to seek answers to three questions: 1) Why did it take so much longer for women than men to win the vote? 2) Why did it take women so long to be elected in any numbers to national legislatures?, and 3) What has been the political significance of women's entry into national legislatures? The answers are sought by examining an aspect of the development of parties ignored by most political scientists, namely the relationship between women's suffrage, party politics and patriarchal power. An empirical study on Iceland is used to examine this aspect in detail. In the period 1908- 1926, women in Iceland ran separate lists at local and national elections. The fate of the women's lists in Reykjavik is explored and so are the policies of women councillors. Iceland was not the only country to see the emergence of separate women's political organizations that ran candidates at elections. The outcome was nowhere as successful as in Iceland. Through the rise, and decline, of the women's lists and women's policies in Reykjavik, the factors that allowed women to carry out their own maternalistic politics within a male-run system are illuminated. The dissertation draws on numerous theories and postulations within political science. It also challenges many of them. Theda Skocpol's structured policy approach proves highly useful in examining the larger political environment and factors that stimulated or hindered women's politics and policies in Reykjavik. The approach does not, however, account for male power as a force on its own. The structured policy approach is challenged by providing another important factor, the role of individuals and their ideas as a political force. The conclusion is that patriarchal theories are needed within political science, and it is suggested that political parties, their origin and working methods, provide excellent starting points from which to examine male power, or patriarchy, as a political force of its own. / digitalisering@umu

This study is a feminist reading of Jane Smiley's novel A Thousand Acres. It focuses on the Cook sisters and their lives in a farming community at a time that coincides with the end of second wave feminism. In particular, it pays attention to the absence of sisterhood among the three sisters in the novel. It analyses first each individual sister including their different approaches to sisterhood and then their failure to unite in the type of strategic, politically motivated notion of sisterhood that was promoted by second wave feminism.          By looking at different reasons why the sisters cannot establish a strong sisterhood my essay aims to demonstrate that A Thousand Acres not only criticises patriarchal society in its portrayal of the Cook family but also, and more importantly, that it criticises second wave feminism by pointing out its failure in terms of promoting a sense of sisterhood.

This thesis problematizes to relationship between gender based poverty and exclusion and urban space. Five forms of oppression, namely exploitation, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, violence, marginalization, faced by women in highly patriarchal urban setting are examined to identify the spatial dynamics of each forms of oppression. A field research was carried out in one of the poor neighborhood of Ankara / nearby Siteler where male dominated furniture production is carried out. Through the in-depth interviews, women&rsquo / s perception and experience of spatializedoppression is documented and used to develop the arguments put forward in the theoretical section.

The aim of this study has been to highlight the situation for young men within the context of honour. The aim has also been to highlight the restrictions of young men within the context of honour, and how they rebel against those demands. The study was based on a qualitative research method and carried out in Sweden. The results have been analyzed using the hermeneutic perspective. The results showed that the situation for young men within the context of honour is often manifested by controlling their sisters and the expectation that the young men support their families in the future by marring a woman who has been approved by the collective. The young men are restricted because they are not free to dispose of their spare time themselves, cannot choose their future partner or socialize with people from other cultures. The young men can rebel against these restrictions by negotiating with those in authority within the family, by gaining support within or outside the context or by breaking away from it. The conclusion of the study was that by highlighting the situation for young men within the context of honour you gain understanding for the context as a whole.

Despite the broadening of the subject matter of English drama in its ???new wave??? period from the late nineteen fifties, it is striking to see how much of enduring mainstream English drama has a domestic focus. The purpose of this thesis is to provide the first full-length study of marriage on the English stage from 1930-1990. The thesis examines the way in which a number of important playwrights have fashioned drama from the conflict between the public, or institutional, functions of marriage and the private, or relational, functions of marriage. The thesis places this conflict into historical context. This will show that the conflict between the private and public aspects of marriage is not one of clearly opposed opposites but one that is made dynamic by significant social and legal changes to the status, function and conventions of marriage. The thesis also demonstrates that this conflict is further complicated by class considerations and by the particular circumstances of each marital partnership. From the wealth of material available, I have chosen to examine in detail the work of seven playwrights who have made significant contributions to domestic drama or domestic comedy. Playwrights have been selected because their plays gained a strong audience on first performance and because, through numerous revivals and through publication of scripts, they have earned an enduring place in English drama. John Osborne???s Look Back in Anger, which in 1956, ushered in the ???new wave???, is pivotal play for discussion. The previous generation is represented by Noel Coward, J. B. Priestley and Terence Rattigan. The ???new wave??? and its aftermath are represented by Harold Pinter, Tom Stoppard and, finally Alan Ayckbourn. Despite a wide variety of approaches to the topic of marriage, these writers tend to assume a middle class audience and to follow or adapt the traditions of realism or comedy of manners. This thesis argues that despite real, even radical, changes to marriage, to accepted sexual practices and to the status of women in the sixty years under discussion, the mainstream theatre has tended to be conservative in its presentation of marital and sexual matters, especially in continuing to reinscribe a public/private opposition determined by gender.

