The Higgs mechanism is the last piece of the SM to be discovered which is responsible for giving mass to the electroweak W± and Z bosons. Experimental evidence for the Higgs boson is therefore important and is currently explored at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The ATLAS experiment (A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS) is analysing a wide range of physics processes from collisions produced by the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 7-8TeV and a peak luminosity of 7.73×10³³ cm−2s−1. This thesis concentrates on the discovery and mass measurement of the Higgs boson. The analysis using the H → ZZ(∗) → 4ℓ channel is presented, where ℓ denotes electrons or muons. Statistical methods with non-parametric models are successfully cross-checked with parametric models. The per-event errors studied to improve the mass determination decreases the total mass uncertainty by 9%. The other main focus is the performance of the initial, and possible upgraded, layouts of the ATLAS inner detector. The silicon cluster size, channel occupancy and track separation in jets are analysed for a detailed understanding of the inner detector. The inner detector is exposed to high particle fluxes and is crucial for tracking and vertexing. The simulation of the detector performance is improved by adjusting the cross talk of adjacent hit pixels and the Lorentz Angle in the digitisation. To improve the ATLAS detector for upgrade conditions, the performance is studied with pile-up of up to 200. Several possible layout configurations were considered before converging on the baseline one used for the Letter of Intent. This includes increased granularity in the Pixel and SCT and additional silicon detector layers. This layout was validated to accomplish the design target of an occupancy < 1% throughout the whole inner detector. The H → ZZ(∗) → 4ℓ analysis benefits from the excellent momentum resolution, particularly for leptons down to pT = 6GeV. The current inner detector is designed to provide momentum measurements of low pT charged tracks with resolution of σpT /pT = 0.05% pT ⊕ 1% over a range of |η| < 2.5. The discovery of a new particle in July 2012 which is compatible with the Standard model Higgs boson included the 3.6σ excess of events observed in the H → ZZ(∗) → 4ℓ channel at 125GeV. The per-event error was studied using a narrow mass range, concentrated around the signal peak (110GeV< mH < 150GeV). The error on the four-lepton invariant mass is derived and its probability density function (pdf) is multiplied by the conditional pdf of the four-lepton invariant mass given the error. Applying a systematics model dependent on the true mass of the discovered particle, the new fitting machinery was developed to exploit additional statistical methods for the mass measurement resulting in a discovery with 6.6σ at mH = 124.3+0.6−0.5(stat)+0.5−0.3(syst)GeV and μ = 1.7±0.5 using the full 2011 and 2012 datasets.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskeie navorsingsprojekte is oor die jare gedoen ten opsigte van die voorspellingsmoontlikhede van kontantvloei en winste, met teenstrydige resultate. Daar is egter weinig navorsing gedoen oor die verhouding wat tussen winste en kontantvloei bestaan. Hierdie navorsingsverslag beoog om ondersoek in te stel na die verhouding tussen kontantvloei en winste, dus om te poog om te bepaal watter een die drywer is, maar ook om te bepaal of die een veranderlike ingespan kan word om vooruitskattings ten opsigte van die ander te kan doen. Aangesien finansiële tydreekse die meeste van die tyd nie-stasionêr is, moet dit in ag geneem word wanneer die kousale verwantskap tussen die twee veranderlikes bepaal word, asook wanneer regressie-analise met die oog op vooruitskatting gedoen word. Daar word egter vermoed dat die aspek van stasionariteit weinig aandag geniet in menige navorsing wat ten opsigte van finansiële tydreekse gedoen word. Die feit dat weinig tydreekse stasionêr is, is bevestig deur te toets vir die bestaan van eenheidswortels in die veranderlikes. Die beste resultate vir stasionariteit is verkry deur die tweede verskille van die veranderlikes te bereken. Daar kon egter nie met sekerheid vasgestel word of winste kontantvloei dryf of andersom nie. Die gevaar van skyn-korrelasie is ook bewys, aangesien 'n groot aantal pare veranderlikes beduidende korrelasies tussen mekaar aandui, maar wanneer hulle stasionariteit en kousaliteit in ag geneem word, is weinig van die pare veranderlikes kousaal verwant aan mekaar. Die toets vir ko-integrasie is ingespan om steun te verleen by die regressie-analise en vooruitskatting van die tydreekse. Die regressie analise van die geko-integreerde tydreekse het in die meeste gevalle 'n hoë R2 en aangepaste R2 gelewer. Die vooruitskattings was egter teleurstellend onakkuraat. