Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2019-03-20T14:58:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Edimilson Rosa Bezerra_.pdf: 5058734 bytes, checksum: 73e422b98b0504b4373a4e69b55f3b21 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-20T14:58:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edimilson Rosa Bezerra_.pdf: 5058734 bytes, checksum: 73e422b98b0504b4373a4e69b55f3b21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-16 / UEMA – Universidade Estadual do Maranhão / Os camponeses foram um dos principais protagonistas da frente de expansão no oeste maranhense durante o século XX. Nesse processo de ocupação ao longo do arco da floresta amazônica no estado, os camponeses vivenciaram uma diversidade fundiária marcada pelo seu inter-relacionamento com a especificidade na frente de expansão e com seus respectivos ambientes geográficos. Esta tese examina as ações territorializantes dos camponeses em decorrência das transformações ocorridas na produção, seu processo de ocupação e a apropriação de terras no sudoeste do Maranhão por intermédio dos minúsculos lugares fundados por eles, denominados de ‘Centros’, como forma de antecipação de um espaço agrícola sob pressão de outros segmentos e agentes da sociedade na disputa do uso da terra e da exploração econômica por força da expansão do capitalismo. Para tanto, partimos de uma análise da formação e da conformação da região, que envolveu a colonização, conhecida como ‘espontânea’, realizada pelos camponeses, cuja realidade empírica atém-se à Gleba Boca da Mata/Barreirão, no município de João Lisboa-Maranhão entre 1950 e 1987. Com aporte nos conceitos de espaço, região, territorialidade e centros agrícolas, adotamos uma metodologia combinada da História Social e História Oral. Para compreendermos os camponeses em suas ações territorializantes na Gleba Boca da Mata/Barreirão, partimos do pressuposto de que seria fundamental a pesquisa se ocupar do processo produtivo, junto ao avanço do capitalismo no campo, em razão das transformações ocorridas na região, fossem elas agropastoris ou florestais, uma vez que a região é caracterizada como área de transição composta de floresta amazônica, floresta de babaçu e cerrado. Discutimos as diferentes formas de ocupação nessa área e a fundação dos centros camponeses, pois eles se constituíram no elemento estruturante principal de sua ação fundiária. A pesquisa conclui que os centros agrícolas camponeses não são apenas um local de trabalho e abrigo; eles se constituem em uma antecipação do espaço; um lugar que serve como trampolim para novas oportunidades na órbita do capital e como lugar de integração. / The peasants were one of the main protagonists of the expansion front in western Maranhão during the twentieth century. In this process of occupation along the arch of the Amazon rainforest in the state, the peasants experienced a land diversity marked by their interrelationship with the specificity in front of expansion and with their respective geographic environments. This thesis examines the territorial actions of peasants, as a result of the transformations that occurred in production, their occupation and appropriation of land in the southwest of Maranhão, through the tiny places founded by them, denominated 'Centers' as a way of anticipating an agricultural space under pressure from other segments and agents of society, in the dispute the use of land and economic exploitation by force expansion of capitalism. To do so, we start with an analysis of the formation and conformation of the region, which involved the colonization known as 'spontaneous', carried out by the peasants, whose empirical reality is the Gleba Boca da Mata / Barreirão, in the municipality of João Lisboa- Maranhão between 1950 and 1987. With input in the concepts of space, region, territoriality and agricultural centers we adopted a combined Social History and Oral History methodology. To start in understanding the peasants in their territorial actions in the Gleba Boca da Mata / Barreirão, we start from the assumption that it would be fundamental research to deal with the productive process, along with the capitalism advance in the countryside, due to the transformations that occurred in the region, whether agro-pastoral or forest since the region is characterized as a transition area composed of Amazon forest, babaçu forest and cerrado. So we discussed the different forms of occupation in this area and the foundation of the peasant centers since they were the main structuring element of their land tenure. The research concludes that peasant agricultural centers are not only a place of work and shelter, they constitute an anticipation of space, a place that serves as a springboard for new opportunities in the orbit of capital and also as a place of integration.

