This paper investigates the potential of mathematical algorithms, based on the principles of data mining, applied to data from a local power grid to identify customers with large fluctuations in their power curves. A literature study was performed to facilitate algorithm formation. The data provided by the local grid owners, Falkenberg Energi AB, was analysed in MATLAB and two novel algorithms was created. The results show that, by normalizing all the data, it is possible to find and select customers with large fluctuations in their power curves. Key performance indicators were then used to determine which algorithm performed better. One of the algorithms performed better in all tested indicators and was used to create a list with interesting customers to Falkenberg Energi AB. The conclusion of the study shows that the proposed algorithms can be applied on a local power grid to select customers, but more research is needed to validate these methods. The conclusion also indicates that a reduction of the power peaks, at the identified customers, mainly affect the local power grid and not the power supply from the overhead regional power grid.

Purpose: To determine if jumping-performance changes during a peaking phase differed among returners and new players on a female collegiate volleyball team and to determine which variables best explained the variation in performance changes. Methods: Fourteen volleyball players were divided into 2 groups—returners (n = 7) and new players (n = 7)—who completed a 5-wk peaking phase prior to conference championships. Players were tested at baseline before the preseason on measures of the vastus lateralis cross-sectional area using ultrasonography, estimated back-squat 1-repetition maximum, countermovement jump height (JH), and relative peak power on a force platform. Jumping performance, rating of perceived exertion training load, and sets played were recorded weekly during the peaking phase. Results: There were moderate to very large (P < .01, Glass Δ = 1.74) and trivial to very large (P = .07, Δ = 1.09) differences in JH and relative peak power changes in favor of returners over new players, respectively, during the peaking phase. Irrespective of group, 7 of 14 players achieved peak JH 2 wk after the initial overreach. The number of sets played (r = .78, P < .01) and the athlete’s preseason relative 1-repetition maximum (r = .54, P = .05) were the strongest correlates of JH changes during the peaking phase. Conclusions: Returners achieved greater improvements in jumping performance during the peaking phase compared with new players, which may be explained by the returners’ greater relative maximal strength, time spent competing, and training experience. Thus, volleyball and strength coaches should consider these factors when prescribing training during a peaking phase to ensure their players are prepared for important competitions.

