<p dir="ltr">The roads in the US received a "D" grade on the 2021 report card for America's infrastructure by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). Poor road conditions generally translate into traffic accidents and vehicle damage, which result in additional expenses for drivers in terms of vehicle repairs and operating costs. To maintain a satisfactory pavement condition over an extended period of time, frequent inspections should be conducted, and any existing and imminent defects should be promptly addressed through corrective and preventive maintenance. However, the current practices are hindered by issues of inspectors' subjectivity, delayed responsiveness, and high costs. This study aims to develop innovative solutions that harness Artificial Intelligence (AI), robotics, and virtual reality (VR) to enhance pavement quality in smart cities.</p><p dir="ltr">The study developed an autonomous system that relies on crowdsourced RGB and depth (RGB-D) data to assess road conditions. A cost-effective data acquisition system that can be mounted on multiple vehicles, was developed. Armed with a substantial dataset of RGB-D pavement surface data, this study explores the effectiveness of various depth-encoding techniques and RGB-D data fusion methods, using pothole detection as a case study. Comprehensive experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of defect detection using deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN). This study considered all major types of pavement defects in order to comprehensively evaluate pavement conditions. The Pavement Surface Evaluation Rating (PASER) for asphalt pavement is used as a case study. The establishment of an expert system for pavement condition evaluation involves the classification and quantification of pavement data. The system also facilitates the tracking of identified defects and repair work, providing up-to-date information on pavement deterioration and maintenance.</p><p dir="ltr">Another aspect of this study is the improvement of pavement maintenance quality. To enhance the assessment of the effectiveness of pavement maintenance, this study developed immersive VR modules that provide technical staff with a supplementary platform for training. The training materials focus on two common types of pavement maintenance operations: crack sealing and patching. These modules include an interactive decision-making module for evaluating the quality of operations, as well as a hands-on task-performing module for crack sealing machinery preparation and the procedure of full-depth patching. This dissertation has revealed innovative approaches for integrating cutting-edge technologies into the assessment of pavement conditions. The proposed research aims to improve the safety, </p>

Pavement structural condition plays a critical role in the rate of pavement deterioration, yet most state highway agencies' network-level decision-making processes are primarily based on surface distresses. Despite the limitations of the traditional structural condition measuring devices, some states have experimented with stationary deflection devices for network-level applications. Over the past decade, continuous deflection devices have become capable of measuring the network-level pavement structural condition information. However, since the traffic speed deflection devices use newer technology, there is a need for guidelines on how the state agencies could make use of this information for pavement management decision-making. This dissertation developed processes and enhanced tools to incorporate the pavement structural condition from the TSD into Virginia's network-level pavement management process This first part of the study developed pavement deterioration models for a subset of road networks in Virginia, to show that the pavement structural condition as measured by the TSD has an impact on the rate of deterioration of the surface condition. A structural condition matrix was then developed to augment the treatment selection process currently used by VDOT. Application of the augmented matrix on the tested Interstate network resulted in reducing the percentage of the network requiring CM and increasing the percentage requiring PM and RM. The second part of the study investigated the possibility of using pavement deflection measurements obtained from the TSD for network-level structural evaluation of pavements in Virginia. The study reported that the structural condition obtained with the TSD can replace the structural condition obtained from the FWD that is currently used in the VDOT PMS. The effective structural number (SNeff) calculated from the TSD and FWD had similar distribution, and the calculated consistency between the TSD SNeff and FWD SNeff was higher than the consistency between the SNeff from two repeated sets of FWD measurements. The third part of the study simulated the network level decision-making approaches based on both the structural condition parameter and the surface condition parameter, considering cases with and without the pavement treatment interval. The study reported that network-level decisions based on the pavement surface condition alone can result in significantly different treatment selection, compared to decisions based on the pavement structural condition. The study reported savings of 9% and 11% for cases with and without considering the pavement treatment intervals, using decision-making based on the structural condition. / Doctor of Philosophy / Pavement structural condition plays a critical role in the rate of pavement deterioration, yet most state highway agencies' network-level decision-making processes are primarily based on surface distresses. Despite the limitations of the traditional structural condition measuring devices, some states have experimented with stationary deflection devices for network-level applications. Over the past decade, continuous deflection devices have become capable of measuring the network-level pavement structural condition information. However, since the traffic speed deflection devices use newer technology, there is a need for guidelines on how the state agencies could make use of this information for pavement management decision-making. This dissertation developed processes and enhanced tools to incorporate the pavement structural condition from the TSD into Virginia's network-level pavement management process' This first part of the study developed pavement deterioration models for a subset of road networks in Virginia, to show that the pavement structural condition as measured by the TSD has an impact on the rate of deterioration of the surface condition. A structural condition matrix was then developed to augment the treatment selection process currently used by VDOT. Application of the augmented matrix on the tested Interstate network resulted in reducing the percentage of the network requiring CM and increasing the percentage requiring PM and RM. The second part of the study investigated the possibility of using pavement deflection measurements obtained from the TSD for network-level structural evaluation of pavements in Virginia. The study reported that the structural condition obtained with the TSD can replace the structural condition obtained from the FWD that is currently used in the VDOT PMS. The effective structural number (SNeff) calculated from the TSD and FWD had similar distribution, and the calculated consistency between the TSD SNeff and FWD SNeff was higher than the consistency between the SNeff from two repeated sets of FWD measurements. The third part of the study simulated the network level decision-making approaches based on both the structural condition parameter and the surface condition parameter, considering cases with and without the pavement treatment interval. The study reported that network-level decisions based on the pavement surface condition alone can result in significantly different treatment selection, compared to decisions based on the pavement structural condition. The study reported savings of 9% and 11% for cases with and without considering the pavement treatment intervals, using decision-making based on the structural condition.

