CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A velocidade de concepÃÃo e de execuÃÃo das infraestruturas tem aumentado devido à utilizaÃÃo de softwares e equipamentos eficientes, o que tem exigido um melhor desempenho de cada etapa. No entanto, apesar dos custos envolvidos com equipamentos serem os itens de maior peso na construÃÃo rodoviÃria, poucos sÃo os sistemas existentes de apoio à decisÃo para a seleÃÃo das frotas. Propostas de seleÃÃo de frotas tÃm sido elaboradas por pesquisadores no Brasil e no mundo, porÃm a maioria consideram apenas caminhÃes e escavadeiras/carregadeiras ou scrapers. Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um sistema de apoio à decisÃo na seleÃÃo de motoniveladoras para a execuÃÃo de obras de terraplenagem e de pavimentaÃÃo, denominado SADPATROL. Inicialmente, foi feita uma anÃlise da evoluÃÃo tecnolÃgica do equipamento motoniveladora visando verificar a influÃncia destas melhorias sobre o aumento da produtividade. Foram analisadas as equaÃÃes existentes na literatura para o cÃlculo de produtividade e apÃs verificada a representatividade da equaÃÃo utilizada no paÃs esta foi escolhida para compor o SADPATROL, com as devidas alteraÃÃes em suas variÃveis. AtravÃs da anÃlise de cada variÃvel da equaÃÃo foi possÃvel identificar o quanto as mesmas influenciavam no resultado da produÃÃo desta forma, foram implementadas melhorias, como a inserÃÃo de valores padrÃes para as variÃveis do sistema, permitindo a obtenÃÃo de resultados mais precisos, caso o usuÃrio nÃo possua dados medidos em campo. O SADPATROL possui cadastrado em seu banco de dados 46 tipos de motoniveladoras, dos mais variados modelos e tamanhos, de 12 fabricantes distintos. à possibilitado ao usuÃrio calcular a frota com equipamentos prÃprios e verificar se esta atende ao prazo da obra. Caso o prazo nÃo seja atendido pela frota prÃpria ou o usuÃrio nÃo possua equipamentos, o sistema executa as informaÃÃes da obra para todos os equipamentos do banco de dados e fornece a soluÃÃo com as 46 opÃÃes organizadas em frotas, em ordem crescente de quantidade de equipamento. à possibilitado ainda selecionar os equipamentos nos quais se possui informaÃÃo de custo horÃrio, para assim obter a frota de menor custo. Toda a multiplicidade de informaÃÃes necessÃrias à seleÃÃo de motoniveladoras, e suas inter-relaÃÃes e dependÃncias, foram organizadas de forma sistÃmica no software SADPATROL, diminuindo assim o empirismo e a dependÃncia da experiÃncia humana na seleÃÃo de frotas. A presente pesquisa pode ainda contribuir para auxiliar a elaboraÃÃo de normas tÃcnicas e para a disseminaÃÃo do conhecimento sobre o referido equipamento. / The demands on speed and efficiency of infrastructure design and construction has increased due to the use of software and more productive equipment, which has required better performance of equipment planners at each step. However, even considering that the costs associated with equipment are one of the items with the greatest weight in road construction, there are few computerized systems for fleet selection decision support. Fleet selection systems have been developed by researchers in Brazil and worldwide, but most of them consider only trucks and excavators/loaders or scrapers. This research aims at developing a decision support system for the selection of motor graders for construction activities involving earthmoving and paving works named SADPATROL. Initially, an analysis of the motor grader technological evolution was performed in order to evaluate the influence of the improvements on productivity gains. The equations presented in the literature were studied for productivity calculation and, after verifying the suitability of the equation, the equation was incorporated in the SADPATROL system with the necessary changes in its variables. Through the analysis of the variables in the equation, it was possible to identify how they influenced the productivity. Through this analysis, improvements were implemented. These improvements consisted of the inclusion of standard values for the system variables, allowing the achievement of more accurate results if the user has no data for productivity measured in the field. The SADPATROL system has 46 types of motor graders included in its database, from many different models and sizes and from 12 different manufacturers. The user is able to plan the fleet with its own equipment and verify if it satisfies the construction project deadline. If the deadline cannot be satisfied using the available fleet or the user has no equipment, the system performs the construction planning using all database equipment and provides the optimal solution with 46 options organized into fleets in increasing order according to the amount of equipment needed. It is also possible for the user to select the equipment using time cost information and, thus, achieve the lowest cost fleet. The significant amount of information necessary for motor graders selection and its inter-relationships and dependencies were organized in a systematic way in the SADPATROL system, reducing, the empiricism and the dependence on human expertise in selecting fleets. This research may also help in assisting in the development of technical standards and expanding the dissemination of knowledge about such equipment.

