Ce travail interroge la nature multidimensionnelle du processus mémoriel qui fait suite au conflit armé interne du Pérou (1980-2000). Il met en évidence la fluidité du statut de victime qui varie selon le contexte social d’énonciation et le type de discours auquel il correspond. Le regard que portent les militants de défense des droits de l’Homme sur les paysans des Andes, principales victimes de la guerre, est confronté aux regards que portent ces derniers sur eux-mêmes et sur leur place dans la société nationale. L’analyse des modalités et des enjeux politiques, sociaux et économiques des commémorations collectives autour de El Ojo que Llora (L’Œil qui pleure), un monument aux morts érigé à Lima puis reproduit dans une communauté paysanne des Andes, constituent un premier axe de ce travail. L’attention portée aux conceptions de la personne amène, dans un second temps, à aborder la complexité des expériences individuelles de la guerre et du rapport au monde des survivants. Le passage de la sphère publique à l’ethnographie de l’entre soi permet de mettre au jour l’importance que jouent, dans la construction mémorielle de ces communautés paysannes de l’Apurímac, les relations quotidiennes entre voisins et celles qui sont nouées avec les proches décédés durant le conflit. L’étiologie de certaines maladies, notamment, constitue un langage alternatif qui permet de parler de la guerre et de ses protagonistes autrement qu’à travers leur évocation explicite. Ainsi, vivants, morts et souffrants apparaissent comme autant de figures structurantes de cette recherche qui oscille entre dits et non-dits. / This work examines the multidimensional nature of the memory process that took place following Peru's internal armed conflict (1980-2000). It highlights the fluidity of the status of victimhood, which varies according to the social context of enunciation and the type of discourse to which it corresponds. The perspective of human right activists regarding Andean peasants, the main victims of the war, is compared with the manners in which these people see themselves and their place in national society. The first axis of this work is an analysis of the modalities and the political, social and economic stakes involved in the collective commemorations around El Ojo que Llora (The Eye that Cries), a monument to the dead erected in Lima, and then reproduced in an Andean peasant community. The attention placed on conceptions of the individual then leads to the second section that addresses the complexity of individual experiences’ of the war and the relationship to the world of those who survived. The shift from the public sphere to an ethnography of people among themselves allows for an emphasis on the important role of everyday relationships between neighbors, and other people linked to those who died during the conflict, in the construction of memory in Apurimac peasant communities. The etiology of some illnesses, noticeably, constitutes an alternative language that allows for talk about the war and its protagonists without explicit reference to them. Thus, the living, the dead and the suffering appear as other structuring figures of this research that shifts between what is said and left unsaid.

Esta tese busca analisar a partir do arcabouço teórico da luta de classes e da acumulação original de capital como um processo contínuo o avanço do capital sobre a fração do campesinato brasileiro e argentino que tem terras de uso comum. Para tanto a pesquisa traz as análises a partir das comunidades camponesas faxinalenses, situadas no estado do Paraná e em comunidades camponesas que tem terras em uso comum no norte da província de Córdoba, na Argentina. Para obter os dados necessários para a pesquisa foram realizados trabalhos de campo para conhecer a realidade, entrevistar camponeses e apreender sobre os conflitos e resistências destes mesmos camponeses frente a seus antagonistas. Entendendo que a luta de classes é uma das maneiras como o modo de produção funciona, então fazemos um resgate de teóricos marxistas que pesquisaram sobre o campesinato, muitos dos quais tem uma parte considerável de seu trabalho apenas na língua inglesa. Compreendendo que uma das motivações do avanço do modo de produção capitalista sobre as terras de uso comum é a crise de sobreacumulação de capital, uma análise tanto dos escritos de Marx acerca da acumulação original como de outros intelectuais que defendem que a mesma é contínua foi realizada. Isto tudo funciona contraditoriamente dentro do próprio capitalismo, com a acumulação origal de capital e a recriação do campesinato caminhando em conflito. A resistência camponesa frente a este avanço é apresentada e analisada ao longo de toda a tese, mostrando o quadro que se encontra o campesinato sulamericano. / This thesis seeks to analyze from the theoretical framework of the class struggle and the original accumulation of capital as a continuous process the advance of capital over the fraction of the Brazilian and Argentine peasantry that has lands of common use. In order to do so, the analysis brings the analyzes from the faxinalense peasant communities located in the state of Paraná and in peasant communities that have lands in common use in the north of the province of Cordoba, Argentina. In order to obtain the necessary data for the research, fieldwork was carried out to know the reality, to interview peasants and to learn about the conflicts and resistances of these same peasants in front of their antagonists. Understanding that class struggle is one of the ways the mode of production works, then we rescue Marxist theorists who have researched the peasantry, many of whom have a considerable share of their work in the english language alone. Understanding that one of the motivations for advancing the capitalist mode of production over land in common use is the crisis of overaccumulation of capital, an analysis of both Marx\'s writings on original accumulation and other intellectuals who claim that it is continuous has been carried out . This all works contradictorily within capitalism itself, with the original accumulation of capital and the re-creation of the peasantry in conflict. The peasant resistance to this advance is presented and analyzed throughout the entire thesis, showing the picture of the South American peasantry.

