The aim of this project is two-fold: 1) to investigate developmental differences in intelligibility gains from visual cues in speech perception-in-noise, and 2) to examine how different types of maskers modulate visual enhancement across age groups. A secondary aim of this project is to investigate whether or not bilingualism differentially modulates audiovisual integration during speech in noise tasks. To that end, both child and adult, monolingual and bilingual participants completed speech perception in noise tasks through three within-subject variables: (1) masker type: pink noise or two-talker babble, (2) modality: audio-only (AO) and audiovisual (AV), and (3) Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR): 0 dB, -4 dB, -8 dB, -12 dB, and -16 dB. The findings revealed that, although both children and adults benefited from visual cues in speech-in-noise tasks, adults showed greater benefit at lower SNRs. Moreover, although child monolingual and bilingual participants performed comparably across all conditions, monolingual adults outperformed simultaneous bilingual adult participants. These results may indicate that the divergent use of visual cues in speech perception between bilingual and monolingual speakers occurs later in development. / text

Objective Deterioration of cutaneous perception may be one reason for the increased rate of falling in the elderly. The stochastic resonance phenomenon may compensate this loss of information by improving the capability to detect and transfer weak signals. In the present study, we hypothesize that subliminal electrical and mechanical noise applied to the sole of the foot of healthy elderly subjects improves vibration perception thresholds (VPT). Methods VPTs of 99 healthy elderly subjects were measured at 30 Hz at the heel and first metatarsal head (MET I). Participants were randomly assigned to one of five groups: vibration (Vi-G), current (Cu-G), control (Co-G), placebo-vibration (Pl-Vi), and placebo-current (Pl-Cu). Vi-G and Cu-G were stimulated using 90% (subliminal) of their individual perception thresholds for five minutes in a standing position. Co-G received no stimulation. The placebo groups were treated with mock stimulation. VPTs were measured twice before the intervention (baseline (BASE) and pre-measurement (PRE)), and once after the intervention (post-measurement (POST)). Results Significant differences were found between measurement conditions comparing BASE and POST, and PRE and POST. VPTs between groups within each measurement condition showed no significant differences. Vi-G was the only group that showed significantly higher VPTs in POST compared to BASE and PRE, which contradicts previous studies. Conclusion We analyzed increased VPTs after subliminal mechanical stimulation. The pressure load of standing for five minutes combined with subliminal stimulation may have shifted the initial level of mechanoreceptor sensitivity, which may lead to a deterioration of the VPT. The subliminal electrical stimulation had no effect on VPT. Significance Based on our results, we cannot confirm positive effects of subliminal electrical or mechanical stimulation on the sole of the foot.

Research on clear speech has shown that the type of clear speech produced can vary depending on the speaker, the listener and the medium. Although prior research has suggested that clear speech is more intelligible than conversational speech for normal-hearing listeners in noisy environments, it is not known which acoustic features of clear speech are the most responsible for enhanced intelligibility and comprehension. This thesis focused on investigating the acoustic characteristics that are produced in clear speech to foreigners and infants. Its aim was to assess the utility of these features in enhancing speech intelligibility and comprehension. The results of Experiment 1 showed that native speakers produced exaggerated vowel space in natural interactions with foreign-accented listeners compared to native-accented listeners. Results of Experiment 2 indicated that native speakers exaggerated vowel space and pitch to infants compared to clear read speech. Experiments 3 and 4 focused on speech perception and used transcription and clarity rating tasks. Experiment 3 contained speech directed at foreigners and showed that speech to foreign-accented speakers was rated clearer than speech to native-accented speakers. Experiment 4 contained speech directed at infants and showed that native speakers rated infant-directed speech as clearer than clear read speech. In the fifth and final experiment, naturally elicited clear speech towards foreign-accented interlocutors was used in speech comprehension tasks for native and non-native listeners with varying proficiency of English. It was revealed that speech with expanded vowel space improved listeners’ comprehension of speech in quiet and noise conditions. Results are discussed in terms of the Lindblom’s (1990) theory of Hyper and Hypoarticulation, an influential framework of speech production and perception.