This thesis presents (a) results of a field evaluation of the Traffic Speed Deflectometer (TSD) in the United States (b) deflection thresholds to classify the pavement structural condition obtained from the TSD for a small subset of the Pennsylvania secondary road network. The results of the field evaluation included: (1) repeatability of the TSD, (2) ability of the TSD to identify pavement sections with varying structural conditions, and (3) consistency between the structural number (SNeff) calculated from the TSD and SNeff calculated by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT). The results showed consistent error standard deviation in the TSD measurements and that the TSD was able to identify pavement sections that varied in structural condition. Comparison of the SNeff calculated with TSD measurements, using an empirically developed equation by Rohde, with the SNeff calculated by PennDOT’s Pavement Management System based on construction history showed similar trends, although the TSD-calculated SNeff was higher. In order to develop deflection thresholds, a model that related the pavement surface condition to pavement surface age and structural condition was developed. Structural condition thresholds were then selected so that the pavement surface condition predicted from the model for a 10-year-old pavement surface fell within one of the three condition categories (Good, Fair, and Poor), to identify pavements in good, fair and poor condition. With Overall Pavement Index(OPI) characterizing the surface condition and Deflection Slope Index(DSI) characterizing the structural condition, the DSI threshold that separates structurally good from structurally fair pavements was determined as follows: (1) the OPI threshold that separates pavements with good surface condition from those with fair surface condition was obtained from the Pennsylvania Pavement Management System (PMS) and (2) the DSI thresholds were calculated using the determined OPI value and the model equation. / Master of Science / This thesis presents (a) some of the results of a field evaluation of the Traffic Speed Deflectometer (TSD) in the United States (b) deflection thresholds to classify the pavement structural condition obtained from the TSD for a small subset of the Pennsylvania secondary road network. The results of the field evaluation included: (1) repeatability of the TSD: which is the variation in repeated TSD measurements on the same section of the road, (2) ability of the TSD to identify pavement sections with varying structural conditions, and (3) consistency between the structural number (SNeff) calculated from the TSD and SNeff calculated by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT). The pavement structural number is an abstract number expressing the structural strength of the pavement. The results showed that the TSD measurements were repeatable and that the TSD was able to identify pavement sections that varied in structural condition. Comparison of the SNeff calculated with TSD measurements, using an empirically developed equation by Rohde, with the SNeff calculated by PennDOT Pavement Management System based on construction history showed similar trends, although the TSD-calculated SNeff was higher. In order to develop deflection thresholds to categorize pavements in different condition: good, fair and poor, a model that related the pavement surface condition to pavement surface age and structural condition was developed. Structural condition thresholds were then selected so that the pavement surface condition predicted from the model for a 10-year-old pavement surface fell within one of the three condition categories (Good, Fair, and Poor), to identify pavements in good, fair and poor condition. With Overall Pavement Index(OPI) characterizing the surface condition and Deflection Slope Index(DSI) characterizing the structural condition, the DSI threshold that separates structurally good from structurally fair pavements was determined as follows: (1) the OPI threshold that separates pavements with good surface condition from those with fair surface condition was obtained from the Pennsylvania Pavement Management System (PMS) and (2) the DSI thresholds were calculated using the determined OPI value and the model equation.