Στη μελέτη αυτή εκδίδονται τα κείμενα των γραμμάτων που απηύθυνε το Πατριαρχείο Κωνσταντινουπόλεως προς τη μονή Γηρομερίου από το 1533 ώς το 1863. Στη μεγάλη πλειοψηφία τους τα γράμματα αυτά εκδόθηκαν προκειμένου να επιλυθούν ζητήματα που κατά καιρούς απασχόλησαν τους χριστιανούς, ζητήματα τα οποία είχαν προηγουμένως γνωστοποιήσει στο Πατριαρχείο οι ενδιαφερόμενοι με γραπτές αναφορές τους. Από άποψη γλωσσική, τα πατριαρχικά αυτά γράμματα εντάσσονται σε δύο ομάδες. Η πρώτη περιλαμβάνει κείμενα τα οποία ανήκουν σε διάφορους τύπους επίσημων γραμμάτων (κυρίως σιγίλλια) και στα οποία χρησιμοποιείται η αρχαιοπρεπής λόγια γλώσσα, η επίσημη γραπτή γλώσσα του Πατριαρχείου Κωνσταντινουπόλεως. Η δεύτερη ομάδα περιλαμβάνει κείμενα που ανήκουν σε λιγότερο επίσημους τύπους γραμμάτων (κυρίως πιττάκια). Η γλώσσα των κειμένων τους χαρακτηρίζεται από την αυξημένη διείσδυση απλούστερων εκφραστικών μέσων. Το φαινόμενο αυτό, που ανιχνεύεται ήδη από την πρώτη μεταβυζαντινή περίοδο και εντείνεται στο πέρασμα του χρόνου, οφείλεται στην επίδραση της απλοελληνικής, διέπεται από την αρχή της προσαρμογής στο είδος ―δηλαδή τον βαθμό επισημότητας― της επικοινωνίας και στο γλωσσικό επίπεδο του αποδέκτη, και εξυπηρετεί την αμεσότητα της επικοινωνίας, απαραίτητη προϋπόθεση για την αποτελεσματική άσκηση της εκκλησιαστικής διοίκησης. Από άποψη ιστορική, τα εκδιδόμενα έγγραφα συνιστούν την κατεξοχήν πηγή για την ιστορία της μονής Γηρομερίου κατά τους μεταβυζαντινούς και νεότερους χρόνους. Πρόκειται για το μοναστήρι που ίδρυσε στις πρώτες δεκαετίες του 14ου αιώνα ο όσιος Νείλος ο Εριχιώτης ή Ιεριχιώτης στην Ήπειρο, στην περιοχή της Βαγενιτίας, κοντά στο χωριό Γηρομέρι. Η τύχη του μοναστηριού μεταξύ των ετών 1336-1533 παραμένει άγνωστη. Αντίθετα, τα σωζόμενα πατριαρχικά γράμματα της περιόδου 1533-1863 περιέχουν πλούσιες μαρτυρίες σχετικά με ζητήματα εκκλησιαστικής διοίκησης, κοινωνικά, οικονομικά, ιδεολογικά κ.ά., μαρτυρίες που προάγουν τη γνώση μας γύρω από την ιστορία της μονής και της εξαρχίας Γηρομερίου, την τοπική ιστορία και την ιστορία του θεσμού του Πατριαρχείου Κωνσταντινουπόλεως στο πλαίσιο της Οθωμανικής Αυτοκρατορίας. / The Correspondence between the Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Monastery of Giromeri in Thesprotia during the Post-Byzantine and Modern Era A Contribution to the Philological Research of the Patriarchal Acts The thesis presents the philological edition of the acts which the Patriarchate of Constantinople addressed to the monastery of Giromeri from 1533 to 1863. The majority of these acts aims at settling issues faced by Christians under the Patriarchate’s jurisdiction. The interested parts usually informed the Patriarchate about their demands by written reports. From the philological point of view, the Patriarchal acts in question can be classified in two groups. The first group includes texts belonging to various types of official acts (mainly sigillia), written in the learned language which constituted the formal written language of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. The second group includes texts belonging to less official types of acts (mainly pittakia). Those texts are characterized by infiltration of a more simple language. This phenomenon, which can be detected since the early post-Byzantine era and is intensified through the forthcoming years, is due to the influence of the spoken language; it is also determined by the principle of linguistic adaptation to the type of communication –namely the rate of formality– as well as the linguistic level of the receiver, and it serves the directness of the communication, which is an indispensable prerequisite for the effective exercise of ecclesiastical administration. From the historical point of view, the Patriarchal acts under discussion constitute in fact the main source for the history of the monastery of Giromeri during the post-Byzantine era. The monastery was founded in the first decades of 14th century by Neilos Erichiotes in Epirus, in the region of Vagenitia, close to the village of Giromeri. From 1336 to 1533, the fate of the monastery remains unknown. On the contrary, the Patriarchal acts of the period 1533-1863 contain a lot of information on matters of ecclesiastical administration, as well as social, financial, ideological issues etc., information which advance our knowledge on the history of the monastery and the exarchy of Giromeri, the local history and the history of the institution of the Patriarchate of Constantinople within the political framework of the Ottoman Empire.