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Throughout the years a variety of research projects have been done about the predictive ability of cash flow and earnings, with contradictory results. However, limited research has been done about the relationship between cash flow and earnings. The aim of this research report is to investigate the relationship between cash flow and earnings, thus attempting to determine which one is the driver, but also to investigate the ability of one variable to predict the other. Because financial time series are non-stationary most of the time, this fact has to be taken into account when the causal relationship between the two variables is determined, as well as when regression analysis is done with forecasting in view. It is, however, suspected that the fact of stationarity has been neglected in much of the research that has been done on financial time series. The fact that very few time series are stationary has been established by testing for the existence of unit roots in the variables. The best results for stationarity were obtained by calculating the second differences of the variables. It could not be established beyond doubt whether earnings cause cash flows or vice versa. The danger of spurious correlation has been proved, because a vast number of pairs of variables indicates a significant correlation with one another, but when stationarity and causality are taken into account, only a few pairs of variables are truly significantly correlated to one another. The test for co-integration was used to assist in the regression analysis and forecasting of non-stationary time series. The regression analysis of most of the co-integrated variables resulted in a high R2 and adjusted R2. The forecasted values, however, were disappointingly inaccurate. / cmc2010

Turkey and Spain experienced drastic changes after Second World War. Turkey started the occidentalization process, with the reforms made by Atatürk but today the country still has continued struggle somewhere between full democracy and authoritarianism. On the other hand Spain stands as a solid example of democratic consolidation. The focus of the thesis is to analyze the effects of democratic transition and consolidation to foreign policy decision making process. The idea is to properly examine similar and different cases in both states and see the results in decision making. In particular, the main focus is Middle East policy of Turkish Republic between 2002 and 2013. The perspective of research is mainly based on the relations of Turkey with Middle East countries, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Israel and also Cyprus. Alternately, purpose of the dissertation is to comprehend the fundamental characteristic of Turkey‘s foreign policy under AKP rule and in what way and wherefore Turkish foreign policy changed. Additionally, the importance of Alliance of Civilizations and Barcelona Process clarified in the framework of democracy and peace promoters in Middle East region. Key worlds: Turkey, Spain, foreign policy, Middle East, democracy, revolutions, Islamism, Alliance of Civilizations and Barcelona Process / İspanya’nın ve Türkiye’ninyakınsiyasi tarihini tahlil edildiğinde, iki ülke arasında benzeşen yanlar bulduğu gibi farklı noktalarda rastlayabiliriz. BilindiğiüzereTürkiye’ninbatılılaşmasüreci Atatürk’ünönderliğinde gerçekleşen reformlarla başlamıştır, buna rağmengünümüzTürkiye’si tam demokrasi ve otoriter rejimin arasındakalmıştır. Diğertaraftanİspanya tam demokrasiyleyönetilmektedir. Bu tezin amacı, demokrasiyegeçiş sürecinde İspanya ve Türkiyeörneklerini inceleyerek iki ülkearasındaki benzer ve farklıyönleri bulmak ve demokrasiye geçiş ve konsolidasyon sürecinin diş politika karar verme sürecindeki etkilerini incelemektir.Daha spesifik olarak, bu araştırma Türkiye’nin 2002 ve 2013 yılları arasında kiOrtadoğu dış politikasını mercek altına yatırmaktadır. Bu hedef doğrultusundaTürkiye’nin Irak, Iran, Suriye, Israil