Pavements encompass a significant component of the total civil infrastructure investment. In Ontario, the Ministry of Transportation (MTO) is responsible for the maintenance and construction of approximately 39,000 lane-kilometres of highway. In 2004, the province estimated the value of the total highway system at $39 billion dollars. Thus, managing this asset is an important factor to ensure a high level of service to the traveling public. One of the most important indicators of level of service for a road network is safety. Each year, thousands of motorists across North America are involved in motor vehicle collisions, which result in property damage, congestion, delays, injuries and fatalities. The MTO estimated that in 2002, vehicle collisions in Ontario cost nearly $11 billion. Despite the importance of highway safety, it is usually not considered explicitly in the pavement management framework or maintenance analysis. A number of agencies across North America collect skid data to assess the level of safety at both the project and network level (Li et al, 2004). However, a number of transportation agencies still do not collect friction data as part of their regular pavement data collection programs. This is related to both liability concerns and lack of knowledge for how this data can be effectively used to improve safety. The transportation industry generally relies on information such as collision rates, black-spot locations and radius of curvature to evaluate the level of safety of an alignment (Lamm et al., 1999). These are important factors, but the use of complementary skid data in an organized proactive manner would also be beneficial. In preparation for a considered Long Term Area Maintenance Contract, a project was initiated by the MTO to collect network level friction data across three regions in the Province of Ontario. This project represents the first time friction data was collected at the network level in Ontario. In 2006, approximately 1,800 km of the MTO highway network was surveyed as a part of this study. This research utilized the network level skid data along with collision data to examine the relationships and model the impacts of skid resistance on the level of safety. Despite the value of collecting network level skid data, many Canadian transportation agencies still do not collect network level skid data due to the costs and potential liability associated with the collected data. The safety of highway networks are usually assessed using various levels of service indicators such as Wet-to-Dry accident ratio (W/D), surface friction (SN), or the collision rate (CR). This research focused on developing a framework for assessing the level of safety of a highway network in terms of the risk of collision based on pavement surface friction. The developed safety framework can be used by transportation agencies (federal, state, provincial, municipal, etc.) or the private sector to evaluate the safety of their highway networks and to determine the risk or probability of a collision occurring given the level of friction along the pavement section of interest. As a part of the analysis, a number of factors such as Region, Season of the Year, Environmental Conditions, Road Surface Condition, Collision Severity, Visibility and Roadway Location were all investigated. Statistical analysis and modeling were performed to developed relationships which could relate the total number of collisions or the collision rate (CR) to the level of available pavement friction on a highway section. These models were developed using over 1,200 collisions and skid test results from two Regions in the Province of Ontario. Another component of this study examined the Wet-to-Dry accident ratio and compared it to the Skid Number. A number of Transportation Agencies rely on the Wet-to-Dry accident ratio to identify potential locations with poor skid resistance. The results of the comparison further demonstrated the need and importance of collecting network level skid data. Another component of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of various preservation treatments used within the Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) study. In addition, modeling was performed which examined the historical friction trends over time within various environment zones across North America to investigate skid resistance deterioration trends. The results of the analysis demonstrated that commonly used preservation treatments can increase skid resistance and improve safety. The cost effectiveness of implementing preservation and maintenance to increase the level of safety of a highway using Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) was evaluated. A Decision Making Framework was developed which included the formulation of a Decision Matrix that can be used to assist in selecting a preservation treatment for a given condition. The results of this analysis demonstrate the savings generated by reducing the number of collisions as a result of increasing skid resistance. The results of this research study have demonstrated the importance of network level friction testing and the impact of skid resistance on the level of safety of a highway. A review of the literature did not reveal any protocol or procedures for sampling or minimum test interval requirements for network level skid testing using a locked-wheel tester. Network level friction testing can be characterized as expensive and time-consuming due to the complexity of the test. As a result, any reduction in the required number of test points is a benefit to the transportation agency, private sector (consultants and contractors) and most importantly, the public. An analysis approach was developed and tested that can be used to minimize the number of required test locations along a highway segment using common statistical techniques.