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T12:34:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 5587368 bytes, checksum: 8953571965e3894399a67c5d550889e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Pavements surface distresses are discontinuities on the road which affect the safety and comfort of the user, as well as to possible needs for interventions on the road. The knowledge concerning the pavement layers also works, along with other structural parameters, analyzing further actions on the track. This thesis proposes the use of digital pavement images to detect surface distresses and to find out the pavement layers. This study aims a modern alternative against the current traditional technique of pavement surface defects inspections in Brazil. Firstly, under the spectroradiometer, it was analyzed several patterns relative to the conditions of the asphalt pavement surface in order to define the spectral range that best discriminate against those patterns. By the technique of automatic pattern recognition, it was analyzed the orbital images of high resolution and ground images from the asphalt pavement, using as a rule of decision the algorithm Maximum Likelihood and Artificial Neural Networks. Regarding the features discrimination it applied spectral data to the multispectral images and textural information to the monochrome images. It was worked with a Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) with the purpose of describing the pavement layers determination, thus it acquires the the subsurface profile, resulting in a continuous image of the pavement layers and the automatic classification of images, and in the automatic classification of those images, it was also used textural information to get characteristics as well as the algorithm of the Maximum Likelihood and Artificial Neural Networks as rule of decision. Subsequently, the data obtained in the classification of images, the pavement distresses and its layers in order, set out to ascertain the possibility of using them in a trade Pavement Management System (PMS). The results of classification using orbital images of high resolution were not encouraging, however, when it worked with ground images, the results were surprisingly good, so it indicated a promising possibility in this way. In the classification of the subsurface image pavement, the results were so good so far pretty satisfactory, but lower than the defects classification. Regarding the use of results in the images classification and their use as data in a trade Management System Commercial, it had no major difficulties in this mentioned proceeding. / Defeitos nas superfícies de pavimentos asfálticos são descontinuidades na pista de rolamento que afetam a segurança e o conforto do usuário, além de indicativos da necessidade de intervenções na via. O conhecimento das camadas do pavimento também é utilizado, juntamente com outros parâmetros estruturais, na análise de uma futura intervenção na via. Nesta tese, propõe-se o uso de imagens digitais do pavimento para detectar defeitos superficiais e para identificarr as camadas do pavimento. Quanto aos defeitos superficiais, a motivação é a possibilidade de se obter uma alternativa à técnica de levantamento tradicional de defeitos superficiais em uso no Brasil. Inicialmente, com o auxílio de um espectrorradiômetro, analisaram-se vários padrões correspondentes às condições da superfície do pavimento asfáltico, com o intuito de definir a faixa espectral que melhor discrimine aqueles padrões. Usando-se a técnica de reconhecimento automático de padrões, analisaram-se imagens orbitais de altíssima resolução e terrestre do pavimento asfáltico, empregando como regra de decisão o algoritmo da Máxima Verossimilhança e Redes Neurais Artificiais. Para a fase de discriminação das características, utilizou-se, nas imagens multiespectrais, dados espectrais e nas imagens monocromáticas, informações texturais. Para a determinação das camadas do pavimento usou-se um Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) na aquisição do perfil subsuperficial, obtendo-se uma imagem contínua das camadas do pavimento, e na classificação automática dessas imagens, usou-se, também, informações texturais para extrair características, o algoritmo da Máxima Verossimilhança e Redes Neurais Artificiais como regra de decisão. Posteriormente, com os dados obtidos na classificação sobre as imagens, ou seja, os defeitos superficiais do pavimento e suas camadas, verifica-se a possibilidade de usá-los em um Sistema de Gerência de Pavimentos (SGP) comercial. Os resultados da classificação com o uso de imagem orbital não foram animadores. No entanto, quando se usou imagens terrestres para a classificação, os resultados foram surpreendentemente bons, indicando ser uma possibilidade bastante promissora. Na classificação da imagem subsuperficial do pavimento, os resultados foram razoavelmente satisfatórios, porém, inferiores ao da classificação dos defeitos. Quanto ao uso dos resultados obtidos na classificação das imagens e sua utilização como dados em um Sistema de Gerência de Pavimentos comercial, verificou-se, no sistema comercial analisado, não haver grandes dificuldades neste procedimento.