ve Kıbrıs’la olan ilişkileri incelenmiştir. Ayni zamanda Milletler İttifakı ve Barselona Süreci, Ortadoğu bölgesi barışdestekleyicileri olarak ele alınmaktadır. / La historia de la república, la transición a la democracia en el caso de Turquía y España ha tenido algunas similitudes y diferencias. Turquía inició el proceso de occidantalisation por las reformas hechas por Atatürk. Hoy en día, el país aun continua su lucha entre la plena democracia y el autoritarismo. Por otro lado, España se erige como un sólido ejemplo de la consolidación democrática. Esta tesis se enfoca en analizar los efectos de la transición y la consolidación de la democracia en la toma de decisiones en la política exterior. Se pretende investigar casos similares de ambos estados y ver los resultados en la toma de decisiones. En particular, el objetivo principal es estudiar en profundidad la política exterior de Turquía hacía el Medio Oriente después de 2002. Principalmente, la perspectiva de la investigación se basa en las relaciones de Turquía con los países del Medio Oriente tales como Irán, Irak, Siria, Israel así como Chipre. Además, la Alianza de Civilizaciones y el Proceso de Barcelona se analizan como promotores de la paz en el Medio Oriente. / En ce qui concerne l’histoire politique interne de la Turquie et de l'Espagne, il est possible d'observer des similitudes et des différences. La Turquie a initié son processus d’occidentalisation grâce aux réformes menées par Atatürk, de nos jours, le pays se partage toujours entre autoritarisme et démocratie. L'Espagne s'érige au contraire comme un exemple de la consolidation démocratique.Cette thèse se propose d'analyser les effets de la transition et de la consolidation de la démocratie sur les prises de décisions au sein de la politique extérieure, et ce, en travaillant sur des cas similaires au sein des deux pays, la Turquie et l'Espagne. Plus particulièrement, l'objectif principal de cette recherche est d'étudier en profondeur la politique extérieure de la Turquie au Moyen-Orient à partir de l'année 2002. Aussi, la perspective développée porte-t-elle principalement sur les relations de la Turquie avec les pays du Moyen-Orient que sont l'Iran, l'Irak, la Syrie, Israël, ainsi qu'avec Chypre. De plus, l'Alliance de Civilisations et le Processus de Barcelone analyse en tant que promoteurs de la paix au Moyen-Orient

El Sindicat d'Iniciativa i Turisme de Tarragona és una associació que es va crear el 1910 amb l'objectiu de promoure el turisme a Tarragona. Des dels seus orígens i fins a l'actualitat ha passat per diferents etapes històriques però sempre ha tengut cura d'organitzar tot un conjunt d'iniciatives destinades a fomentar la indústria turística. Per això ha editat un gran nombre de fulletons, cartells, guies o àlbums fotogràgics, materials tots ells que ha difós el nom i la imatge de Tarragona. La preocupació per unes infraestructures i uns transports que facilitassin els desplaçaments dels visitants també ha estat una línia de prioritat per al SIT. També ha organitzat un gran nombre de fires, exposicions i congressos encaminats a difondre el tema turístic. El patrimoni arqueològic, historicoartístic i natural han estats utilitzats per desenvolupar un turisme cultural. El foment de l'excursionisme, les festes i tradicionals locals ha estat una altre via de treball del SIT per aconseguir els seus objectius. / The Sindicat d'Iniciativa i Turisme de Tarragona is an association that was created in 1910 with the goal to promote the tourism in Tarragona. From its origins and until the present it has passed appened for different historical stages but always has cure of organizing a real set of initiatives destined to fostering the touristic industry. Because of that a great number of serials, posters, guides or fotografics albums, has edited materials all them that it has spread the name and the image of Tarragona. The worry from some infrastructures and some transports that facilitated the displacements of the visitors also has been a line of priority for the SIT. Also it has organized a great number of fairs, exhibitions, exposures and congresses directed to spread the touristic subject. The archeologic, historicartistic and natural patrimony they have been used to develop a cultural tourism. The promotion of the hiking, the parties and traditional premises has been one another way of work of the SIT to achieve its goals.