Speech often occurs in challenging listening environments, such as masking noise. Visual cues have been found to enhance speech intelligibility in noise. Although the facilitatory role of audiovisual integration for perception of speech has been established in native speech, it is relatively unclear whether it also holds true for speech produced by nonnative speakers. Native listeners were presented with English sentences produced by native English and native Korean speakers. The sentences were in either audio-only or audiovisual conditions. Korean speakers were rated as more accented in audiovisual than in the audio-only condition. Visual cues enhanced speech intelligibility in noise for native English speech but less so for nonnative speech. Reduced intelligibility of audiovisual nonnative speech was associated with implicit Asian-Foreign association, suggesting that listener-related factors partially influence the efficiency of audiovisual integration for perception of speech produced by nonnative speakers. / text

The hospital sound environment is complex. Emergency Departments (EDs), in particular, have proven to be hectic work environments populated with diverse sound sources. Medical equipment, alarms, and communication events generate noise that can interfere with staff concentration and communication. In this study, sound measurements and analyses were conducted in six hospitals total: three civilian hospitals in Atlanta, Georgia and Dublin, Ohio, as well as three Washington, DC-area hospitals in the Military Health System (MHS). The equivalent, minimum, and maximum sound pressure levels were recorded over twenty-four hours in several locations in each ED, with shorter 15-30 minute measurements performed in other areas. Acoustic descriptors, such as spectral content, level distributions, and speech intelligibility were examined. The perception of these acoustic qualities by hospital staff was also evaluated through subjective surveys. It was found that noise levels in both work areas and patient rooms were excessive. Additionally, speech intelligibility measurements and survey results show that background noise presents a significant obstacle in effective communication between staff members and patients. Compared to previous studies, this study looks at a wider range of acoustic metrics and the corresponding perceptions of staff in order to form a more precise and accurate depiction of the ED sound environment.

The aim of this study is to investigate whether blind individuals display cognitive advantages over sighted individuals with regard to second language acquisition. Previous studies from neuropsychology have indicated that this is the case. It has been found that blind L1 speakers can compensate for loss of vision by developing better perceptual and cognitive skills compared to sighted individuals, skills that are highly relevant to language acquisition. These studies do not, however, investigate blind L2 speakers, for whom it is not clear whether these advantages are also found.  In all, 80 adults participated in the study: 40 L2 speakers of Swedish (11 early blind, 9 late blind, 20 sighted, AO<18) and a matching group and subgroups of L1 speakers. These speakers underwent tests on speech perception in noise, accentedness in an L2 and memory functions. The results revealed that L2 speakers are at a great disadvantage perceiving speech in noise compared to L1 speakers, and that there was no advantage associated with blindness. In the L1 speakers group, however, the results revealed that the early blind had advantages compared to the late blind and sighted in white noise, but that both blind groups were more negatively affected by babble noise than the sighted. The results in relation to accentedness in an L2 revealed that there were no advantages associated with blindness. The results further revealed there were no advantages associated with blindness on the episodic memory test. The results did, however, reveal that the early blind performed significantly better than the late blind and sighted on all phonological short-term memory tests and that both the early and late blind were significantly better than the sighted on recognition memory for new words, irrespective of language background. The conclusion is that blindness is associated with advantages in, for example, ability to learn new words and syntax, acquisition rate, ultimate L2 attainment, and language aptitude.

TITLE: The possibilities of rehabilitation for people suffering from tinnitus AUTHOR: Bc. Petra Dvořáková DEPARTMENT: Department of Special Education SUPERVISOR: Mgr. Miroslava Kotvová ABSTRACT: The increasing phenomenon of tinnitus, the perception of noise caused by permanent damage to the cochlear hair cells, lately resulted in growing focus towards this problem. The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate, which of the available therapies for tinnitus is mostly sought by patients. The work presents insights of this phenomenon through its classification, provided aetiology and mainly focuses on possibilities of available therapies. Henceforth, the chapter with focus on the impact of tinnitus on the daily life of people suffering from tinnitus is one of the core chapters of this thesis. The practical part evaluates the already realised qualitative and quantitative research. Further, the quantitative method used is the questionnaire construction. The resulting values are summarised and presented with their absolute and relative abundance in tables and graphs. Following, the resulting values are complemented by three independent casuistry of persons suffering from tinnitus. The research questions focus on the general public awareness, what therapy method is mostly used, what are the main causes for the...

<p dir="ltr">Individuals with typical audiometric sensitivity exhibit varying speech perception abilities in noisy environments, which may decline with age. Temporal processing plays a pivotal role in speech perception, especially in challenging listening conditions. Auditory decline due to aging involves both peripheral pathology and central auditory system changes, impacting temporal processing. To delineate the contributions of these changes, measurements of within- and across-channel temporal processing were conducted in a wide age range of normal-hearing individuals. Robust perception of within-channel temporal cues requires precise coding at both peripheral and central auditory pathway levels, while cross-channel processing relies on central mechanisms. Comprehensive data collection involved behavioral and electrophysiological measures, revealing age-related increases in behavioral thresholds, less robust cortical responses to gaps and temporal-coherence changes, and declining SPIN performance. Cross-channel measures proved to be more predictive of speech perception outcomes, emphasizing the significance of central auditory changes in age-related perceptual deficits.</p><p dir="ltr">A mini-EEG cap to record cortical EEG auditory responses to gaps in chinchillas using a new sedation protocol was validated. This advancement enhances translational potential and paves the way for exploring cortical auditory processing using complex stimuli in animal models. By facilitating simultaneous exploration of both subcortical and cortical consequences of auditory system pathologies, this development contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of auditory processes across species.</p>