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第16818号 / 工博第3539号 / 新制||工||1535(附属図書館) / 29493 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 小林 潔司, 教授 大津 宏康, 教授 河野 広隆 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Die Straßeninfrastruktur ist die wichtigste Grundlage für die Mobilität von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft und stellt ein großes Anlagevermögen für Bund, Bundesländer, Landkreise und Gemeinden dar. Aufgrund der hohen Beanspruchungen aus Verkehr und Witterung ist die Infrastruktur kontinuierlich durch geeignete Maßnahmen zu erhalten. Die Erhaltungsplanung wurde in den vergangenen Jahren stärker systematisiert. Auf Netzebene werden durch die „Richtlinien für die Planung von Erhaltungsmaßnahmen an Straßenbefestigungen“ (RPE-Stra 01 - FGSV 2001a) Verfahren beschrieben, um an formulierten Zielen ausgerichtete und strategische Erhaltungsprogramme aufzustellen. Zur Darstellung netzweiter Strategieszenarien werden heutzutage Pavement-Management-Systeme (PMS) eingesetzt. Sie ermitteln diejenigen Erhaltungsmaßnahmen, die bei vorgegebenem Betrachtungszeitraum und Mitteleinsatz den maximalen Nutzen (Verbesserung des Straßenzustands) versprechen. Die Erhaltungsmaßnahmen können hinsichtlich ihres Umfangs nach Maßnahmen der Instandsetzung und Erneuerung differenziert werden. Der verbesserte Fahrbahnzustand und der Eindruck einer neuen, richtliniengerechten Straße, der speziell bei Erneuerungsmaßnahmen entsteht, führt erfahrungsgemäß zu höheren Geschwindigkeiten der Verkehrsteilnehmer (WEISE 1991). Diese geschwindigkeitserhöhende Wirkung ist insbesondere auf Landstraßen kritisch zu prüfen. Die Landstraßen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland sind in ihrer Gestaltung sehr heterogen. Aus Netzergänzungen, den Bau von Ortsumgehungen und grundlegenden Modernisierungen sind sukzessive Streckenabschnitte entstanden, die den Anforderungen aktueller Regelwerke hinsichtlich Verkehrssicherheit und Leistungsfähigkeit genügen. Demgegenüber existieren Straßen, deren Linienführung aus den Anfängen des motorisierten Individualverkehrs stammt und die im Zuge von Erhaltungsarbeiten nur ungenügend an die Entwurfsparameter der entsprechenden Regelwerke angepasst wurden. Sie entsprechen oft nicht dem Stand der Technik. Diese Tatsache spiegelt sich auch im Unfallgeschehen wider. Etwa 57 % der Verkehrstoten sind auf Landstraßen zu verzeichnen (DESTATIS 2017). Diese besondere Unfallschwere ist u. a. auf das instabile Verhältnis von dem vorhandenen Geschwindigkeitsniveau zu der Güte der Gestaltung zurückzuführen. Nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit ist außerorts die Hauptunfallursache bei Unfällen mit Getöteten (DESTATIS 2017). Die Unfallstatistik unterstreicht also die Bedeutung, entwurfstechnische Belange auch im Zuge von Erhaltungsmaßnahmen zu berücksichtigen. Trotz dieser besonderen Bedeutung werden die entwurfs- und sicherheitstechnischen Belange bei der Erhaltungsplanung noch nicht hinreichend berücksichtigt. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es daher, ein Verfahren zu entwickeln, welches die Geometrie eines Straßennetzes bewertet und - daraus abgeleitet - entsprechende Kriterien für die Integration in Pavement-Management-Systeme definiert. Um darauf aufbauend entwurfstechnische Um- und Ausbauempfehlungen wirksam in das PMS zu implementieren, war die derzeitige Nutzendefinition um sicherheitstechnische Aspekte weiterzuentwickeln. Dazu waren zunächst die maßgebenden Entwurfsmerkmale abzugrenzen. In diesen Untersuchungen haben sich vor allem die Fahrbahnbreite und die Größe/Abfolge der Lageplanelemente als sicherheitsrelevant herausgestellt. Fahrbahnbreiten von 7,00 m ≤ B ≤ 8,50 m sind - ähnlich wie bei VIETEN U. A. (2010) - durch ein geringeres Unfallgeschehen gekennzeichnet. Dieser Sicherheitsvorteil breiterer Querschnitte wurde insbesondere bei nicht relationstrassierten Streckenabschnitten festgestellt. Es zeigte sich jedoch, dass die Belange der Linienführung im Lageplan stärker auf die Verkehrssicherheit wirken als die Querschnittsgestaltung. Relationstrassierte Strecken wiesen unabhängig von der Fahrbahnbreite durchschnittlich nur halb so hohe Unfallkennwerte auf wie nicht relationstrassierte Straßenabschnitte. Zur Bewertung der Relationstrassierung hat sich das Maß der Abweichung von den Forderungen der RAL (FGSV 2012a) als geeignetes Kriterium herausgestellt. Bei einer prozentualen Abweichung von Abw > 25 % stiegen in den vorliegenden Streckenkollektiven die Unfallkennwerte