The research has explored the reality of generational renewal in agriculture in order to understand the entry process, the agricultural practices of young people and their attitudes toward a new agrosocial paradigm. The methodology combined qualitative and quantitative techniques based on a comparative analysis between Southern Ontario (Canada) and Catalonia (Spain). The first result is that the pathway to become a farmer is a process consisting of different phases where each profile shows different needs and abilities. The second result verifies how the practices and attitudes of young people vary depending on the family origin. The thesis also analyzes the most relevant results in policy terms. Finally the research shows the reality of an emerging group of young farmers who put in practice a new agrosocial paradigm. This group is made up by continuers and newcomers and we have called them "New peasantry". / La tesi doctoral ha explorat la realitat del relleu generacional de l’activitat agrària per entendre el procés d’incorporació, les pràctiques agràries de les persones joves i les actituds vers un nou paradigma agrosocial. La metodologia combina tècniques qualitatives i quantitatives a partir d'una anàlisi comparatiu entre el sudoest d'Ontario (Canadà) i les comarques gironines (Catalunya). El primer resultat és que el camí d’incorporació és un procés format per diferents fases on cada perfil de jove mostra unes necessitats i unes aptituds diferents. El segon resultat verifica com les pràctiques i les actituds dels joves varien en funció de l’origen familiar. La tesi també analitza les implicacions en termes politics dels resultats més rellevants. Finalment es mostra la realitat d’un grup emergent de joves que s’incorporen a l’activitat agraria possant en pràctica un nou paradigma agrosocial. Aquest grup emergent està format per pagesia tradicional i nouvinguda i s’anomena “Nova pagesia”.

This thesis examines factors that determine household reliance on interlinked informal credit contracts for fish in the Peruvian Amazon, and the degree to which implicit interest rates in these contracts are explained by transaction costs, administrative costs and lender risk. / A probit model was used to determine household likelihood to borrow, using survey data collected in the region. This likelihood is found to depend on access to alternative activities to generate income, household resilience to income volatility, and demographics: age, education and mobility. / High implicit interest rates (112%) are not explained by the average costs (67%) incurred by local lenders. Market access and household demand elasticity seem to be the main factors determining the degree to which forest peasants are exploited. Local lenders are found to receive credit at rates below the cost to non-resident lenders who use the credit relationship to secure a supply of fish.

No abstract available. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1975.

NOTA: Aquesta tesi va acompanyada d'un fitxer amb una base de dades de Capítols matrimonials.RESUM:L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi doctoral ha estat aproximar-nos als canvis socials experimentats per la comarca del Baix Empordà durant el segle XVIII i la primera meitat del segle XIX, posant especial èmfasi en els oficis relacionats amb la terra. Com a tesi principal del nostre estudi hem plantejat que la pagesia pobra va poder tenir un paper més important del que se li ha atorgat històricament en els canvis agraris i socials produïts en el transcurs d'aquests dos segles. L'estudi s'ha dut a terme a partir de l'anàlisi de dos tipus de documents principalment; els inventaris post mortem i els capítols matrimonials que ens han permés analitzar l'evolució i els canvis en alguns oficis, mostrant un col·lectiu, el dels treballadors, i posteriorment menestrals que, segons les dades analitzades, va tenir una importància més rellevant en el conjunt de la societat i de les transformacions que es produïren durant els segles XVIII i XIX del que tradicionalment se li ha atorgat. / The main objective of this thesis has been to make an aproximation to the social changes experienced by the Baix Emporda during the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth century, with particular emphasis on agricultural-related professions. As a main thesis of our study we suggest that the poor farmers could have played a more important role in agricultural and social changes produced during these two centuries than historically has been given credit for. The study was carried out from the analysis of mainly two types of documents, post mortem inventories and the marriage chapters. This has enabled us to analyze the evolution and changes in some trades, showing a collective, "treballadors", later called "menestrals", which, according to the data analyzed, had a more important role in the wider society and the transformations that occurred during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries than traditionally has been considered.