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:46:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaID.pdf: 2911975 bytes, checksum: be04c105dc4c2432264621fde6fbf589 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The prostitution is known as the world's oldest "profession", according to some historians, "the contemporary civilization itself." However, to refer it that way, we can systematically emptying it of expressions of violence that permeate. Furthermore, this statement tries to legitimize prostitution as a practical historically related to the natural condition of women. The main objective of the research is to examine how the activity prostitucional potentiates in different forms of violence in everyday development of prostitution in the city of Natal. Accordingly, the spot of the categories of gender relations and patriarchal violence against women, refute the thesis advocated by much of feminist studies on of prostitution as an expression of autonomy of women and overcoming the patriarchal order of gender. Procedures as set methodological quali-quantitative approach, guided by the method historicalmaterialist dialectic that allows us to apprehend the object of study beyond their immediate, unmasking its contradictions. We conducted nine interviews with prostitutes belonging to the classes of People who develop the activities in the streets and prostitutes Natals` cabarets. We hand with the systematic observation activities promoted by the Association of Prostitutes in Rio Grande do Norte ASPRORN, as the visits to cabarets, as well as participation in seminars held by this entity, at which establish contacts with informants-c which have facilitated access to interviewed. We note that the economic dimension is the factor determinant for their inclusion in prostitution, all to recognize as who found an alternative for survival, since most do not has no professional training and education. Another issue important to be emphasized concerns the areas where unhealthy develop programs which by itself is characterized as a denial of rights, expressed in the socioeconomic inequality that are subject. As the expressions of violence in their daily lives, the main forms identified were the physical and social, however, there is a trend in naturalizes them, the secondary-over other issues identified as most pressing, such as not service payment by the customers. The determinants of violence identified by respondents were assigned to the woman, or is its boldness. We also, the omission of the State in the issue of prostitution, mainly embodied in absence of public policies directed to sexual rights and reproductive and generation of employment and income. Regarding the regulation of prostitution, the majority of the interviewees is contrary, arguing that exacerbate the stigma in this practice / A prostitui??o ? conhecida como a profiss?o mais antiga do mundo, segundo algumas historiadoras, contempor?nea ? pr?pria civiliza??o . Entretanto, ao referenci?-la desse modo, podemos estar sistematicamente esvaziando-a das express?es de viol?ncia que a perpassam. Al?m do que, tal afirma??o tenta legitimar a prostitui??o como uma pr?tica historicamente relacionada ? condi??o natural da mulher. O objetivo central da investiga??o ? analisar de que forma a atividade prostitucional potencializa diferentes formas de viol?ncia no cotidiano da prostitui??o desenvolvida na cidade de Natal. Nesse sentido, ? luz das categorias rela??es patriarcais de g?nero e viol?ncia contra a mulher, refutamos a tese defendida por grande parte dos estudos feministas acerca da prostitui??o como express?o de autonomia das mulheres e supera??o da ordem patriarcal de g?nero. Estabelecemos como procedimentos metodol?gicos uma abordagem qualiquantitativa, norteada pelo m?todo materialista hist?rico-dial?tico que nos permitiu apreender o objeto de estudo para al?m de sua imediaticidade, desvendando as suas contradi??es. Realizamos nove entrevistas com prostitutas pertencentes ?s classes populares que desenvolvem as atividades prostitucionais nas ruas e cabar?s de Natal. Lan?amos m?o da observa??o sistem?tica junto ?s atividades promovidas pela Associa??o das Prostitutas do Rio Grande do Norte-ASPRORN, a exemplo das visitas aos cabar?s, bem como na participa??o nos semin?rios realizados por esta entidade, ocasi?o na qual estabelecemos contatos com informantes-chave que facilitaram o acesso ?s entrevistadas. Constatamos que a dimens?o econ?mica ? o fator determinante para a sua inser??o na prostitui??o, todas a reconhecem como uma alternativa que encontraram para sobreviver, visto que, a maioria n?o det?m nenhuma qualifica??o profissional e educacional. Outro aspecto importante a ser enfatizado refere-se aos espa?os insalubres onde se desenvolvem os programas que por si s? j? se caracterizam como nega??o de direitos, expressos na desigualdade socioecon?mica a que est?o submetidas. Quanto ?s express?es de viol?ncia presentes em seu cotidiano, as principais formas identificadas foram a f?sica e a social, contudo, h? uma tend?ncia em naturaliz?-las, secundarizando-as em detrimento de outros fatos identificados como mais prementes, a exemplo do n?o pagamento dos programas pelos cliente. Os determinantes da viol?ncia identificados pelas entrevistadas foram atribu?dos a pr?pria mulher, ou seja, ao seu atrevimento. Destacamos ainda, a omiss?o do Estado em rela??o ? problem?tica da prostitui??o, materializado principalmente na aus?ncia de pol?ticas p?blicas direcionadas aos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos e gera??o de emprego e renda. Em rela??o ? regulamenta??o da prostitui??o, a maioria das entrevistadas ? contr?ria, argumentando que acentuaria o estigma presente nessa pr?tica