Planning road maintenance and development activities, prioritizing road construction, reconstruction and rehabilitation works, performing project economic evaluations, forecasting road operation expenditures and road user effect always requires prediction of pavement behaviour. For this purpose models of pavement deterioration are used. Commonly they are integrated in more sophisticated computational systems, known as Pavement Management systems (PMS) and Highway Development and Management systems (HDM). The implementation of these systems started in Lithuania shortly after the Re-establishment of the Independence. This was triggered by the violent drop in financing of the road sector, forcing to change obsolete road management strategy and planning approach. The need for project economic evaluations, transport modelling and long term pavement performance forecasts grew up after Lithuania joined the European Union and this brought the opportunity for financing road infrastructure projects from the EU funds. At present only on the Lithuanian state road network the total value of implemented projects, justified by evaluations and modelling with PMS, amounts to about 500 million Litas annually. Any Pavement Management System is just as good as the models within it, used for pavement deterioration prediction. The performed test calculations show that prediction models, currently used for this purpose in PMS we have in Lithuania, are of doubtful accuracy and have to be improved... [to full text]

Pavements encompass a significant component of the total civil infrastructure investment. In Ontario, the Ministry of Transportation (MTO) is responsible for the maintenance and construction of approximately 39,000 lane-kilometres of highway. In 2004, the province estimated the value of the total highway system at $39 billion dollars. Thus, managing this asset is an important factor to ensure a high level of service to the traveling public. One of the most important indicators of level of service for a road network is safety. Each year, thousands of motorists across North America are involved in motor vehicle collisions, which result in property damage, congestion, delays, injuries and fatalities. The MTO estimated that in 2002, vehicle collisions in Ontario cost nearly $11 billion. Despite the importance of highway safety, it is usually not considered explicitly in the pavement management framework or maintenance analysis. A number of agencies across North America collect skid data to assess the level of safety at both the project and network level (Li et al, 2004). However, a number of transportation agencies still do not collect friction data as part of their regular pavement data collection programs. This is related to both liability concerns and lack of knowledge for how this data can be effectively used to improve safety. The transportation industry generally relies on information such as collision rates, black-spot locations and radius of curvature to evaluate the level of safety of an alignment (Lamm et al., 1999). These are important factors, but the use of complementary skid data in an organized proactive manner would also be beneficial. In preparation for a considered Long Term Area Maintenance Contract, a project was initiated by the MTO to collect network level friction data across three regions in the Province of Ontario. This project represents the first time friction data was collected at the network level in Ontario. In 2006, approximately 1,800 km of the MTO highway network was surveyed as a part of this study. This research utilized the network level skid data along with collision data to examine the relationships and model the impacts of skid resistance on the level of safety. Despite the value of collecting network level skid data, many Canadian transportation agencies still do not collect network level skid data due to the costs and potential liability associated with the collected data. The safety of highway networks are usually assessed using various levels of service indicators such as Wet-to-Dry accident ratio (W/D), surface friction (SN), or the collision rate (CR). This research focused on developing a framework for assessing the level of safety of a highway network in terms of the risk of collision based on pavement surface friction. The developed safety framework can be used by transportation agencies (federal, state, provincial, municipal, etc.) or the private sector to evaluate the safety of their highway networks and to determine the risk or probability of a collision occurring given the level of friction along the pavement section of interest. As a part of the analysis, a number of factors such as Region, Season of the Year, Environmental Conditions, Road Surface Condition, Collision Severity, Visibility and Roadway Location were all investigated. Statistical analysis and modeling were performed to developed relationships which could relate the total number of collisions or the collision rate (CR) to the level of available pavement friction on a highway section. These models were developed using over 1,200 collisions and skid test results from two Regions in the Province of Ontario. Another component of this study examined the Wet-to-Dry accident ratio and compared it to the Skid Number. A number of Transportation Agencies rely on the Wet-to-Dry accident ratio to identify potential locations with poor skid resistance. The results of the comparison further demonstrated the need and importance of collecting network level skid data. Another component of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of various preservation treatments used within the Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) study. In addition, modeling was performed which examined the historical friction trends over time within various environment zones across North America to investigate skid resistance deterioration trends. The results of the analysis demonstrated that commonly used preservation treatments can increase skid resistance and improve safety. The cost effectiveness of implementing preservation and maintenance to increase the level of safety of a highway using Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) was evaluated. A Decision Making Framework was developed which included the formulation of a Decision Matrix that can be used to assist in selecting a preservation treatment for a given condition. The results of this analysis demonstrate the savings generated by reducing the number of collisions as a result of increasing skid resistance. The results of this research study have demonstrated the importance of network level friction testing and the impact of skid resistance on the level of safety of a highway. A review of the literature did not reveal any protocol or procedures for sampling or minimum test interval requirements for network level skid testing using a locked-wheel tester. Network level friction testing can be characterized as expensive and time-consuming due to the complexity of the test. As a result, any reduction in the required number of test points is a benefit to the transportation agency, private sector (consultants and contractors) and most importantly, the public. An analysis approach was developed and tested that can be used to minimize the number of required test locations along a highway segment using common statistical techniques.