Submitted by LEILA SANTANA DA SILVA null (leilasantanas@gmail.com) on 2018-11-13T12:26:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO Leila Santana da Silva final.pdf: 2411471 bytes, checksum: 623e184e9bb0b7112704fbca7ed4b905 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GRAZIELA HELENA JACKYMAN DE OLIVEIRA null (graziela@ippri.unesp.br) on 2018-11-13T14:48:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ls_me_ippri_int.pdf: 2246790 bytes, checksum: 0b0f0893ec5c31e6eabd09b54c2a29a3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-13T14:48:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ls_me_ippri_int.pdf: 2246790 bytes, checksum: 0b0f0893ec5c31e6eabd09b54c2a29a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-07 / A análise será composta de dois momentos: um primeiro teórico de compreensão do Nordeste e, num segundo momento, de olhar nossas práticas enquanto Movimento dos Pequenos Agricultores (MPA) assumindo nosso papel na construção do contra hegemonia no campo em processo de construção. O Nordeste concentra grande parte do campesinato brasileiro ao mesmo tempo que é alvo de inúmeras disputas territoriais do agronegócio e outros empreendimentos sobre as terras campesinas, gerando, muitas vezes, uma sobreposição de conflitos em seus territórios. Neste contexto agrário, a pesquisa visa compreender a contribuição atual do MPA no processo de reinvenção político – social do Nordeste e de seu campesinato. A intenção da pesquisa é provocar elementos para reflexão rompendo, ideologicamente, com um ciclo vicioso de subalternização, preconceitos, empobrecimentos e desprezo nacional de onde foi alvo por muitos anos o Nordeste, especialmente, a partir da lógica do “combate à seca”. Esta pesquisa será mais uma contribuição ao desafio de reafirmar o papel do MPA enquanto sujeito político que resiste ao modelo hegemônico no campo e nos permitirá se desafiar a conhecer mais a fundo o Nordeste e seu papel no cenário nacional. Pretende-se analisar algumas referências que venham a contribuir na compreensão do nordeste no cenário nacional, o surgimento das elites agrárias nesta região e suas influências na conjuntura atual, assim como a resistência camponesa projetada neste enfrentamento. O Método adotado será o materialismo histórico dialético que permitirá o esclarecimento e não o ofuscamento da relação fenômeno e essência, sem perder de vista a totalidade do ser social. Como procedimentos metodológicos foi realizado levantamento de dados, pesquisas de campo com entrevistas semiestruturadas abertas com lideranças dos Estados da Bahia, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Ceará, Sergipe, Paraíba, Piauí e Rio Grande do Norte, assim como organização, sistematização e análise dos dados. Como resultado deste trabalho, tem-se a sistematização da trajetória do MPA Brasil e na Região Nordeste, assim como o levantamento das contribuições do MPA no campo prático e teórico-ideológico para o campesinato brasileiro. / The analysis will be composed of two moments: a first theorist of understanding of the Northeast and, secondly, of looking at our practices as the Small Farmers Movement (MPA), assuming our role in the construction of counter hegemony in the field under construction. The Northeast concentrates a large part of the Brazilian peasantry at the same time as it is the target of numerous agribusiness territorial disputes and other developments on peasant lands, often creating an overlapping of conflicts in their territories. In this agrarian context, the research aims to understand the current contribution of the MPA in the process of social - political reinvention of the Northeast and its peasantry. The intention of the research is to provoke elements for reflection, ideologically breaking with a vicious cycle of subalternization, prejudices, impoverishment and national contempt of where the Northeast has been target for many years, especially, from the logic of "combating drought". This research will further contribute to the challenge of reaffirming the role of the MPA as a political subject that resists the hegemonic model in the field and will allow us to challenge ourselves to know more about the Northeast and its role in the national scenario. It is intended to analyze some references that contribute to the understanding of the northeast in the national scenario, the emergence of agrarian elites in this region and their influence in the current conjuncture, as well as the peasant resistance projected in this confrontation. The adopted method will be the dialectical historical materialism that will allow enlightenment and not the glare of the relation phenomenon and essence, without losing sight of the totality of the social being. Methodological procedures included data collection, field surveys with open semi-structured interviews with leaders from the states of