This study analyses The Passion of New Eve by Angela Carter, Orlando by Virginia Woolf, Woman on the Edge of Time by Marge Piercy and The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula Le Guin from the perspective of &eacute / criture f&eacute / minine. After a thorough discussion of the roots of &eacute / criture f&eacute / minine, the theory of the French feminists is put into practice in the analysis of the novels. The study asserts that the concepts of bisexuality, the other and the voice are common elements in novels of &eacute / criture f&eacute / minine, thereby the novelists mentioned in the study follow the propositions of H&eacute / l&egrave / ne Cixous, Julia Kristeva and Luc&eacute / Irigaray. The argument of the study is that the use of &eacute / criture f&eacute / minine as portrayed with reference to the novels, can be an efficient way in deconstructing the patriarchal system of language. Literature has a significant influence on social life, however women cannot make themselves heard using the language of patriarchy. Therefore an alternative such as &eacute / criture f&eacute / minine is essential. This study shows how this alternative can be practiced in various ways and it also creates the opportunity to consider the possibilities of alternative lives if this kind of thinking is widespread.

This thesis carries out an analysis of social pressure and the alienation of women in Angela Carter&rsquo / s The Magic Toyshop and Jeanette Winterson&rsquo / s Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit. It discusses the effect of social pressure on woman whose sexuality is ignored. This study initially focuses on the development of woman&rsquo / s sexuality in relation to the female model described by heterosexual hegemony. It aims at taking a closer look at the alienation of conformist and non-conformist female characters under patriarchal force in Carter&rsquo / s and Winterson&rsquo / s works. In relation to women&rsquo / s sexual identity, the thesis examines gender roles in the particular works. It discusses how women under patriarchal oppression are identified with passive female roles while men are associated with superior male roles. Thus this study iterates how women are alienated as a result of patriarchal gendering. With this aim, it questions the ways to destroy the patriarchal oppression for Carter and Winterson.

This dissertation is a qualitative case study of women&rsquo / s political participation in local government in District Hyderabad, Pakistan from a feminist perspective. There is a longstanding patriarchal trend of elite women&rsquo / s selective political participation in Pakistan. But recently introduced local government system with increased quota (33%) for women brought a large mass of non-elite women in local politics. This research explores the social dynamics behind this changing pattern through semi-structured interviews with 53 elected women local councilors in the district. It argues that there is a dialectical relationship between patriarchy and women&rsquo / s political participation. It shows how patriarchal structures have reconfigured to enhance their interest by bringing non-elite women into politics for their power interest. The women, who entered politics, do not challenge the patriarchal structures / rather they use them as resources to facilitate their entry and survival in politics. This process has rendered somewhat of a compatible co-existence between these two antagonistic forces. Patriarchy has gained more modernized outlook while still retaining male domination. The non-elite women, although still controlled by and submissive to male domination, have gained ever broader legitimate space for their autonomous action. The research contributes to the debates concerning patriarchal transformation, arguing that certain features of patriarchy, when responding to accommodate new socio-political developments, gives rise to its own contradictions, thus potentially creating the conditions for overall societal change.

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The present paper treats translation difficulties arising in the area of language and gender in the translation work from Spanish into Swedish of the article “Radiografía del posfemismo” published in El país semanal 2013. The investigation focuses on how translation can be made avoiding the use of expressions that residues from patriarchal language, with the intention to use a language as neutral in gender as possible. To delimit the paper the focus lays on specific linguistic expressions not exhibiting neutrality: the impersonal gramatical form and the Spanish form of  inclusive gender.   The results show that to translate the impersonal form, that in Swedish often is expressed with the male biased pronoun man, you can rewrite the entire phrase, using for example the passive voice, or, depending on the pragmatic context, use the neutral pronoun en, avoinding the use of man. The conclusions are also that the translation of the Spanish inclusive gender ought to be made using primary a neutral expression, and only emphasize on the gender if it is needed in the target text, adding for example the adjective female/male.

Appendix C contains video files which were unable to be uploaded onto the institutional repository, but are available with the hard copy of the thesis. / Is female subjectivity possible within a patriarchal system? The following discussion investigates feminist thought though equality, difference and androgyny, mapping the achievements, setbacks, advantages and disadvantages of each through the theories of Luce Irigaray, Jacques Derrida, Julia Kristeva and others. Discussing Irigaray’s thoughts on disrupting the symbolic with mimesis and hysteria, how intersubjectivity might be possible through a syntax appropriate to women and the possibility of female genealogies through craft and the work of artists such as Louise Bourgeois and Eva Hesse. Derrida’s theory of Différance is used in relation to Irigaray’s ideas of difference and morphology. And allows for Kristeva’s thoughts on the essential meaning of language being in a constant state of flux and therefore fixed definitions of identity are pointless. Virginia Woolf’s use of androgyny and modernist style in her writing is considered in relation to Kristeva’s ideas of revolutionary writing, and how destructive fixed gendered identities can be. The deconstruction of masculine and feminine identities is advocated by Kristeva to allow for individuality and subjectivity.