Abstract available in the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

Abstract available in the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

MSc (Physics) / Department of Physics

When the low voltage electric grid is dimensioned electric loads are predicted by analyzing the area by certain factors such as geographical data, customer type, heating method etc. So far, the charging of Plugin Electric Vehicles (PEVs) is not considered as one of these factors. Approximately 30% of the distribution grid in Sweden is projected to need reinforcements due to the increased loads from PEVs during winters if the charging isn’t controlled. In addition to this Stockholm face the problem of capacity shortage from the transmission grid, limiting the flow of electricity into the city. This research is therefore conducted to analyze the impact that the increase of PEVs will have on the distribution grid in the future. This thesis simulates the electric grid for three substations located in Hammarby Sjöstad by using power flow analysis and electric grid data from 2016. To approach this problem a method to disaggregate the total power consumption per substation into power consumption responding to each building was developed. In addition to this the number of PEVs in the future was projected. Nine different scenarios were used to compare different outcomes for the future, namely the years of 2025 and 2040. In order to simulate the worst possible case for the electric grid all the PEVs were assumed to be charged at the same time, directly when arriving home on the Sunday when the power demand peaks in 2016. The results indicate that PEVs can have a considerable impact on the components of the low voltage distribution network and controlled charging should be implemented. By examining the impact on the simulated electric grid from the different scenarios the limit of PEV penetration is found. In the area of Hammarby this limit seems to be around 30 % of the total cars if there is no controlled charging. Without any controlled charging the peak power demand increases by 30% with a 30% share of PEVs, which is projected to happen in 2025. In 2040 when share of PEVs is projected to be about 95% the peak power is instead increased by more than 100% which shows the impact that PEVs can exert on the electric grid. Utilizing a simple method of controlled charging where the PEVs are instead charged during the night when the power demand is low, the peak power is not increased at all. This also results in the small cost benefit for PEV owners since the electricity is cheaper during the night and controlled charging can therefore save about 15% of the electricity charging cost. However, the main savings are for the grid owners since the need to reinforce the grid is heavily reduced. In addition to this the power losses are reduced heavily from about 14% down to 5% in the electric grid that is simulated. / När dimensioneringen av distributionsnätet utförs analyseras området genom att räkna med elektriska laster som till exempel kan bero på geografiska data, typ av konsument, uppvärmningsmetod etcetera. Än så länge har laddningen av elbilar (PEVs) inte varit en av dessa faktorer trots den förväntade tillväxten av elbilar. Ungefär 30% av Sveriges distributionsnät förväntas behöva förstärkningar på grund av den ökade elkonsumtionen från elbilar under vintrarna om laddningen inte kontrolleras. Utöver detta står Stockholm inför problemet med effektbrist från elöverföringsnätet. Denna uppsats genomförs således för att analysera påverkan från elbilar på fördelningsnätet i framtiden. Denna masteruppsats simulerar det elektriska nätet för tre nätstationer i Hammarby Sjöstad genom en analys av effektflödet. En metod för att disaggregera elkonsumtionen per nätstation ned till elkonsumtionen per byggnad utvecklades och antalet elbilar i framtiden uppskattades. För att utvärdera elbilars påverkan skapades nio olika scenarion för framtiden genom att undersöka hur det kommer att se ut år 2025 och år 2040. Genom att anta att laddningen av alla elbilar i området sker samtidigt, samma tid som den maximala förbrukningen av el sker under en söndag 2016, analyseras det värsta möjliga scenario för det elektriska nätet. Resultaten visar att elbilar kan ha enorm påverkan på de maximala lasterna för ett lågspänningsnät och därför kommer kontroll av laddningen behövas. Genom att undersöka elnätets påverkan i de olika scenariona uppskattades gränsen för hur många elbilar det modellerade elnätet klarar av. I Hammarby Sjöstad ligger denna gräns på ungefär 30% elbilar. Utan kontrollerad laddning ökar maxlasten med 30% år 2025 då antalet elbilar förväntas vara 30% av alla bilar i Hammarby Sjöstad. År 2040 då antalet elbilar uppnår ungefär 95 % av alla bilar ökar maxlasterna med mer än 100% vilket visar den enorma påverkan elbilar kan ha på elnätet. Genom att använda en simpel modell av kontrollerad laddning som består av att flytta laddningen från eftermiddagen till natten, då förbrukningen av elektricitet är låg, ökar inte maxlasten för dygnet alls jämfört med scenariot utan elbilar. Detta resulterar också i besparingen av elektricitetskostnad för elbilsägaren med cirka 15% eftersom elektriciteten ofta är billigare under natten jämfört med kvällens elpriser. Detta är dock små summor jämfört med besparingar elnätsägarna kan göra då elnätet inte behöver förstärkas lika mycket som skulle behövas utan kontroll av laddningen. Utöver detta så sänks även förlusterna av elektricitet i det simulerade nätet från 14% ned till 5% genom att utnyttja denna modell av kontrollerad laddning.