O objetivo do nosso esforço analítico neste trabalho de pesquisa incide na compreensão do processo de transformação de uma fração do território, iniciando pela análise do território original indígena até chegar ao desvendamento das novas territorialidades camponesas resultantes as da atuação do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra - MST. É esta questão que norteia a presente pesquisa, cujo recorte geográfico é o Noroeste do Paraná, uma fração desse Estado que teve um rápido processo de transformação territorial num curto espaço de tempo. Para compreendermos esta metamorfose partimos do pressuposto de que a lógica da construção do território é uma unidade dialética em que simultaneamente ocorrem a construção, a destruição, a manutenção e, evidentemente, a transformação. Nesse contexto, procuramos desvendar tal processo através da identificação de três momentos históricos: o do território original indígena, o do advento da formação da propriedade privada, com o desenvolvimento da colonização, e por fim, o da construção das novas territorialidades camponesas, objeto da tese. Sendo assim, a análise das evidências para compreendermos o processo de transformação do território está desenvolvida da maneira a seguir descrita. Após a introdução, no primeiro capítulo, expomos os caminhos de construção da investigação, identificando o recorte geográfico em que ela ocorre e apresentando a reflexão teóricometodológica e os conceitos que sustentam esta pesquisa. No segundo capítulo, somando-nos às pesquisas dos estudiosos que tratam da questão indígena no Norte do Paraná, procuramos, da mesma maneira contribuir para a desmistificação do discurso hegemônico do \"vazio demográfico\" implantado nesta região no período em que estava sendo colonizada e mostrar que a região estudada, até um passado recente que coincide com o período da colonização, tinha como seus primeiros habitantes a população autóctone, sendo, portanto, território original dos povos indígenas. No terceiro capítulo, procuramos compreender, utilizando entrevistas com fontes orais, o desenvolvimento do processo de colonização que se inicia nos primórdios da década de 1950. Paralelamente à colonização, destacamos, igualmente os acontecimentos que envolvem os conflitos pela posse da terra na região. Por fim, no quarto capítulo o trabalho demonstra que após a fase de ocupação efetuada através da colonização, a partir de meados da década de 1980, ocorre uma nova forma de ocupação do território, desenvolvida pelo MST, a qual vai influenciar diretamente a construção das novas territorialidades camponesas, através das desapropriações dos grandes latifúndios improdutivos e imissão de posse aos camponeses. / The aim of the analytical effort, in this study, focus on the understanding of the transformation process happening in a determined territory fraction. It started with the investigation of the original indian territory up to revealing the new peasants` territorialities, which resulted from the acting of the Landless Workers Movement (LWM), known in Brazil as MST Movement. That issue directs the present study, whose geographical focus is a fraction of the state - Northeast of Paraná, which in a short period of time has undergone a fast transformation process. In order to understand such a metamorphosis, it was presumed that, the logic of territory construction is a dialectic unit, in which the construction, as well as the destruction, maintenance and transformation occur simultaneously. In such a context, the transformation process was submitted to an investigation, by identifying three historical movements: the original indian territory, the advent of forming private properties, happening with the colonization development, and finally, the construction of new peasants` territorialities in fact the main aim of the present study. Thus, further, the development of the evidence analysis is described, in order to promote the comprehension concerning the process of territory transformation. After introducing the theme, the first chapter focus on the ways used to construct the investigation, thus identifying the geographical area in which it occurs, and presenting the theoretical-methodological reflection, as well as the concepts on which the present study is based. In the second chapter, joining our study to other studies dealing with Indian issues focusing the North of Parana State, there was an attempt to contribute to demystify the hegemonic discourse of \'demographic emptiness\' implanted in that region during the colonization period. The aim was to show that till a recent past, which coincides with the colonization period, the region under investigation had the autochthon population as its first inhabitants, therefore, being a territory originally from indian people. In the third chapter, oral interviews used to understand the development of the colonization process, which started in the 50´s are explored. Simultaneously to the colonization, happenings involving conflicts for possessing the land are pointed out. Finally, in the fourth chapter it is demonstrated that, after the occupation phase through the colonization, a new form of territory occupation happened in the 80´s. Such occupation was developed by the movement of landless people, which has been influencing directly the construction of new peasants` territorialities, through the dispossession or expropriation of some large land areas, considered as non- productive latifundiuns, thus resulting in emitting legal documents of property favoring the peasants.