abstract: The accurate prediction of pavement network condition and performance is important for efficient management of the transportation infrastructure system. By reducing the error of the pavement deterioration prediction, agencies can save budgets significantly through timely intervention and accurate planning. The objective of this research study was to develop a methodology for calculating a pavement condition index (PCI) based on historical distress data collected in the databases from Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program and Minnesota Road Research (Mn/ROAD) project. Excel™ templates were developed and successfully used to import distress data from both databases and directly calculate PCIs for test sections. Pavement performance master curve construction and verification based on the PCIs were also developed as part of this research effort. The analysis and results of LTPP data for several case studies indicated that the study approach is rational and yielded good to excellent statistical measures of accuracy. It is believed that the InfoPaveTM LTPP and Mn/ROAD database can benefit from the PCI templates developed in this study, by making them available for users to compute PCIs for specific road sections of interest. In addition, the PCI-based performance model development can be also incorporated in future versions of InfoPaveTM. This study explored and analyzed asphalt pavement sections. However, the process can be also extended to Portland cement concrete test sections. State agencies are encouraged to implement similar analysis and modeling approach for their specific road distress data to validate the findings. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Civil Engineering 2015

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de aplicar o Modelo de Tavakoli, que é um modelo de gerência de pavimentos para vias urbanas, para análise de priorização de vias urbanas em cidade de médio porte. Para isso se utilizou um estudo de campo previamente realizado pela Prefeitura Municipal de Suzano e pelo Laboratório de Mecânica de Pavimentos da Universidade de São Paulo no município de Suzano, no ano de 2007, com o qual foi criado um banco de dados das vias do município. Naquele estudo foi empregado o modelo HDM-4 do Banco Mundial para a priorização de intervenções de manutenção nas vias públicas. No presente trabalho buscou-se elaborar um estudo comparativo entre aquela solução e a solução atingida pelo modelo de Tavakoli para um mesmo conjunto de vias. Para este trabalho o Modelo de Tavakoli foi adaptado para planilhas eletrônicas e aplicado em um conjunto de seções de pavimentos, permitindo a determinação de uma lista de prioridades de intervenções. Posteriormente, essas intervenções foram simuladas para o mesmo conjunto de vias, buscando a priorização dos serviços, com o modelo HDM-4 versão 1.0. Através deste trabalho foi possível concluir que os dois critérios estudados podem ser úteis para gerenciar vias urbanas, pois priorizaram as intervenções necessárias nas vias urbanas analisadas. Foi possível verificar que o Modelo de Tavakoli se revelou mais conservador, por ser um critério fechado, com um índice de prioridades dependendo diretamente do índice da condição do pavimento e do volume diário médio de tráfego, afetando diretamente a classificação das seções. No Modelo HDM-4 a classificação das seções e os valores de irregularidade não tiveram uma sincronia, pois o HDM-4 é um modelo de critérios abertos, que permite ao usuário acrescentar vários parâmetros, e com estes foi possível reproduzir uma situação um pouco mais próxima da realidade. / This study was conceived in order to apply the Tavakoli Model, which is a pavement management system for urban roads, aiming the analysis of prioritization of urban streets in a mid-sized city. A field study previously conducted by Suzano City and the Pavements Mechanics Laboratory of the University of São Paulo in Suzano City in 2007 was used, from which was created a database of the towns streets. In that study, the Highway Design and Management (HDM-4) Model of the World Bank was employed for prioritizing maintenance work on public roads. In this study it was sought to develop a comparative study between the mentioned solution and the one reached by Tavakolis Model in the same set of roads. In this research the Tavakoli Model was adapted for the spreadsheets and applied to a set of pavement sections, allowing the determination of a priority list of