Over the last few years, the ever-increasing use of the new emerging wireless communication systems has imposed a considerable challenge in the development of novel microwave devices that can support the high bit rates and wide bandwidths demanded by the society. Moreover, other of the main goals of the current microwave components' designers is the fact that these devices can withstand the increasingly higher RF power requirements that must be considered at the output stages of transmitters. In this context, several physical phenomena should be analyzed in order to maximize the so-called power handling capability (PHC) in microwave components. In particular, this thesis focuses on the study of the corona discharge breakdown, since it is a physical effect that may limit the peak power thresholds (also known as peak power handling capability or PPHC) of microwave devices. In this regard, the main aim of this work is the proposal of several design strategies to achieve a considerable improvement of the PPHC in different filtering structures. In this sense, this dissertation is divided into two main parts. On the one hand, the study of the corona discharge breakdown will be first focused on microstrip bandpass filters, where the variation of the maximum electric field strength will be analyzed, and different solutions based on dielectric covers, rounded open-circuit terminations, an anticorona lacquer or a commercial adhesive will be thoroughly investigated and compared. The main objective will be the maximization of the peak power levels, while the degradation of the unloaded quality factor of the resonators will be minimized as far as possible. On the other hand, the second part of this thesis dissertation deals with a similar exhaustively analysis in groove gap waveguides (GGWs). Furthermore, different topologies of bandpass filters based on this technology will be studied, focusing also on the type of the electric field's polarization. In a similar way, several design criteria will be proposed for improving the PPHC of these components, thereby achieving a significant enhancement and reaching the same peak power thresholds of the counterpart rectangular waveguide devices. Finally, all the solutions described above will be experimentally validated in diverse measurement campaigns carried out at the European High Power RF Space Laboratory to corroborate the proper and good performances of all of them. / A lo largo de los últimos años, el uso cada vez mayor de los nuevos sistemas de comunicación inalámbricos emergentes ha impuesto un reto considerable en el desarrollo de novedosos dispositivos de microondas que puedan soportar las altas tasas de bits y amplios anchos de banda demandados por la sociedad. Además, otro de los principales objetivos de los actuales diseñadores de componentes de microondas es el hecho de que estos dispositivos puedan soportar los requisitos de potencia RF cada vez más elevados que se deben considerar en las etapas de salida de los transmisores. En este contexto, diversos fenómenos físicos deben ser estudiados para maximizar la denominada capacidad de manejo de potencia (PHC, por sus siglas en inglés) en componentes de microondas. En particular, esta tesis doctoral se centra en el estudio de la descarga de corona, ya que es un efecto físico que puede limitar los umbrales de potencia de pico (también conocido como capacidad de manejo de la potencia de pico o PPHC, por sus siglas en inglés) de dispositivos de microondas. Por ello, el principal objetivo de este trabajo es la propuesta de varias estrategias de diseño para conseguir una mejora considerable de la PPHC en diferentes estructuras filtrantes. En este sentido, esta tesis se divide en dos partes principales. Por un lado, el estudio del efecto corona se centrará en primer lugar en filtros paso banda en tecnología microstrip, donde se analizará la variación de la intensidad máxima del campo eléctrico, así como también se investigarán y compararán a fondo diferentes soluciones basadas en cubiertas dieléctricas, terminaciones en circuito abierto redondeadas, una laca anticorona o un adhesivo comercial. El objetivo principal será maximizar los niveles de potencia de pico, mientras se minimizará en la medida de lo posible la degradación del factor de calidad de los resonadores. Por otro lado, la segunda parte de esta tesis doctoral aborda un análisis exhaustivo parecido en guías de onda groove-gap (GGWs, por sus siglas en inglés). Además, se estudiarán distintas topologías de filtros paso banda basados en esta tecnología, centrándose también en el tipo de polarización del campo eléctrico. Del mismo modo, se propondrán varios criterios de diseño para mejorar la PPHC de estos componentes, consiguiendo así una mejora significativa y alcanzando los mismos umbrales de potencia de pico que los dispositivos equivalentes en guía de onda rectangular. Finalmente, todas las soluciones descritas serán validadas experimentalmente en diversas campañas de medidas realizadas en el Laboratorio Europeo de Alta Potencia en RF para corroborar el correcto y buen funcionamiento de todas ellas. / Al llarg dels últims anys, l'ús cada vegada major dels nous sistemes de comunicació sense fils emergents ha imposat un repte considerable en el desenvolupament de nous dispositius de microones que puguen suportar les altes taxes de bits i grans amplades de banda demandades per la societat. A més, un altre dels principals objectius dels actuals dissenyadors de components de microones és el fet que aquests dispositius puguen suportar els requisits de potència RF cada vegada més elevats que s'han de considerar en les etapes d'eixida dels transmissors. En aquest context, diversos fenòmens físics han de ser estudiats per a maximitzar la denominada capacitat de maneig de potència (PHC, per les seues sigles en anglès) en components de microones. En particular, aquesta tesi doctoral se centra en l'estudi de la descàrrega de corona, ja que és un efecte físic que pot limitar els llindars de potència de pic (també conegut com a capacitat de maneig de la potència de pic o PPHC, per les seues sigles en anglès) de dispositius de microones. Per això, el principal objectiu d'aquest treball és la proposta de diverses estratègies de disseny per a aconseguir una millora considerable de la PPHC en diferents estructures filtrants. En aquest sentit, aquesta tesi es divideix en dues parts principals. Per un costat, l'estudi de l'efecte corona se centrarà en primer lloc en filtres passabanda en tecnologia microstrip, on s'analitzarà la variació de la intensitat màxima del camp elèctric, així com també s'investigaran i compararan a fons diferents solucions basades en cobertes dielèctriques, terminacions en circuit obert arredonides, una laca anticorona o un adhesiu comercial. L'objectiu principal serà maximitzar els nivells de potència de pic, mentre es minimitzarà en la mesura que siga possible la degradació del factor de qualitat dels ressonadors. Per l'altre costat, la segona part d'aquesta tesi doctoral aborda una anàlisi exhaustiva similar en guies d'ona groove-gap (GGWs, per les seues sigles en anglès). A més, s'estudiaran diferents topologies de filtres passabanda basats en aquesta tecnologia, centrant-se també en el tipus de polarització del camp elèctric. De la mateixa manera, es proposaran diversos criteris de disseny per a millorar la PPHC d'aquests components, aconseguint així una millora significativa i els mateixos llindars de potència de pic que els dispositius equivalents en guia d'ona rectangular. Finalment, totes les solucions descrites seran validades experimentalment en diverses campanyes de mesures realitzades en el Laboratori Europeu d'Alta Potència en RF per a corroborar el correcte i bon funcionament de totes elles. / Work supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN) and the State Agency of Research (AEI) through the Sub-Project C43 of the Coordinated Project PID2019-103982RB [MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033]. Aitor Morales-Hernández has received a fellowship grant from the University of Alicante [UAFPU2018-054].