La tesi doctoral tracta sobre la producció cinematogràfica realitzada pel moviment anarcosindicalista a Barcelona durant la Guerra Civil espanyola (1936-1939). Un corpus total de vuitanta tres títols, malgrat a l'actualitat només es conserven quaranta i quatre cintes i no totes complertes.La investigació està centrada en la recopilació i catalogació exhaustiva de tota la filmografia existent: reportatges de guerra, documentals de propaganda i pel·lícules de ficció. Se ha realitzat l'anàlisi de tots els films i s'ha elaborat una classificació cronològica i temàtica per establir una caracterització de la filmografia anarquista en els seus aspectes temàtics i estilístics. Finalment, s'ha fet una valoració del interès i la seva singularitat de en relació amb la cinematografia de la Guerra Civil. / La tesis doctoral trata sobre la producción cinematográfica realizada por el movimiento anarcosindicalista en Barcelona durante la Guerra Civil española (1936-1939). Un corpus total de ochenta y tres títulos, aunque en la actualidad sólo se conservan cuarenta y cuatro cintas, no todas ellas completas.La investigación se centra en la recopilación y catalogación exhaustiva de toda la filmografía existente: reportajes de guerra, documentales de propaganda y películas de ficcción. Se ha realizado el análisis de todas las películas y se ha elaborado una clasificación cronológica y temática para poder establecer una caracterización de la filmografía anarquista en sus aspectos temáticos y estilísticos. Finalmente, se ha hecho una valoración sobre el interés y la singularidad de los filmes en relación con la cinematografía completa de la Guerra Civil. / The subject of this dissertation is the film production carried on by Anarcosindicalist movement in Barcelona during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). It represents a total of eighty three titles, but only forty are found today, and not all of them completed.The investigation is centered in the recollection and exhaustive catalogation of the total existed filmography: war reports, propaganda documentaries and fiction films. The study includes an analysis of all the films and a chronological and thematic classification of the anarquiste filmography, in order to be able to establish its thematic and stylistic aspects. Finally, the dissertation also includes an evaluation of the interest and uniqueness of the films in relation to the total filmography produced during the Civil War.

This study aims to investigate the relation between foreign direct investment (FDI) and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in Pakistan. The study is based on a basic Cobb-Douglas production function. Population over age 15 to 64 is used as a proxy for labor in the investigation. The other variables used are gross capital formation, technological gap and a dummy variable measuring among other things political stability. We find positive correlation between GDP per capita in Pakistan and two variables, FDI and population over age 15 to 64. The GDP gap (gap between GDP of USA and GDP of Pakistan) is negatively correlated with GDP per capita as expected. Political instability, economic crisis, wars and polarization in the society have no significant impact on GDP per capita in the long run.

This study developed a new typology to better understand patterns of change in rural counties. A cluster analysis was performed to group rural Texas counties by the population percent change and per capita personal income percent change that occurred between the years 2000 and 2007. A stable five-cluster solution was selected as the most appropriate. The clusters were described as Declining Population/Stable Economy, Growing Population/Growing Economy, Declining Population/Growing Economy, Growing Population/Stable Economy, and Declining Population/Declining Economy based on the means of the cluster variates. The clusters were then profiled to determine how they differed on a series of identified factors that have been found in the literature to affect population and economic growth in rural areas. Clusters were found to differ on net migration, foreign born migration, race/ethnicity of residents, percentage of commuters, economic dependence status, and number of two and four-year education institutions. Generated maps of the clusters revealed that bordering a neighboring state or country may play a role in a county’s population and economic growth; thus, it is recommended that additional attention needs to be given to understanding and facilitating cross border collaborations. Recommendations were also made for community development efforts to focus on improving educational access in rural counties and developing services to draw in foreign born immigrants. / text

This study investigated the delivery of electron arc treatment with a trapezoidal aperture. The aim of the investigation is to reduce the nonuniformity of the dose distribution, which is caused by the variation of the patient contour from superior to inferior. The characteristics of static electron beam were first investigated. Then a measurement-based algorithm was developed and implemented as a computer program called EarcMU to calculate the monitor units required for delivering the prescribed dose with a trapezoidal aperture. The central axis percentage depth dose was found to be independent of source-to-surface distance (SSD) and the width of the aperture. The inplane profiles of a trapezoidal aperture show that the dose decreases longitudinally from the wide to the narrow end of the trapezoidal aperture. The EarcMU program was verified using two cylindrical water phantoms. The measured dose and the dose calculated by the program agreed within 2.1% in the typical clinical conditions. A simple method was also proposed for determining the trapezoidal aperture for an individual patient. Under the same conditions, the trapezoidal apertures calculated by this method along with the open aperture were used to deliver treatments to several conical phantoms. Significant improvement in the uniformity of dose distribution was observed. On average, the flatness index of the longitudinal dose distribution from superior to inferior decreases dramatically from 8% for open aperture down to 0.58% for trapezoidal aperture. The results are clinically significant, indicating that delivering the electron arc treatment using a trapezoidal aperture can bring more uniform dose to the patient regardless of the change of patient contour from superior to inferior.