No description available.

Abstract This study examines people-centred Thai NGOs trying to help peasants empower themselves in order to compete better in conflicts over land, water, forest, and capital, during the 1970s to 1990s. The study investigates how the NGOs contested asymmetric power relations among government officials, private entrepreneurs and ordinary people while helping raise the people’s confidence in their own power to negotiate their demands with other actors.¶ The thesis argues that the NGOs are able to play an interventionist role when a number of key factors coexist. First, the NGOs are able to understand local situations, which contain asymmetric power relations between different actors, in relation to current changes in the wider context of the Thai political economy and seize the time to take action. Secondly, the NGOs are able to articulate a social meaning beyond the dominating rhetoric of the ‘state’ and the ‘capitalists’ which encourages the people’s participation in collective activities. Thirdly, while dealing with one problem in social relations and negotiation with local environment, the NGOs are able to recognise new problems as they arise and rapidly identify a new political space for the actors to renegotiate their conflicting interests and demands. Fourthly, the NGOs are able to recreate new meanings, new actors and reform their organisations and networks to deal with new situations. Finally, the NGOs are able to effectively use three pillars of their movement, namely individuals, organisations and networks to deal with everyday politics and collective protest.¶ The case studies in three villages in Northern Thailand reveal that the NGOs were able to play an interventionist role in specific situations through their alternative development strategies somewhat influenced by structural Marxism. The thesis recommends that the NGO interventionist role be continued so as to overcome tensions within the NGO community, for instance, between the NGOs working at the grass-roots level and the NGOs working at regional and national levels (including NGO funding agencies); local everyday conflicts; and the bipolar views of a society among the NGOs expressed in dichotomous thinking between ‘rural’ and ‘urban’, ‘community’ and ‘state’, conflict and order, actor and system.¶ The fragmentation of NGO social and environmental movements showed that there is no single formula or easy solution to the problems. If the NGOs want to continue their interventionist role to help empower ordinary people and help them gain access to productive resources, they must move beyond their bipolar views of a society to discover the middle ground to search for new meanings, new actors, new issues and to create again and again counter-hegemony movements. This could be done by having abstract development theories assessed and enriched by concrete development practices and vice versa. Both theorists and practitioners need to use their own imagination to invent and reinvent what and how best to continue.

The research has explored the reality of generational renewal in agriculture in order to understand the entry process, the agricultural practices of young people and their attitudes toward a new agrosocial paradigm. The methodology combined qualitative and quantitative techniques based on a comparative analysis between Southern Ontario (Canada) and Catalonia (Spain). The first result is that the pathway to become a farmer is a process consisting of different phases where each profile shows different needs and abilities. The second result verifies how the practices and attitudes of young people vary depending on the family origin. The thesis also analyzes the most relevant results in policy terms. Finally the research shows the reality of an emerging group of young farmers who put in practice a new agrosocial paradigm. This group is made up by continuers and newcomers and we have called them "New peasantry". / La tesi doctoral ha explorat la realitat del relleu generacional de l’activitat agrària per entendre el procés d’incorporació, les pràctiques agràries de les persones joves i les actituds vers un nou paradigma agrosocial. La metodologia combina tècniques qualitatives i quantitatives a partir d'una anàlisi comparatiu entre el sudoest d'Ontario (Canadà) i les comarques gironines (Catalunya). El primer resultat és que el camí d’incorporació és un procés format per diferents fases on cada perfil de jove mostra unes necessitats i unes aptituds diferents. El segon resultat verifica com les pràctiques i les actituds dels joves varien en funció de l’origen familiar. La tesi també analitza les implicacions en termes politics dels resultats més rellevants. Finalment es mostra la realitat d’un grup emergent de joves que s’incorporen a l’activitat agraria possant en pràctica un nou paradigma agrosocial. Aquest grup emergent està format per pagesia tradicional i nouvinguda i s’anomena “Nova pagesia”.