sprunghaft an. Anhand dieser Ergebnisse wurde ein Verfahren zur entwurfstechnischen Bewertung von Straßennetzen erarbeitet. Das Verfahren basiert auf einem dreistufigen Bewertungssystem, welches das Maß der Abweichung von den Entwurfsrichtlinien beschreibt. Im Ergebnis werden allgemeine Empfehlungen zur Anpassung der Linienführung in Abhängigkeit vom Längenanteil sicherheitskritischer Kurven an der Gesamtlänge des Straßenabschnitts formuliert. Die Empfehlungen für entwurfstechnische Maßnahmen können über sogenannte Anwendungsbereiche bei der strategischen Erhaltungsplanung mittels PMS berücksichtigt werden. In Abhängigkeit vom Längenanteil sicherheitskritischer Kurvenbereiche sind nur bestimmte Erhaltungsmaßnahmen zulässig. Damit können höherwertige (und somit geschwindigkeitserhöhende) Maßnahmen der baulichen Erhaltung bei Straßenabschnitten mit unzureichender geometrischer Gestaltung ausgeschlossen bzw. abgegrenzt werden. Diese Bereiche sind in der Linienführung elementweise bzw. gänzlich anzupassen. Entsprechende Um- und Ausbaumaßnahmen waren daher im letzten Schritt wirksam in das PMS zu integrieren. Den erfahrungsgemäß höheren Kosten dieser Maßnahmen steht der zu erwartende volkswirtschaftliche „Gewinn“ infolge vermiedener Straßenverkehrsunfälle gegenüber. Daher wurde die Definition des Nutzens bei Um- und Ausbaumaßnahmen um einen Wichtungsfaktor erweitert, welcher das tatsächliche Unfallgeschehen der jeweiligen Straßenabschnitte berücksichtigt. Mit dem entwickelten Verfahren können bei der strategischen Erhaltungsplanung nun entwurfstechnische Belange ebenfalls berücksichtigt werden. Die aus den Sicherheitsuntersuchungen abgeleiteten Parameter und Kriterien orientieren sich an der Grundstruktur der Straßendatenbanken. Damit ist es möglich, bestehende PMS-Module anzupassen sowie ein eigenständiges Modul „Um- und Ausbau“ zu entwickeln und in das Gesamtsystem zu implementieren. Die erforderliche Datengrundlage ist zum Teil bereits in den Straßendatenbanken vorhanden bzw. kann mit vertretbarem Aufwand berechnet werden. Bei konsequenter Anwendung des Verfahrens wird sich die Sicherheit auf Landstraßen mittel- und langfristig verbessern.:1 Einleitung 2 Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik 2.1 Sicherheitstechnische Aspekte bei der Festlegung von Entwurfselementen 2.1.1 Elemente des Querschnitts 2.1.2 Elemente des Lageplans 2.1.3 Elemente des Höhenplans 2.1.4 Räumliche Linienführung 2.1.5 Sichtweite 2.1.6 Verfahren zur entwurfstechnischen Bewertung von Straßen 2.1.7 Schlussfolgerungen für die Untersuchung 2.2 Stand der Regelwerke 2.2.1 Gestaltungsgrundsätze der Entwurfsrichtlinien 2.2.2 Richtlinien für die Anlage von Landstraßen (RAL) 2.2.3 Merkblatt zur Übertragung des Prinzips der Entwurfsklassen auf bestehende Straßen (M EKLBest) 2.2.4 Erhaltungsplanung 2.2.5 Schlussfolgerungen für die Untersuchung 3 Ziel der Arbeit und Vorgehensweise 3.1 Ziel und Abgrenzung der Arbeit 3.2 Allgemeine Vorgehensweise 3.3 Möglichkeiten der Datenbereitstellung und Datenerhebung 3.3.1 Straßendatenbanken 3.3.2 Kinematische Datenerfassung und Datenaufbereitung 3.4 Netzweite Berechnung entwurfstechnischer Parameter 3.4.1 Abgrenzung der Straßenabschnitte 3.4.2 Berechnung der Fahrbahnbreite 3.4.3 Berechnung der Elementrelationen 3.4.4 Berechnung der Kurvigkeitsdifferenzen 3.4.5 Detektierung von kritischen Sichtschattenbereichen 3.4.6 Detektierung verdeckter Kurvenbeginne 3.5 Analyse des Unfallgeschehens 3.5.1 Kenngrößen der Unfallanalyse 3.5.2 Netzzuordnung der Unfälle 3.5.3 Spezifizierung der Unfalldaten 3.5.4 Berechnung der relativen Unfallkenngrößen 3.5.5 Bildung von Untersuchungskollektiven 3.5.6 Fahrbahnbreite 3.5.7 Kurvenradien und Elementfolgen 3.5.8 Kurvigkeit des Einzelbogens und Kurvigkeitsdifferenzen 3.5.9 Sichtschattenbereiche 3.5.10 Verdeckter Kurvenbeginn 4 Einfluss ausgewählter Entwurfsmerkmale auf die Verkehrssicherheit 4.1 Darstellung des Streckenkollektivs 4.2 Fahrbahnbreite 4.3 Kurvenradien und Elementfolgen 4.3.1 Kurvenradius 4.3.2 Folge gegensinnig gekrümmter Kurven 4.3.3 Folge gleichsinnig gekrümmter Kurven 4.3.4 Kurvenradien im Anschluss an Geraden 4.4 Kurvigkeit des Einzelbogens und Kurvigkeitsdifferenzen 4.4.1 Kurvigkeit des Einzelbogens 4.4.2 Kurvigkeitsdifferenzen 4.5 Kritische Sichtschattenbereiche 4.6 Verdeckter Kurvenbeginn 4.7 Zusammenfassung 5 Konzept zur Berücksichtigung entwurfs- und sicherheitstechnischer Aspekte bei PMS 5.1 Verfahren zur entwurfstechnischen Bewertung 5.1.1 Bewertungsphilosophie 5.1.2 Linienführung im Lageplan 5.1.3 Querschnittsgestaltung 5.1.4 Ableitung von Um-/Ausbauempfehlungen 5.2 Maßnahmen für Pavement-Management-Systeme (PMS) 5.2.1 Begriffe der Baulichen Erhaltung 5.2.2 Struktur und Aufbau von PMS 5.2.3 Wahl der Erhaltungsmaßnahmen in PMS 5.2.4 Ableitung zulässiger Erhaltungsmaßnahmen für PMS 5.2.5 Berücksichtigung von Um- und Ausbaumaßnahmen in PMS 5.2.6 Bewertung von Maßnahmen in PMS 5.3 Berücksichtigung von entwurfs- und sicherheitstechnischen Aspekten bei PMS - Verfahrensablauf 5.4 Abschätzung des Ausbaubedarfs von Straßennetzen - Verfahrensablauf 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Anhangverzeichnis