No description available.

Society is facing major challenges to reduce the use of fossil sources. Two of the greatest goals are the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals to ensure access to sustainable energy for all by 2030 and the EU’s goal to be climate-neutral by 2050. Big changes need to be done to achieve this, all while the demand for both electricity and hydrogen gas is expected to increase drastically. The Swedish electricity demand is expected to double by 2045 and the hydrogen demand is expected to quadruple by 2030, compared to today’s levels. This paper has examined the optimal way to produce hydrogen gas in Halland, regarding performance, sustainability, and reliability. This was done by evaluating different scenarios for hydrogen production, the possibilities to utilize the waste heat and how the hydrogen gas is to be converted back to electricity. Three methods to produce hydrogen gas has been examined in this paper, AEC-, PEM- and SOE-electrolysis. Through literature studies PEM-electrolysis has been established as the most efficient way to produce renewable hydrogen gas. The method performs better than the other two regarding both mass of hydrogen gas produced per unit of energy used and the possibility to utilize the waste heat in the local district heating network. Five locations in Halland have been examined since they are considered suitable to house hydrogen production, Hyltebruk, Varberg, Falkenberg and in connection with two offshore windfarms. This paper does not take expansion of the existing electricity grid into consideration, which has made the result dependent on the various locations’ existing transmission capacity. This gives every place its unique conditions, creating unique possibilities. The largest and smallest production possible would be located in Varberg respectively Falkenberg, corresponding to nearly 100 % respectively 0.02 % of the expected hydrogen demand in Sweden by 2030. Due to the enormous requirements the expected future demand is putting on the industry, even the smallest contribution should be welcomed. / Samhället står inför stora utmaningar för att minska användandet av fossila källor. Några av de stora målen består av FN:s globala mål om hållbar energi för alla år 2030 och EU:s mål om klimatneutralitet till år 2050. För att nå dit krävs stora förändringar och behovet av både el och vätgas förväntas öka drastiskt. Sveriges elbehov förväntas mer än dubbleras till år 2045 medan vätgasbehovet förväntas fyrdubblas till år 2030, jämfört med dagens nivåer. Det här arbetet har undersökt hur man på bästa sätt relaterat till prestanda, hållbarhet och reliabilitet kan produceras vätgas i Halland. Detta utfördes genom att utvärdera olika scenarier för vätgasproduktion, möjligheterna till att tillvarata restvärme samt hur vätgasen kan konverteras tillbaka till el. De tre metoder för vätgasproduktion som arbetet baserats på är teknikerna AEC-, PEM- och SOE-elektrolys. Genom litteraturstudier har PEM-tekniken fastställts som den effektivaste metoden för förnybar framställning av vätgas. Tekniken presterar bäst både med avseende på massa vätgas producerad per konsumerad enhet energi och på möjligheten att utnyttja restvärmen i fjärrvärmenätet. Fem olika platser i Halland har undersökts då de ansetts lämpliga för vätgasproduktion, Hyltebruk, Varberg och Falkenberg samt i anslutning till två havsbaserade vindkraftsparker. Arbetet har avgränsats till att inte beröra utbyggnad av det befintliga elnätet vilket gjort att resultatet baserats på den befintliga överföringskapaciteten. Detta ger alla platser unika förutsättningar, vilka leder till unika möjligheter. Den största och minsta möjliga produktionen fastlås möjlig i Varberg respektive Falkenberg, motsvarande uppemot 100 % respektive 0,02 % av det förutspådda vätgasbehovet 2030. Även det minsta bidrag ska dock välkommas, i och med de enorma krav framtidens behov ställer på branschen.

Title: Posterior chain muscle endurance and arm paddling peak power in amateur female surfers Objectives: Thesis is dedicated to female surfing, particularly paddling, as this is an undiscovered area of research. Very few studies have been carried out, which would focus on muscle activity in surfing. None of the studies focused on posterior chain or muscle activity of female surfers while paddling. Not only that the level of competitive surfing is increasing rapidly, as it will be part of Olympic Games in Tokyo in 2020, but the recreational surfers are also becoming more literate about surf science and willing to improve their surfing performance by dry land surf specific trainings. Surfing industry represents a worldwide business, where big companies offer sponsorship, which is reasonable motivation for young athletes (M. Mendez-Villanueva & Bishop, 2005). As the number of recreational and competitive female surfers is raising as well, the level of competitive female surfing is increasing (Booth, 2001) and professional female surfers are becoming equal in regards to getting the same amount of prize money in competitions, more research should be dedicated to female surfing. The aim of this thesis was to study association between posterior chain endurance and other variables such as frequency of...