Access to markets is increasingly regarded in development circles as a critical factor in determining livelihood choices in peasant economies. In the northeastern Peruvian Amazon, a multitude of river transporters and market intermediaries based in the central city of Iquitos provide essential services and market opportunities for remote peasant producers across the region. Using a multi-scalar, multi-method approach involving extensive fieldwork in the Peruvian Amazon, this research (re)assesses the meanings and implications of "remoteness" and "connectedness" for rural peasants. At the regional scale, I examine the functional heterogeneity of river trading networks and marketing agents. Given the high-risk/high-transaction-cost environment, river trading is found to be expensive for producers and traders alike. High costs are exacerbated by the low gross returns of rural production (mainly food and natural building materials). Thin or missing markets for credit, labour, land and insurance increase the hardships associated with limited access to product markets. Regional findings are complemented with a comparative livelihoods analysis in two remote communities of the Alto Tigre River that benefit from differential access to oil-labour. My study reveals that differential access to labour has significant impacts on the livelihood strategies of working households. However, given limited access to external markets, cash-income from oil-labour is found to offer limited opportunities for growth. In sum, the research proposes insights for advancing the debate on livelihoods and poverty in the Peruvian Amazon.

Poor people in rural areas of developing countries are considered to be particularly vulnerable. Research shows that the rural poor tend to live in risky environments and face greater difficulties coping because they are excluded from formal safety nets and have few assets. Today, there is much concern that risk, especially environmental risk, contributes to perpetuate poverty and threatens livelihood security, yet our understanding of the implications of environmental risk for rural livelihood remains incipient. This dissertation explores peasant livelihood within the context of environmental change through a study of peasant responses to rapid river changes along the Central Ucayali River, a highly active meandering river and a major Amazon tributary in Peru. / Livelihood responses to floodplain dynamics were examined using the case of a recent meander cut-off near the city of Pucallpa as a "natural experiment." Participant observation and a household survey with 68 ribereno households, in three different villages upstream and downstream from the cut-off, served to investigate: (1) livelihood before and after the cut-off; (2) the role of humans in facilitating the cut-off, (3) land tenure; and (4) the links between shocks and asset evolution. / Descriptive analysis indicates that riberenos modified their livelihoods in response to the biophysical changes attributed to the cut-off and derived important economic opportunities. Results suggest that riberenos actually intervened to facilitate the cut-off to reduce travel time and make boat travel safer. Despite the potential for unclear rights and overlapping claims, due to land instability and the coexistence of formal and customary tenure rules, land disputes did not result in physical violence. Examples from two villages were used to illustrate how tenure rules are renegotiated as the resource base expands or contracts. Descriptive and statistical analyses show that riverbank slumps were the main form of risk along the Ucayali and, despite their direct effect on land holdings, environmental shocks did not necessarily constrain land accumulation or increase inequality. This study argues that environmental risk can increase vulnerability and reduce welfare but, under certain circumstances it creates new opportunities for rural people in developing countries. The implications of these findings for vulnerability reduction, human adaptation to environmental change, and Amazonian cultural ecology are discussed. / Les populations pauvres des regions rurales des pays en développement sontconsidérées comme étant particulièrement vulnérables. Les recherches passées ontdémontré que les membres de ces populations tendent à vivre dans des environnements àrisques et font face à de plus grands défis parce qu'exclus du filet de sécurité socialeformel et parce que possédant comparativement moins de biens mobiliers et immobiliers.Aujourd'hui, de beaucoup s'inquiètent de la contribution de ces risques, en particulier desriques environnementaux, à perpétuer la pauvreté et du danger qu'ils posent pour lemaintient des modes de vie. Malgré ces inquiétudes, notre compéhension desimplications des risques environnementaux pour les modes de vie ruraux demeure faible.Cette dissertation explore le mode de vie paysan en période de changementsenvironnementaux. Il s'agit d'une étude de la réponse des paysans du moyen Ucayali auxrapides changements dans la dynamique du fleuve. L'Ucayali est un affluent majeur dufleuve Amazone, au Pérou.

Rozprawa (o nadaniu tytulu docenta)--Warsaw, 1961. / With a summary in English. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record.