Despite the picture portraying the U.S as a western, democratic and equal country, the U.S military has faced several downfalls when it comes to its female force, especially in relation to sexual assault. This study poses the question of how can western ‘model countries’ such as the U.S, promote democracy when its military institution seem to miss one of the central pillars to a democratic society that is equality. Furthermore, the study seeks to dive further into the military culture of the U.S military in order to understand if women adjust to the military culture or if the military culture adjusts to the influx of women. By examining narratives of male and female soldiers and veterans, who tell their stories online, this research is conducted as a case study, using Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of cultural capital and Judith Butler’s theory of performative gender as an analytical tool in order to recontextualize the findings and gain a further understanding of the military culture from an inside perspective. In conclusion, the study essentially confirms the notion of the military constituting a male centered culture, as well as a crowd oriented culture, which contributes to females adjusting to the culture rather than it adjusting to the influx of women. In addition to this, gender equality is perceived as something applied by actors from the outside when it is convenient or solely talked about with respect to physical capabilities. Ultimately, research in relation to the U.S military needs to include a focus on culture in order for it to change and become gender equal.

This is a comparative analysis of two film adaptations (from 1943 and 2011) of Charlotte Brontë’s  Jane Eyre, with a focus on the male characters. My aim is to study how patriarchal control is adapted for the screen, compared to the original novel. The focus is on the characters John Reed, Mr. Brocklehurst, Mr. Rochester and St. John Rivers. The analysis is about how the filmmakers depict the essence of the characters, why they chose to do so and what determinants influenced the two films; furthermore, how this affects Jane’s character and her pursuit for independence. The thesis of this essay is that there is a difference in the interpretation of the male characters in the two films compared to the novel Jane Eyre and this affects Jane’s pursuit for independence. My conclusion is that although the films differ in narration and filming technique, the strongest impact on the discourse is the changed script due to politics and production code.

Este trabalho é resultado de uma pesquisa sobre a estrutura celular da família, percebida como uma corrente, em que a fragilidade de um dos elos (desgaste ou rompimento) pode fazer ruir toda a sua poderosa estrutura. Foram objeto de análise as obras Pequenos burgueses, Casa na duna e Uma abelha na chuva, de Carlos de Oliveira. Estudaram-se, separadamente e em conjunto, as relações familiares: pai, mãe, filhos, marido e mulher, e o papel representado por cada um, no seio de uma família tradicional de modelo judaico-cristão, que, no advento da modernidade, vê seus valores contestados, fragilizados e, pouco a pouco, desmoronando. Patriarcalismo e Marialvismo, submissão da mulher, desconstrução do masculino, desejos insatisfeitos, comportamentos sexuais tidos como modelares, são alguns dos aspectos discutidos em Estranhamento, desencontros e solidão: a representação da família na ficção de Carlos de Oliveira. Foi possível detectar, nos romances, a ausência de afetividade entre parceiros, talvez provocada por uniões firmadas em bases de interesses que não levam em consideração o amor, mas a manutenção de um status social no qual o casamento é um movimento inercial que permite a homens e mulheres manterem o patrimônio herdado, ou se torna uma mercadoria em que se troca sangue por dinheiro. Carlos de Oliveira, numa perspectiva temporal, desconstrói e desmistifica a família de modelo tradicional, revelando suas mazelas e os comportamentos hipócritas, tecidos de falso moralismo, percebidos na moral dúbia de seus elementos humanos. / This work is a result of a research on the cellular structure of the family, seen as a chain, in which the fragility of one of the links (consuming or breakage) can drop all its powerful structure. The dissertation analyzes Casa na duna, Pequenos burgueses e Uma abelha na chuva, novels by Carlos de Oliveira. We studied, separately and in set, the familiar relations: father, mother, children, husband and wife and the role played by them in the family circle of a traditional Jewish-Christian family, that, in the advent of modernity, sees its values contested and, little by little, pulling down. Patriarchal System and Marialvismo, submission of women, unsatisfied desires, deconstruction of the male, patterned sexual behaviors, are some of the aspects argued in Estranhamento, desencontros e solidão: a representação da família na ficção de Carlos de Oliveira. It was possible to detect, in the novels, the lack of affection between partners, perhaps caused by unions signed on bases of interests that do not take in consideration the love, but the social maintenance of one status in which the marriage is an inertial motion that allows to the men and women to keep the inherited patrimony, or becomes a merchandise in which it exchanges blood for money. Carlos de Oliveira, in a secular perspective, deconstructs and demystifies the family of traditional model, disclosing to its wounds and the hypocritical behaviors, made of false value judgment, perceived in the dubious morality of its human elements.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Esta dissertação busca analisar como Joan Riley, escritora jamaicana que vive na Inglaterra, expõe e denuncia em suas obras a submissão feminina diante da opressão e violência sexual sofridas por mulheres negras. Objetivamos apontar a crítica ao papel dos discursos patriarcal e pós-colonial, práticas de poder que tornam o contexto social das mulheres representadas em seus romances propício para o exercício do jugo masculino, através da exploração do silêncio de mulheres vítimas de abusos sexuais. O necessário recorte do objeto restringiu a análise às duas personagens centrais dos romances The Unbelonging (1985) e A Kindness to the Children (1992), mulheres cujas subjetividades foram anuladas pela objetificação de seus corpos e a desumanização de suas identidades / The present work aims at analyzing how Joan Riley, Jamaican writer who lives in England, exposes and denounces in her work the female submission in face of the oppression and sexual violence suffered by black women. The objective of the study is to point out the authors criticism of patriarchal and post-colonial discourses, power practices which insert the women represented in her fiction into the proper social context for the exercise of male domination, through her exploration of silence of women who are victims of sexual abuse. The necessary cut of the object restricted the analysis to the two central characters in the novels The Unbelonging (1985) and A Kindness to the Children (1992), women whose subjectivities were made null by the objectification of their bodies and the dehumanization of their identities