Esta pesquisa tem em sua linha principal a avaliação da infraestrutura da via permanente dos sistemas de transporte público urbano sobre trilhos. A avaliação é alcançada a partir da proposta de utilização de um sistema de gerência de pavimentos (SGP), aliado a um sistema de informações geográficas (SIG) e a um banco de dados relacional que suporte operações geográficas. O trabalho também sugere um conjunto de indicadores, para o gerenciamento da manutenção da via permanente. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica extensa sobre os assuntos relacionados para identificar soluções semelhantes que tenham sido implantadas. A pesquisa bibliográfica não identificou nenhum trabalho que tenha abordado este tema voltado ao transporte público urbano sobre trilhos, contudo foram identificadas linhas de pesquisa voltadas ao transporte de carga que compartilham do mesmo objetivo, utilizar um SIG para a gerência do ativo. Também foram identificados sistemas de suporte a decisão para ferrovias, sem o módulo de informações geográficas. A utilização de modelos de degradação, análise do ciclo de vida e análise de confiabilidade, disponibilidade, manutenabilidade e segurança são usadas, e estudadas, com relativa frequência na literatura especializada, usando a ferrovia como exemplo de aplicação. Os resultados alcançados por esses estudos foram incorporados nesta pesquisa. A partir de um método qualitativo o SIG e o banco de dados relacional foram escolhidos. Os indicadores de manutenção foram estudados e escolhidos a partir da literatura e experiência do autor. Utilizando (i) dados de operação e manutenção de um sistema de transporte metroferroviário, (ii) os resultados dos trabalhos identificados na pesquisa bibliográfica e (iii) o referencial teórico consultado, foram calculados os tempos médios entre falhas, a evolução de degradação de componentes da via permanente e o intervalo adequado de manutenção, utilizando recursos do banco de dados. Estes cálculos serviram de entrada para elaboração de mapas temáticos. Os mapas temáticos contêm informações sobre o nível de degradação da via e quais as manutenções a serem realizadas. O sistema também fornece os custos envolvidos em cada uma das operações de manutenção. Estas informações são primordiais para que o gestor do ativo possa escolher a opção que apresente o melhor custo-benefício, com base em informações apuradas, melhorando a qualidade de sua decisão. / This research has the goal assess the permanent way infrastructure of urban public transport systems on rails. This assessment is result of a proposal to use a pavement management system (PMS), coupled with a geographic information system (GIS) and a relational database that supports geographical operations. The research also suggests a set of indicators for the management of the maintenance of the permanent way. The survey ran from an extensive literature to identify similar solutions deployed. The literature review did not identify any work that has addressed this issue back to urban public transport on rails. Were identified lines of research aimed at cargo transport that shares the same goal, using a GIS for asset management. In addition, decision support systems have been identified for railways, without geographical information module. It is easy to find use of degradation patterns, life cycle analysis and reliability analysis, availability, maintainability and safety in the literature, using the railway as example. The results achieved by these studies were included in this study. From a qualitative method, GIS and relational database were chosen. Maintenance indicators were chosen using the literature and the author\'s experience as basis. Data operation and maintenance of a metro system, the results of the work identified in the literature and a technical and theoretical framework from literature served as line to calculate the mean time between failures, the rate of degradation of permanent way components and the appropriate maintenance period. These calculations served as input in database for the preparation of thematic maps in the GIS. Thematic maps contain information about the track degradation level and the maintenance needed to be performed. The system also provides the costs of each maintenance step. The information generated by the system can help the manager to choose the option with best tradeoff, improving the decision quality.