Thesis (doctorat)--Institut national agronomique Paris-Grignon, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 390-411).

Comment est-il possible que les «paysans» surgis grâce à l’élan agraire caractéristique de l'appareil d’Etat mexicaine, au cours des quatre dernières décennies, se soient intéressés à la conservation des écosystèmes forestiers présents dans des localités formées tout au long d’un processus de colonisation et d'appropriation intensive des environnements de forêt intertropicale? Telle est la question centrale qui guide ma recherche doctorale, construite à partir d’une ethnographie et d’une analyse anthropologique menées dans l'une des régions qui composent la Selva Lacandone. Il s'agit de Marqués de Comillas, région colonisée entre 1970 et 1986 et située près de la réserve de biosphère Montes Azules et de la frontière avec le pays frontalier du Guatemala. Intéressé par les trajectoires et les expériences des hommes et des femmes qui ont vécu intensément les défis que la colonisation a représentés, ainsi que la conservation écologique de la forêt, j’essaie de comprendre les changements environnementaux et les changements socio-culturels qui s’y sont produits. En outre, cette recherche représente un effort pour comprendre et mettre en évidence les relations contradictoires à partir desquelles les populations locales et le gouvernement mexicain se sont reconfigurés simultanément. En ce sens, la réponse à la question initiale correspond à une tentative d’envisager de façon interconnectée, les processus d'interaction entre les groupes humains et des environnements dites «naturels», ainsi que ceux qui existent entre ces groupes et les institutions ou les dynamiques gouvernementales et bureaucratiques qui imprègnent symboliquement et matériellement leur vie quotidienne. / How is it possible that "peasants", supported by the agrarian impulses characterized by the Mexican state over the last 4 decades, have been interested in the conservation of forest ecosystems present in localities formed through a process of intensive colonization and appropriation of jungle environments? This is the central question that guides my doctoral research, constructed from ethnographic and anthropological work conducted in a region of the area known as the Lacandon Jungle. It is particularly focused on Marqués de Comillas, a colonized region between 1970 and 1986. It is located near the Biosphere Reserve, Montes Azules, and borders the neighboring country of Guatemala. The research focuses upon the development and experiences of men and women who have lived through the intense challenges represented by both colonization and ecological conservation of the forest. At the same time, my work tries to comprehend environmental changes and cultural changes produced there. In addition, the research represents an effort to demonstrate and understand the contradictory relationships in which local people and the Mexican state reposition themselves. In this sense, the answer to the question corresponds with an attempt to unearth the interaction between human groups and "natural" environments, but also processes in which these groups and governments interact. Specifically, I'm interested in the symbolic and material impact that the dynamics of government daily life have on the local people. / ¿Cómo es posible que “campesinos” surgidos por el impulso agrario característico del aparato de Estado mexicano, a lo largo de las 4 últimas décadas, hayan pasado a interesarse en la conservación de los ecosistemas forestales, presentes en localidades formadas tras un proceso de colonización y apropiación intensiva de los entornos de selva? Esta es la pregunta central que guía mi investigación doctoral, construida a partir de un trabajo etnográfico y antropológico, realizado en una de las regiones que integran la llamada Selva Lacandona. Se trata concretamente de Marqués de Comillas, región colonizada entre 1970 y 1986 y ubicada a inmediaciones de la Reserva de la Biosfera Montes Azules, así como de la frontera con el vecino país de Guatemala. Interesada en las trayectorias y experiencias de hombres y mujeres que han vivido con intensidad los desafíos que han representado tanto la colonización, como la conservación ecológica de la selva, trato de entender las transformaciones ambientales y los cambios socioculturales allí producidos. Asimismo, la investigación representa un esfuerzo por evidenciar y comprender las contradictorias relaciones a partir de las cuales las poblaciones locales y el Estado mexicano se reconfiguran mutuamente. En este sentido, la respuesta a la pregunta formulada corresponde a un intento por abordar de manera interrelacionada, tanto los procesos de interacción entre grupos humanos y entornos dichos “naturales”, como aquellos que se dan entre tales grupos y las instancias o dinámicas gubernamentales y burocráticas que permean simbólica y materialmente sus cotidianeidades.