La tesi analitza la trajectòria artística i institucional de l'Orfeó Català vinculada al moviment catalanista, des de la seva creació fins a la reapertura de l'entitat després de la Guerra Civil. L'Orfeó Català va ser creat a 1891 per Lluís Millet i Pagès i Amadeu Vives. En pocs anys va esdevenir model i estendard del renaixement musical català, gràcies al treball dels músics que col.laboraren amb Lluís Millet per fomentar la música catalana, així com per fer conèixer les grans obres del repertori coral universal. Com a entitat l'Orfeó Català posà les bases per instaurar un moviment musical català a través de la creació de la Revista Musical Catalana (1904-1936), la Festa de la Música Catalana (1904) i la construcció d'un auditori propi: El Palau de la Música Catalana (1908), instruments necessaris, entre altres, per a la normalització de la vida musical, i que li van permetre liderar durant molts anys el món musical català.Tanmateix, en els primers anys de existència, l'Orfeó Català, va esdevenir símbol del Catalanisme Unitàri, en aconseguir, per mitjà de la cançó popular, fer arribar al poble el sentiment de comunitat nacional. Les visites periòdiques a les poblacions catalanes, hi van contribuir a la creació d'orfeons i cors locals, que seguiren la seva empremta musical i catalanista. A partir de 1901, l'Orfeó Català segueix el programa de la Lliga Regionalista i la seva estrategia moderada i possibilista respecte al fet nacional català. La nostra recerca evidencia ben clarament la vinculació de l'Orfeó Català a l'evolució social del catalanisme polític, i també el posicionament ideològic, conservador i religiós, pel que pren partit en totes i cadascuna de les conjuntures analitzades. La vinculació cultural i artística de l'Orfeó Català a la història del nostre país i també a l'ambit europeu, és un altre dels elements que hem analitzat en la nostra recerca. Tot i les possibles mancances, el nucli artístic que consolidà l'Orfeó Català, va instaurar un moviment musical català, en gairebé tots els gèneres (si exceptuem el teatre líric), i estaments necessaris per a possibilitar les bases d'una veritable escola nacional.Aconseguí tanmateix, crear un nou model associatiu popular: els orfeons, model divers a les societats corals claverianes i als orfeons populars que, en paral.lel, es constituïen a Europa. El model orfeònic instaurat per Lluís Millet, acomplia al mateix temps la funció educadora a través de la música, i el perfeccionament artístic dels seus cantaires; fet que propicià el desenvolupament d'un repertori ampli i divers que incloïa desde la senzilla cançó tradicional, a les grans composicions polifòniques i simfòniques de la música universal. Aquest moviment que creix progressivament entre 1900 i 1917, contribuirà poderosament a propagar arreu de Catalunya els ideals cívics, ètics i estètics, defensats per l'Orfeó Català desde els seus orígens. Els cors aproparan aquesta visió identitària a la societat catalana, i de retruc facilitaran la conversió del catalanisme en un moviment nacional, que segueix l'ideari de la Lliga Regionalista.La darrera etapa analitzada, descobreix les dificultats d'adaptació i supervivència de l'entitat a partir de la Dictadura de Primo de Rivera. Una etapa que continua amb la II República, la Guerra Civil i la Postguerra, en circumstàncies molt diverses, però que tenen en comú la desaparició, en l'espai polític, d'aquell esperit nacionalista, conservador i religiós que havia donat origen i creixença a l'entitat. / "THE ORFEÓ CATALÀ: CHORAL SONG AND CATALANISM (1891-1951)".The "Orfeó Català" is the most important choir association in Catalonia. Given the musical, cultural, and even political importance of the choral music movement in Catalonia. This choral society was founded in 1891 by Lluís Millet and Amadeu Vives.At first, the "Orfeó Català" establishes the basis to restore a musical catalan movement with the "Revista Musical Catalana" edition (1904-1936), the "Palau de la Música Catalana" edification (1904-1908), and the "Festa de la Música Catalana" (1904-1921), celebration. These are some instruments that the musical world needed to normalize the musical life in Barcelona and Catalonia.The "Orfeó Català" visited Catalan' towns and villages, and became a symbol of catalanism. They are collaborating in the foundation of another choral societies in Catalonia and they are guiding this movement. They get to transfer a common nationalism with the popular song. In this way, the "Orfeó Català" also gets to consolidate national and international prestige; but also there are some difficulties with the Spanish administration, especially in the Primo de Rivera's dictatorship, the Civil War, and the Franco's dictatorship.This thesis provides an overview of the history of the "Orfeó Català", to link with Catalonia's cultural history, and explains that the role of the Orfeó Català has been paramount for the national music and for the catalan national spirit in the twentieth century.Manuela Narváez Ferri, July 2005.