Esta dissertaÃÃo de mestrado trata de uma proposta de composiÃÃo de custos unitÃrios para um sistema de alternativas relacionadas Ãs intervenÃÃes dos defeitos que possam atingir as vias nÃo pavimentadas. à realizada uma abordagem teÃrica destas, especialmente quanto aos tipos de defeitos possÃveis de afetar o desempenho das vias nÃo pavimentadas. Analisa-se a importÃncia da implantaÃÃo de um Sistema de GerÃncia de Pavimentos, especialmente quanto ao seu benefÃcio para o controle das condiÃÃes das vias em estudo. A descriÃÃo dos custos envolvidos nos serviÃos de intervenÃÃo de uma via nÃo pavimentada aborda um estudo financeiro que està envolvido neste processo, especificamente quanto aos custos diretos e indiretos referentes à composiÃÃo dos custos unitÃrios. Objetivando atingir a finalidade proposta neste trabalho, consideram-se os parÃmetros de serviÃos e preÃos de alguns ÃrgÃos que trabalham com atividades correlatas, em especial aqueles abordados pelo SICRO2. Foram analisadas propostas de intervenÃÃo e defeitos sugeridos em trabalhos anteriores, assim como realizadas outras sugestÃes para o saneamento dos defeitos passÃveis de acontecer em uma via nÃo pavimentada. Com as alternativas de soluÃÃo apresentadas nesta dissertaÃÃo, sugere-se uma proposta para a composiÃÃo de custos unitÃrios para aqueles serviÃos que podem ser realizados nos processos de intervenÃÃo de uma via nÃo pavimentada / This master paper is about a proposal of unit costs composition for a system of alternatives related to the interventions of the faults that might affect unpaved roads. It is carried out a theoretical approach on these roads, concerning specially to the kinds of possible faults that might affect unpaved roads performance. It is analyzed the importance of a Pavement Management System implementation, specially as for its benefit for controlling the roads conditions in study. The description of the costs which are involved in the intervention services of a unpaved road deals with a financial study that is involved in this process, specifically as for direct and indirect costs regarding the composition of unit ones. Planning to reach this paper objectives, it has been considered the parameters of services and prices from some organizations that have worked with related activities, specially those ones dealt by SICRO2. The intervention and faults proposals suggested by previous work were analysed as well as it was carried out other suggestions for solving these possible faults on unpaved roads. Through the alternatives of solutions which were presented in this paper, it is suggested a proposal for the composition of unit costs concerning those services that might be carried out within unpaved road intervention processes

Esta pesquisa tem em sua linha principal a avaliação da infraestrutura da via permanente dos sistemas de transporte público urbano sobre trilhos. A avaliação é alcançada a partir da proposta de utilização de um sistema de gerência de pavimentos (SGP), aliado a um sistema de informações geográficas (SIG) e a um banco de dados relacional que suporte operações geográficas. O trabalho também sugere um conjunto de indicadores, para o gerenciamento da manutenção da via permanente. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica extensa sobre os assuntos relacionados para identificar soluções semelhantes que tenham sido implantadas. A pesquisa bibliográfica não identificou nenhum trabalho que tenha abordado este tema voltado ao transporte público urbano sobre trilhos, contudo foram identificadas linhas de pesquisa voltadas ao transporte de carga que compartilham do mesmo objetivo, utilizar um SIG para a gerência do ativo. Também foram identificados sistemas de suporte a decisão para ferrovias, sem o módulo de informações geográficas. A utilização de modelos de degradação, análise do ciclo de vida e análise de confiabilidade, disponibilidade, manutenabilidade e segurança são usadas, e estudadas, com relativa frequência na literatura especializada, usando a ferrovia como exemplo de aplicação. Os resultados alcançados por esses estudos foram incorporados nesta pesquisa. A partir de um método qualitativo o SIG e o banco de dados relacional foram escolhidos. Os indicadores de manutenção foram estudados e escolhidos a partir da literatura e experiência do autor. Utilizando (i) dados de operação e manutenção de um sistema de transporte metroferroviário, (ii) os resultados dos trabalhos identificados na pesquisa bibliográfica e (iii) o referencial teórico consultado, foram calculados os tempos médios entre falhas, a evolução de degradação de componentes da via permanente e o intervalo adequado de manutenção, utilizando recursos do banco de dados. Estes cálculos serviram de entrada para elaboração de mapas temáticos. Os mapas temáticos contêm informações sobre o nível de degradação da via e quais as manutenções a serem realizadas. O sistema também fornece os custos envolvidos em cada uma das operações de manutenção. Estas informações são primordiais para que o gestor do ativo possa escolher a opção que apresente o melhor custo-benefício, com base em informações apuradas, melhorando a qualidade de sua decisão. / This research has the goal assess the permanent way infrastructure of urban public transport systems on rails. This assessment is result of a proposal to use a pavement management system (PMS), coupled with a geographic information system (GIS) and a relational database that supports geographical operations. The research also suggests a set of indicators for the management of the maintenance of the permanent way. The survey ran from an extensive literature to identify similar solutions deployed. The literature review did not identify any work that has addressed this issue back to urban public transport on rails. Were identified lines of research aimed at cargo transport that shares the same goal, using a GIS for asset management. In addition, decision support systems have been identified for railways, without geographical information module. It is easy to find use of degradation patterns, life cycle analysis and reliability analysis, availability, maintainability and safety in the literature, using the railway as example. The results achieved by these studies were included in this study. From a qualitative method, GIS and relational database were chosen. Maintenance indicators were chosen using the literature and the author\'s experience as basis. Data operation and maintenance of a metro system, the results of the work identified in the literature and a technical and theoretical framework from literature served as line to calculate the mean time between failures, the rate of degradation of permanent way components and the appropriate maintenance period. These calculations served as input in database for the preparation of thematic maps in the GIS. Thematic maps contain information about the track degradation level and the maintenance needed to be performed. The system also provides the costs of each maintenance step. The information generated by the system can help the manager to choose the option with best tradeoff, improving the decision quality.

Road authorities around the world have been innovating and finding ways to cope with the high cost of road network maintenance, the growing demands of road users and the changing traffic type and volume. A well-maintained road is needed to make the network sustainable for future generations. Improving road maintenance management in the Philippines, based on New Zealand experience, is the goal of this research with the theme of managing the change from method-based specifications to the adoption of performance-based specifications for unsealed low-volume roads. The New Zealand Local Government Act 2002 prescribes the requirements for the provision, operation, and management of the local road network, consistent with the Land Transport Management Act 2002 and the New Zealand Land Transport Strategy. The maintenance management system used by New Zealand road controlling authorities (RCAs) was determined by survey and a profile of RCAs that have adopted performance-based specifications was established. RCAs that adopted performance-based specifications had employed asset managers, used the Road Asset Maintenance Management (RAMM) system as an asset management tool, engaged consultants for specialised skills, employed more engineers, had highly developed performance specifications, conducted customer surveys, and had more resources in terms of rates and revenues than RCAs that had not adopted performance-based specifications. The proposed performance-based specifications for sealed and unsealed roads were also presented in this thesis. The Department of Public Works and Highways of the Philippines has implemented three long-term performance-based maintenance pilot projects, all completed by 2005. The lessons learned from the pilot projects, together with the New Zealand survey results will guide road authorities in the Philippines to improve the implementation of future long-term performance-based maintenance contracts (LTPBMC) on national roads, and possibly apply the same to low-volume roads.