interventions including the specific type of intervention for each segment. Subsequently, these same types of strategies or interventions were simulated for the same set of paths, seeking the prioritization, with HDM-4 Model version 1.0. Through this research it was possible to conclude that both criteria studied can be useful for managing urban roads, because they prioritized the necessary interventions in the urban roads analyzed. The Tavakoli Model proved to be more conservative, on account of being a closed criterion, with a priority index depending directly on the pavement condition index and average daily volume of traffic, affecting the classification of the sections directly as well. In the HDM-4 Model, the classification of the sections and values of the International Roughness Index did not match, due to HDM-4 being an open criteria model, which allows the user to add several parameters, and they can lead to more realistic report.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T12:34:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 5587368 bytes, checksum: 8953571965e3894399a67c5d550889e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Pavements surface distresses are discontinuities on the road which affect the safety and comfort of the user, as well as to possible needs for interventions on the road. The knowledge concerning the pavement layers also works, along with other structural parameters, analyzing further actions on the track. This thesis proposes the use of digital pavement images to detect surface distresses and to find out the pavement layers. This study aims a modern alternative against the current traditional technique of pavement surface defects inspections in Brazil. Firstly, under the spectroradiometer, it was analyzed several patterns relative to the conditions of the asphalt pavement surface in order to define the spectral range that best discriminate against those patterns. By the technique of automatic pattern recognition, it was analyzed the orbital images of high resolution and ground images from the asphalt pavement, using as a rule of decision the algorithm Maximum Likelihood and Artificial Neural Networks. Regarding the features discrimination it applied spectral data to the multispectral images and textural information to the monochrome images. It was worked with a Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) with the purpose of describing the pavement layers determination, thus it acquires the the subsurface profile, resulting in a continuous image of the pavement layers and the automatic classification of images, and in the automatic classification of those images, it was also used textural information to get characteristics as well as the algorithm of the Maximum Likelihood and Artificial Neural Networks as rule of decision. Subsequently, the data obtained in the classification of images, the pavement distresses and its layers in order, set out to ascertain the possibility of using them in a trade Pavement Management System (PMS). The results of classification using orbital images of high resolution were not encouraging, however, when it worked with ground images, the results were surprisingly good, so it indicated a promising possibility in this way. In the classification of the subsurface image pavement, the results were so good so far pretty satisfactory, but lower than the defects classification. Regarding the use of results in the images classification and their use as data in a trade Management System Commercial, it had no major difficulties in this mentioned proceeding. / Defeitos nas superfícies de pavimentos asfálticos são descontinuidades na pista de rolamento que afetam a segurança e o conforto do usuário, além de indicativos da necessidade de intervenções na via. O conhecimento das camadas do pavimento também é utilizado, juntamente com outros parâmetros estruturais, na análise de uma futura intervenção na via. Nesta tese, propõe-se o uso de imagens digitais do pavimento para detectar defeitos superficiais e para identificarr as camadas do pavimento. Quanto aos defeitos superficiais, a motivação é a possibilidade de se obter uma alternativa à técnica de levantamento tradicional de defeitos superficiais em uso no Brasil. Inicialmente, com o auxílio de um espectrorradiômetro, analisaram-se vários padrões correspondentes às condições da superfície do pavimento asfáltico, com o intuito de definir a faixa espectral que melhor discrimine aqueles padrões. Usando-se a técnica