El Paleolítico medio abarca unos 300.000 años (MIS 10 a MIS 3). Durante este tiempo los comportamientos humanos se han visto afectados por diferentes factores que han producido un mosaico de respuestas que han marcado la diversidad cultural de las poblaciones Neandertales. La variabilidad de los comportamientos técnicos líticos durante este periodo es una de las temáticas que ha creado más debate científico en la Arqueología prehistórica. A través del estudio de los comportamientos técnicos líticos y en extensión de la puesta en común de sus resultados con los obtenidos de las disciplinas que estudian el resto de las evidencias arqueológicas, se pretende aportar datos sobre la variabilidad de los conjuntos líticos. Para ello se han elegido los conjuntos líticos de los yacimientos de Payre (MIS 5e), el Abric Romaní (MIS 3) y de la Grotte Tournal (final MIS 3). El estudio de de la tecnología lítica utilizada en cada uno de ellos, el análisis comparativo de los resultados obtenidos y su contextualización en el panorama del Paleolítico medio del suroeste de Europa permitirá aportar datos sobre la variabilidad de los conjuntos líticos y las posibles causas que los han producido, intentando ver que relación existe entre la composición del registro lítico, los actividades de subsistencia llevadas a cabo y el tipo de ocupaciones. Palabras clave: tecnología lítica, Paleolítico medio, variabilidad, comportamientos humanos, Payre, Abric Romaní, Tournal, suroeste de Europa, Neandertales / The Middle Palaeolithic covers around 300,000 years (MIS 10 to MIS 3). During this time, human behavior has been affected by various factors leading to a mosaic of responses which characterize the cultural diversity of Neanderthal populations. Through the study of lithic technical behavior and the comparison of these results with those obtained from other disciplines that study archaeological evidence, the intention here is to provide data on the variability of lithic assemblages. For that purpose, the lithic assemblages from Payre, Abric Romaní and Grotte Tournal were selected. The study of lithic technology at each site as well as a comparative analysis of the results and their contextualization in the Middle Palaeolithic panorama of south-western Europe, will provide data on the variability of lithic assemblages and the possible and will add to the understanding of the relationship between the composition of the lithic record, subsistence activities, and the type of occupations.Keywords: lithic technology, Middle Palaeolithic, variability, human behaviours, South-western Europe / Le Paléolithique Moyen à une durée d'environ 300.000 ans (MIS 10 à MIS 3). Pendant cette période, les comportements humains ont été affectés par divers facteurs qui ont produit une mosaïque de réponses et généré la diversité culturelle des populations néandertaliennes. A travers l'étude des comportements techniques lithiques, et la comparaison des résultats avec ceux obtenus par les disciplines qui étudient les autres évidences archéologiques, l'objectif est d'apporter de nouvelles données sur la variabilité des assemblages lithiques. Pour cela, les assemblages lithiques des gisements suivants ont été sélectionnés: Payre, l'Abric Romani et la Grotte Tournal. L'étude de la technologie lithique, l'analyse comparative des résultats et leur place dans le panorama du Paléolithique Moyen du sud-ouest de l'Europe fournira des données sur la variabilité des assemblages lithiques et ses causes.Mots-clés: technologie lithique, Paléolithique moyen, variabilité, comportements humains, sud-ouest de l'Europe