Bahia, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Ceará, Sergipe, Paraíba, Piauí and Rio Grande do Norte, as well as organization, systematization and data analysis. As a result of this work, we have systematized the trajectory of the MPA Brazil and the Northeast Region, as well as the survey of the MPA's contributions in the practical and theoretical-ideological field for the Brazilian peasantry. / El análisis consistirá en dos etapas: una primera comprensión teórica del Nordeste y, en segundo lugar, mirar nuestras prácticas como el Movimiento de los Pequeños Agricultores (MPA) asumiendo nuestro papel en la construcción de contra-hegemonía en el campo en construcción. El noreste se concentra la mayor parte de los campesinos de Brasil, mientras que el blanco de numerosas disputas territoriales de la agroalimentación y otras empresas en las tierras campesinas, generando a menudo se superponen los conflictos en sus territorios. En este contexto agrícola, la investigación pretende comprender la contribución actual de la MPA en el proceso de reinvención política - Noreste social y su campesinado. El propósito de la encuesta es motivo de pensamiento de ruptura, ideológicamente, con un ciclo vicioso de subordinación, el prejuicio, el empobrecimiento y el desprecio nacional que era el objetivo durante muchos años el noreste, sobre todo a partir de la lógica de "alivio de la sequía". Esta investigación será una contribución al reto de reafirmar el papel de la MPA como sujeto político que resiste el modelo hegemónico en el campo y se desafió a conocer más profundamente el noreste y su papel en la escena nacional. Nos proponemos analizar algunas referencias que pueden ayudar en la comprensión del noreste en la escena nacional, el surgimiento de élites agrarias en esta región y su influencia en la situación actual, así como la resistencia campesina diseñado en esta confrontación. El método adoptado es el materialismo histórico dialéctico, que permitan aclarar y no resplandor relación fenómeno y la esencia, sin perder de vista la totalidad del ser social. Como procedimientos metodológicos se llevó a cabo la recopilación de datos, la investigación de campo con entrevistas abiertas semiestructuradas con los líderes de los estados de Bahía, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Ceará, Sergipe, Paraíba, Piauí y Rio Grande do Norte, así como la organización, sistematización y análisis de datos. Como resultado de este trabajo es sistematizar la trayectoria del MPA Brasil y en el noreste, así como el levantamiento de las contribuciones de MPA en el campo práctico y teórico e ideológico al campesinado brasileño.

Orientador: Janaina Francisca de Souza Campos Vinha / Resumo: A análise será composta de dois momentos: um primeiro teórico de compreensão do Nordeste e, num segundo momento, de olhar nossas práticas enquanto Movimento dos Pequenos Agricultores (MPA) assumindo nosso papel na construção do contra hegemonia no campo em processo de construção. O Nordeste concentra grande parte do campesinato brasileiro ao mesmo tempo que é alvo de inúmeras disputas territoriais do agronegócio e outros empreendimentos sobre as terras campesinas, gerando, muitas vezes, uma sobreposição de conflitos em seus territórios. Neste contexto agrário, a pesquisa visa compreender a contribuição atual do MPA no processo de reinvenção político – social do Nordeste e de seu campesinato. A intenção da pesquisa é provocar elementos para reflexão rompendo, ideologicamente, com um ciclo vicioso de subalternização, preconceitos, empobrecimentos e desprezo nacional de onde foi alvo por muitos anos o Nordeste, especialmente, a partir da lógica do “combate à seca”. Esta pesquisa será mais uma contribuição ao desafio de reafirmar o papel do MPA enquanto sujeito político que resiste ao modelo hegemônico no campo e nos permitirá se desafiar a conhecer mais a fundo o Nordeste e seu papel no cenário nacional. Pretende-se analisar algumas referências que venham a contribuir na compreensão do nordeste no cenário nacional, o surgimento das elites agrárias nesta região e suas influências na conjuntura atual, assim como a resistência camponesa projetada neste enfrentamento. O Método adota... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The analysis will be composed of two moments: a first theorist of understanding of the Northeast and, secondly, of looking at our practices as the Small Farmers Movement (MPA), assuming our role in the construction of counter hegemony in the field under construction. The Northeast concentrates a large part of the Brazilian peasantry at the same time as it is the target of numerous agribusiness territorial disputes and other developments on peasant lands, often creating an overlapping of conflicts in their territories. In this agrarian context, the research aims to understand the current contribution of the MPA in the process of social - political reinvention of the Northeast and its peasantry. The intention of the research is to provoke elements for reflection, ideologically breaking with a vicious cycle of subalternization, prejudices, impoverishment and national contempt of where the Northeast has been target for many years, especially, from the logic of "combating drought". This research will further contribute to the challenge of reaffirming the role of the MPA as a political subject that resists the hegemonic model in the field and will allow us to challenge ourselves to know more about the Northeast and its role in the national scenario. It is intended to analyze some references that contribute to the understanding of the northeast in the national scenario, the emergence of agrarian elites in this region and their influence in the current conjuncture, as well as the pea... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Resumen: El análisis consistirá en dos etapas: una primera comprensión teórica del Nordeste y, en segundo lugar, mirar nuestras prácticas como el Movimiento de los Pequeños Agricultores (MPA) asumiendo nuestro papel en la construcción de contra-hegemonía en el campo en construcción. El noreste se concentra la mayor parte de los campesinos de Brasil, mientras que el blanco de numerosas disputas territoriales de la agroalimentación y otras empresas en las tierras campesinas, generando a menudo se superponen los conflictos en sus territorios. En este contexto agrícola, la investigación pretende comprender la contribución actual de la MPA en el proceso de reinvención política - Noreste social y su campesinado. El propósito de la encuesta es motivo de pensamiento de ruptura, ideológicamente, con un ciclo vicioso de subordinación, el prejuicio, el empobrecimiento y el desprecio nacional que era el objetivo durante muchos años el noreste, sobre todo a partir de la lógica de "alivio de la sequía". Esta investigación será una contribución al reto de reafirmar el papel de la MPA como sujeto político que resiste el modelo hegemónico en el campo y se desafió a conocer más profundamente el noreste y su papel en la escena nacional. Nos proponemos analizar algunas referencias que pueden ayudar en la comprensión del noreste en la escena nacional, el surgimiento de élites agrarias en esta región y su influencia en la situación actual, así como la resistencia campesina diseñado en esta confrontación. E... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletrônico abajo) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:20:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaquimPA.pdf: 2126411 bytes, checksum: 04adbad39aa85d32cdf03049cb737267 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-15 / This thesis is the result of a study on the role of technical assistance in the process of agroecological transition, which are under way in rural settlements in the territory of Mato Grande, Rio Grande do Norte. Your goal is, from the Technical Assistance Program, Social and Environmental (ATES), launched in 2004 by INCRA understand to what extent this action accomplished their goal of doing a job with a focus on agroecology. To this end, we chose to work with a qualitative methodology, through interviews with settlers, advisors and representatives of INCRA. They also contributed to developing this thesis, the direct observations, which offer visits to settlements and advisory bodies in the Rede Pardal, apart from participation in meetings and activities in which they were being discussed the issues of advice, agroecology and rural settlements. The thesis is divided into five chapters, plus introduction and conclusion. The first three refer to a theoretical analysis and historical about the process of land reform, and as a result the establishment of rural settlements, the importance of peasant tradition for the design of agro-ecological design and the relationship between agricultural models and proposals advice to the countryside. In two subsequent chapters, there was a panoramic picture of the territory of Mato Grande, settlements and groups that make up this research, for then analyze the performance of advisory services in these settlements, with the parameter, agroecology. It was found that the advice in this perspective, suffers a series of constraints, causing a gap between the ideal proposed in the manual and the actual practiced in their daily lives. Still, it is concluded that the ATES has contributed to innovations in productive groups who are experiencing agroecological processes, which can be regarded as shoots for the transition to a new dynamic of development. / Esta tese ? resultado de um estudo sobre o papel da assessoria t?cnica nos processos de transi??o agroecol?gica, que est?o em curso em assentamentos rurais no territ?rio do Mato Grande, Rio Grande do Norte. Seu objetivo ?, a partir do Programa de Assessoria T?cnica, Social e Ambiental (ATES), lan?ada em 2004 pelo INCRA, entender at? que ponto essa a??o atinge seus objetivos de realizar um trabalho tendo como foco a agroecologia. Para tanto, optou-se por trabalhar com uma metodologia qualitativa, atrav?s de entrevistas com assentados, assessores e representantes do INCRA. Tamb?m contribu?ram para elabora??o desta tese as observa??es diretas, proporcionadas pelas visitas aos assentamentos e entidades de assessoria que integram a Rede Pardal, al?m da participa??o em encontros e atividades nas quais estivessem sendo discutidas as tem?ticas da assessoria, da agroecologia e dos assentamentos rurais. A tese est? dividida em cinco cap?tulos, al?m da introdu??o e conclus?o. Os tr?s primeiros referem-se a uma abordagem te?rica e hist?rica sobre o processo de luta pela reforma agr?ria, tendo como fruto a constitui??o dos assentamentos rurais; a import?ncia da tradi??o camponesa para o desenho da concep??o agroecol?gica e a rela??o entre os modelos agr?colas e as propostas de assessoria para o rural. Nos dois cap?tulos subseq?entes, fez-se um retrato panor?mico do territ?rio do Mato Grande, dos assentamentos e dos grupos que integram esta pesquisa, para, posteriormente, analisar o desempenho da assessoria nesses assentamentos, tendo como par?metro a agroecologia. Foi visto que a assessoria, nessa perspectiva, sofre uma s?rie de constrangimentos, provocando um hiato entre o ideal proposto no Manual e o real praticado no seu cotidiano. Mesmo assim, conclui-se que a ATES tem contribu?do para inova??es nos grupos produtivos que est?o experimentando processos agroecol?gicos, que podem ser consideradas como brotos para a transi??o de uma nova din?mica de desenvolvimento rural

Conjointement à une carrière de poète puis de romancier, l'écrivain-paysan bourbonnais Émile Guillaumin commence dès 1898 une carrière de journaliste qui prendra de plus en plus d'importance dès 1908 et surtout après la première guerre mondiale lorsqu'il abandonne le genre romanesque. Il cherche alors à informer et « élever », selon ses propres mots, la classe paysanne. Cette élévation prend une forme originale : il s'agit d'initier au « vrai par le bien ». La formation morale est en effet selon lui indispensable pour hisser la classe paysanne au niveau de la nouvelle classe moyenne urbaine (fonctionnaires, artisans). C'est que les paysans sont les grands oubliés de l'idéal républicain d'égalité, à l'écart des lois sociales, dans leurs campagnes reculées, loin du progrès, du confort apportés par les grandes découvertes du début du siècle ; Guillaumin cherche donc à éveiller grâce à ses articles de presse une conscience paysanne afin d'affirmer la nécessité d'améliorer les conditions de vie à la campagne. L’échec amer de l'action syndicale, l'exode rural, compris à l'inverse des politiques et des divers observateurs, le maintien de l'illettrisme dans les campagnes, les conséquences douloureuses de la première guerre mondiale qui provoquent une défiance massive vis-à-vis des cultivateurs, vont tenir Guillaumin dans l'idée qu'il faut poursuivre l'éveil des consciences rurales. Pour vaincre les préjugés selon lesquels les paysans sont ignares, rustres et inférieurs, il faut leur imposer de se former personnellement, de se « redresser » ; il faut également dénoncer et retourner les préjugés courants dont sont victimes les travailleurs de la terre. / While having a carrier in poetry and novels, the bourbonnais countryman-writer Émile Guillaumin begins in 1898 a journalist carrier which will be more and more important from 1908 and above all after the First World war and his giving-up novels. He then wants to inform people and “elevate”, as he says, the countrymen class. This elevation has a peculiar concept: introduce people to « the true from the good ». A moral education is indeed according to him essential in order to make the countrymen class stand with the new urban middleclass (civil servants, artisans). Indeed, countrymen have been outcast from the republican ideal of equality, far from the social laws, in their isolated countryside, far from the progress, the comfort brought by the industrial improvements made at the begining of the century; that’s why Guillaumin aims at awaking thanks of his press articles, a rural consciousness in order to affirm the need of improving the life standards in the countryside. The bitter failure of union action, the rural flight, understood unlike the politicians and the different experts, the illiteracy keeping on in the countryside, the painful consequences of the First World war provoking a massive mistrust against farmers, will lead Guillaumin to the idea of a need to keep on awaking the rural consciousness. In order to overcome the prejudice of ignorant, rude and inferior farmers, they have to be educated themselves, to “stand up”; it is also necessary to show up and turn off the common against the countrymen.