de reconhecimento automático de padrões, analisaram-se imagens orbitais de altíssima resolução e terrestre do pavimento asfáltico, empregando como regra de decisão o algoritmo da Máxima Verossimilhança e Redes Neurais Artificiais. Para a fase de discriminação das características, utilizou-se, nas imagens multiespectrais, dados espectrais e nas imagens monocromáticas, informações texturais. Para a determinação das camadas do pavimento usou-se um Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) na aquisição do perfil subsuperficial, obtendo-se uma imagem contínua das camadas do pavimento, e na classificação automática dessas imagens, usou-se, também, informações texturais para extrair características, o algoritmo da Máxima Verossimilhança e Redes Neurais Artificiais como regra de decisão. Posteriormente, com os dados obtidos na classificação sobre as imagens, ou seja, os defeitos superficiais do pavimento e suas camadas, verifica-se a possibilidade de usá-los em um Sistema de Gerência de Pavimentos (SGP) comercial. Os resultados da classificação com o uso de imagem orbital não foram animadores. No entanto, quando se usou imagens terrestres para a classificação, os resultados foram surpreendentemente bons, indicando ser uma possibilidade bastante promissora. Na classificação da imagem subsuperficial do pavimento, os resultados foram razoavelmente satisfatórios, porém, inferiores ao da classificação dos defeitos. Quanto ao uso dos resultados obtidos na classificação das imagens e sua utilização como dados em um Sistema de Gerência de Pavimentos comercial, verificou-se, no sistema comercial analisado, não haver grandes dificuldades neste procedimento.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第16818号 / 工博第3539号 / 新制||工||1535(附属図書館) / 29493 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 小林 潔司, 教授 大津 宏康, 教授 河野 広隆 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Die Straßeninfrastruktur ist die wichtigste Grundlage für die Mobilität von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft und stellt ein großes Anlagevermögen für Bund, Bundesländer, Landkreise und Gemeinden dar. Aufgrund der hohen Beanspruchungen aus Verkehr und Witterung ist die Infrastruktur kontinuierlich durch geeignete Maßnahmen zu erhalten. Die Erhaltungsplanung wurde in den vergangenen Jahren stärker systematisiert. Auf Netzebene werden durch die „Richtlinien für die Planung von Erhaltungsmaßnahmen an Straßenbefestigungen“ (RPE-Stra 01 - FGSV 2001a) Verfahren beschrieben, um an formulierten Zielen ausgerichtete und strategische Erhaltungsprogramme aufzustellen. Zur Darstellung netzweiter Strategieszenarien werden heutzutage Pavement-Management-Systeme (PMS) eingesetzt. Sie ermitteln diejenigen Erhaltungsmaßnahmen, die bei vorgegebenem Betrachtungszeitraum und Mitteleinsatz den maximalen Nutzen (Verbesserung des Straßenzustands) versprechen. Die Erhaltungsmaßnahmen können hinsichtlich ihres Umfangs nach Maßnahmen der Instandsetzung und Erneuerung differenziert werden. Der verbesserte Fahrbahnzustand und der Eindruck einer neuen, richtliniengerechten Straße, der speziell bei Erneuerungsmaßnahmen entsteht, führt erfahrungsgemäß zu höheren Geschwindigkeiten der Verkehrsteilnehmer (WEISE 1991). Diese geschwindigkeitserhöhende Wirkung ist insbesondere auf Landstraßen kritisch zu prüfen. Die Landstraßen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland sind in ihrer Gestaltung sehr heterogen. Aus Netzergänzungen, den Bau von Ortsumgehungen und grundlegenden Modernisierungen sind sukzessive Streckenabschnitte entstanden, die den Anforderungen aktueller Regelwerke hinsichtlich Verkehrssicherheit und Leistungsfähigkeit genügen. Demgegenüber existieren Straßen, deren Linienführung aus den Anfängen des motorisierten Individualverkehrs stammt und die im Zuge von Erhaltungsarbeiten nur ungenügend an die Entwurfsparameter der entsprechenden Regelwerke angepasst wurden. Sie entsprechen oft nicht dem Stand der Technik. Diese Tatsache spiegelt sich auch im Unfallgeschehen wider. Etwa 57 % der Verkehrstoten sind auf Landstraßen zu verzeichnen (DESTATIS 2017). Diese besondere Unfallschwere ist u. a. auf das instabile Verhältnis von dem vorhandenen Geschwindigkeitsniveau zu der Güte der Gestaltung zurückzuführen. Nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit ist außerorts die Hauptunfallursache bei Unfällen mit Getöteten (DESTATIS 2017). Die Unfallstatistik unterstreicht also die Bedeutung, entwurfstechnische Belange auch im Zuge von Erhaltungsmaßnahmen zu berücksichtigen. Trotz dieser besonderen Bedeutung werden die entwurfs- und sicherheitstechnischen Belange bei der Erhaltungsplanung noch nicht hinreichend berücksichtigt. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es daher, ein Verfahren zu entwickeln, welches die Geometrie eines Straßennetzes bewertet und - daraus abgeleitet - entsprechende Kriterien für die Integration in Pavement-Management-Systeme definiert. Um darauf aufbauend entwurfstechnische Um- und Ausbauempfehlungen wirksam in das PMS zu implementieren, war die derzeitige Nutzendefinition um sicherheitstechnische Aspekte weiterzuentwickeln. Dazu waren zunächst die maßgebenden Entwurfsmerkmale abzugrenzen. In diesen Untersuchungen haben sich vor allem die Fahrbahnbreite und die Größe/Abfolge der Lageplanelemente als sicherheitsrelevant herausgestellt. Fahrbahnbreiten von 7,00 m ≤ B ≤ 8,50 m sind - ähnlich wie bei VIETEN U. A. (2010) - durch ein geringeres Unfallgeschehen gekennzeichnet. Dieser Sicherheitsvorteil breiterer Querschnitte wurde insbesondere bei nicht relationstrassierten Streckenabschnitten festgestellt. Es zeigte sich jedoch, dass die Belange der Linienführung im Lageplan stärker auf die Verkehrssicherheit wirken als die Querschnittsgestaltung. Relationstrassierte Strecken wiesen unabhängig von der Fahrbahnbreite durchschnittlich nur halb so hohe Unfallkennwerte auf wie nicht relationstrassierte Straßenabschnitte. Zur Bewertung der Relationstrassierung hat sich das Maß der Abweichung von den Forderungen der RAL (FGSV 2012a) als geeignetes Kriterium herausgestellt. Bei einer prozentualen Abweichung von Abw > 25 % stiegen in den vorliegenden Streckenkollektiven die Unfallkennwerte sprunghaft an. Anhand dieser Ergebnisse wurde ein Verfahren zur entwurfstechnischen Bewertung von Straßennetzen erarbeitet. Das Verfahren basiert auf einem dreistufigen Bewertungssystem, welches das Maß der Abweichung von den Entwurfsrichtlinien beschreibt. Im Ergebnis werden allgemeine Empfehlungen zur Anpassung der Linienführung in Abhängigkeit vom Längenanteil sicherheitskritischer Kurven an der Gesamtlänge des Straßenabschnitts formuliert. Die Empfehlungen für entwurfstechnische Maßnahmen können über sogenannte Anwendungsbereiche bei der strategischen Erhaltungsplanung mittels PMS berücksichtigt werden. In Abhängigkeit vom Längenanteil sicherheitskritischer Kurvenbereiche sind nur bestimmte Erhaltungsmaßnahmen zulässig. Damit können höherwertige (und somit geschwindigkeitserhöhende) Maßnahmen der baulichen Erhaltung bei Straßenabschnitten mit unzureichender geometrischer Gestaltung ausgeschlossen bzw. abgegrenzt werden. Diese Bereiche sind in der Linienführung elementweise bzw. gänzlich anzupassen. Entsprechende Um- und Ausbaumaßnahmen waren daher im letzten Schritt wirksam in das PMS zu integrieren. Den erfahrungsgemäß höheren Kosten dieser Maßnahmen steht der zu erwartende volkswirtschaftliche „Gewinn“ infolge vermiedener Straßenverkehrsunfälle gegenüber. Daher wurde die Definition des Nutzens bei Um- und Ausbaumaßnahmen um einen Wichtungsfaktor erweitert, welcher das tatsächliche Unfallgeschehen der jeweiligen Straßenabschnitte berücksichtigt. Mit dem entwickelten Verfahren können bei der strategischen Erhaltungsplanung nun entwurfstechnische Belange ebenfalls berücksichtigt werden. Die aus den Sicherheitsuntersuchungen abgeleiteten Parameter und Kriterien orientieren sich an der Grundstruktur der Straßendatenbanken. Damit ist es möglich, bestehende PMS-Module anzupassen sowie ein eigenständiges Modul „Um- und Ausbau“ zu entwickeln und in das Gesamtsystem zu implementieren. Die erforderliche Datengrundlage ist zum Teil bereits in den Straßendatenbanken vorhanden bzw. kann mit vertretbarem Aufwand berechnet werden. Bei konsequenter Anwendung des Verfahrens wird sich die Sicherheit auf Landstraßen mittel- und langfristig verbessern.:1 Einleitung 2 Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik 2.1 Sicherheitstechnische Aspekte bei der Festlegung von Entwurfselementen 2.1.1 Elemente des Querschnitts 2.1.2 Elemente des Lageplans 2.1.3 Elemente des Höhenplans 2.1.4 Räumliche Linienführung 2.1.5 Sichtweite 2.1.6 Verfahren zur entwurfstechnischen Bewertung von Straßen 2.1.7 Schlussfolgerungen für die Untersuchung 2.2 Stand der Regelwerke 2.2.1 Gestaltungsgrundsätze der Entwurfsrichtlinien 2.2.2 Richtlinien für die Anlage von Landstraßen (RAL) 2.2.3 Merkblatt zur Übertragung des Prinzips der Entwurfsklassen auf bestehende Straßen (M EKLBest) 2.2.4 Erhaltungsplanung 2.2.5 Schlussfolgerungen für die Untersuchung 3 Ziel der Arbeit und Vorgehensweise 3.1 Ziel und Abgrenzung der Arbeit 3.2 Allgemeine Vorgehensweise 3.3 Möglichkeiten der Datenbereitstellung und Datenerhebung 3.3.1 Straßendatenbanken 3.3.2 Kinematische Datenerfassung und Datenaufbereitung 3.4 Netzweite Berechnung entwurfstechnischer Parameter 3.4.1 Abgrenzung der Straßenabschnitte 3.4.2 Berechnung der Fahrbahnbreite 3.4.3 Berechnung der Elementrelationen 3.4.4 Berechnung der Kurvigkeitsdifferenzen 3.4.5 Detektierung von kritischen Sichtschattenbereichen 3.4.6 Detektierung verdeckter Kurvenbeginne 3.5 Analyse des Unfallgeschehens 3.5.1 Kenngrößen der Unfallanalyse 3.5.2 Netzzuordnung der Unfälle 3.5.3 Spezifizierung der Unfalldaten 3.5.4 Berechnung der relativen Unfallkenngrößen 3.5.5 Bildung von Untersuchungskollektiven 3.5.6 Fahrbahnbreite 3.5.7 Kurvenradien und Elementfolgen 3.5.8 Kurvigkeit des Einzelbogens und Kurvigkeitsdifferenzen 3.5.9 Sichtschattenbereiche 3.5.10 Verdeckter Kurvenbeginn 4 Einfluss ausgewählter Entwurfsmerkmale auf die Verkehrssicherheit 4.1 Darstellung des Streckenkollektivs 4.2 Fahrbahnbreite 4.3 Kurvenradien und Elementfolgen 4.3.1 Kurvenradius 4.3.2 Folge gegensinnig gekrümmter Kurven 4.3.3 Folge gleichsinnig gekrümmter Kurven 4.3.4 Kurvenradien im Anschluss an Geraden 4.4 Kurvigkeit des Einzelbogens und Kurvigkeitsdifferenzen 4.4.1 Kurvigkeit des Einzelbogens 4.4.2 Kurvigkeitsdifferenzen 4.5 Kritische Sichtschattenbereiche 4.6 Verdeckter Kurvenbeginn 4.7 Zusammenfassung 5 Konzept zur Berücksichtigung entwurfs- und sicherheitstechnischer Aspekte bei PMS 5.1 Verfahren zur entwurfstechnischen Bewertung 5.1.1 Bewertungsphilosophie 5.1.2 Linienführung im Lageplan 5.1.3 Querschnittsgestaltung 5.1.4 Ableitung von Um-/Ausbauempfehlungen 5.2 Maßnahmen für Pavement-Management-Systeme (PMS) 5.2.1 Begriffe der Baulichen Erhaltung 5.2.2 Struktur und Aufbau von PMS 5.2.3 Wahl der Erhaltungsmaßnahmen in PMS 5.2.4 Ableitung zulässiger Erhaltungsmaßnahmen für PMS 5.2.5 Berücksichtigung von Um- und Ausbaumaßnahmen in PMS 5.2.6 Bewertung von Maßnahmen in PMS 5.3 Berücksichtigung von entwurfs- und sicherheitstechnischen Aspekten bei PMS - Verfahrensablauf 5.4 Abschätzung des Ausbaubedarfs von Straßennetzen - Verfahrensablauf 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Anhangverzeichnis

Thesis. (M. Tech. (Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering))--Vaal University of Technology, 2011 / In the past thirty years there has been a rapid deterioration of the road network in South Africa. As an attempt to address this challenge, a study was conducted on R34 between Vrede and Bothmas Pass Border. The aim of the study was to develop a pavement management system for road network maintenance to serve as a decision support tool to assist to improve the efficiency of making decisions, provide feedback as to the consequences of these decisions, ensure consistency of decisions made at different levels and improve the effectiveness of all decisions in terms of efficiency of results. The study focused on developing and testing pavement management system for road network maintenance. Consequently, visual condition inspections, non-destructive and semi-destructive tests were conducted on the field, data acquired, processed and analysed in accordance with guidelines stipulated in the Draft Technical Recommendations for Highways (TRH) 22 in order to draw conclusions. The data acquired included the surfacing assessments, structural assessments, functional assessments, traffic surveys, riding quality, falling weight deflectometer, mechanical rutting, material investigations and dynamic cone penetration. After analysis of the data, visual condition index was then calculated to be 40%. Visual condition index was then used to determine the action required towards rehabilitating the road. After consultation with guidelines contained in the TRH22, it was concluded that the pavement treatment needed for the road was Rehabilitation. It was then concluded that PMS developed would provide key performance indicators to assist with decision support system and that it is also suitable for road network applications ranging from national roads, provincial roads, regional or district arterial and collector / distributor networks in SA. The municipalities and other road maintenance agencies were then recommended to utilise the “easy to use” developed pavement management system as a decision support tool in their maintenance programmes.