Un biais fonctionnel entre les oreilles droites et gauches a été largement documenté, avec un avantage de l'oreille droite (AOD) dans les tâches perceptives, en particulier celles utilisant le traitement verbal. Les sons complexes tels que la parole sont perçus plus facilement dans l'oreille droite (OD) que dans l'oreille gauche (OG) pour les tâches d’écoute dichotique (ED) ainsi que pour les tâches de perception de la parole dans le bruit (PDB). Des études sur les tâches d’ED ont démontré que le vieillissement est associé à une réduction globale des performances des deux oreilles, avec un déficit de performance plus important pour les stimuli présentés à l'OG par rapport à ceux présentés à l'OD entraînant une augmentation de l’AOD. Ce déficit à l'OG pourrait être le résultat d'une baisse de l'efficacité du transfert inter hémisphérique d'informations auditives via le corps calleux due au vieillissement ou de changements liés au vieillissement dans les fonctions cognitives. Cependant, des preuves chez les jeunes adultes ayant une audition normale suggèrent que les différences interaurales (DI) dans le traitement sensoriel au niveau des parties inférieures du système auditif pourraient également expliquer l'ampleur de l’AOD pour les tâches d’ED. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier si les DI dans le traitement sensoriel aux niveaux inférieurs du système auditif sont associés à l'ampleur de l’AOD chez les personnes âgées. De plus, ce projet vise également à déterminer si les DI dans le traitement sensoriel au niveau des parties inférieures du système auditif sont associées aux processus de perception de la PDB chez les personnes âgées. Pour ce faire, 70 personnes âgées ont participé à cette étude. Tous les participants ont été évalué avec une batterie complète de tests auditifs examinant les seuils de sons purs, les émissions otoacoustiques évoquées transitoires avec et sans stimulation acoustique controlatérale, la réponse auditive du tronc cérébral et la performance sur les tâches d'ED et de perception de la PDB. Afin de contrôler la fonction cognitive, les habiletés cognitives telles que la vitesse de traitement, la flexibilité cognitive et la mémoire de travail ont également été évaluées. Les DI dans le traitement sensoriel aux niveaux inférieurs du système auditif ont été dérivées en calculant la différence entre l’OD et l’OG pour chacune des mesures auditives. Des modèles de régression bivariées et multivariées ont été réalisés en intégrant les variables d’habiletés cognitives dans les modèles de régression. Les résultats ont révélé que la DI pour les seuils de sons purs et la DI pour les émissions otoacoustiques évoquées transitoires avec suppression étaient associés significativement à l'ampleur de l’AOD chez les personnes âgées. De même, la DI pour les émissions otoacoustiques évoquées transitoires et la DI pour la réponse auditive du tronc cérébral expliquent la performance de la perception de la PDB chez les personnes âgées. De plus, les résultats ont révélé que les habiletés cognitives contribuent de manière significative à l'ampleur de l’AOD ainsi que pour la performance de la perception de la PDB chez les personnes âgées. Dans l'ensemble, la présente thèse fournit des données qui suggèrent que les DI dans le traitement sensoriel au niveau des parties inférieures du système auditif explique en partie l'ampleur de l’AOD pour les tâches d’ED ainsi que les problèmes de perception de la PDB chez les personnes âgées. / A functional bias between the right and left ears has been widely documented, with a right-ear advantage (REA) in perceptual tasks, particularly those employing verbal processing. Complex sounds such as speech are more accurately perceived in the right ear (RE) compared to the left ear (LE) for dichotic listening (DL) and speech perception in noise (SIN) tasks. Although previous studies have shown that aging is associated with an overall decline in DL performance in both ears among older adults, the left ear (LE) performance often decreases more dramatically relative to the right ear (RE) performance, causing an increased REA for speech stimuli. This greater LE deficit may be the result of age-related changes in (A) cognitive functions; (B) functions of the right hemisphere (RH); and /or (C) the efficiency of interhemispheric transfer of auditory information via the corpus callosum. However, evidence in normal hearing young adults suggest that interaural difference (ID) in sensory processing at lower portions of the auditory system might also explain the magnitude of the REA for DL. The main aim of this thesis is to investigate whether ID in sensory processing at lower levels of the auditory system are associated with the magnitude of the REA for DL among older adults. In addition, this project aimed to investigate whether ID in sensory processing at lower levels of the auditory system is associated with SIN performance in older adults. A total of 70 older adults participated in this study. To assess sensory processing at lower levels of the auditory system, hearing thresholds, transient evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE), contralateral suppression of TEOAE, a proxy measure of medial olivocochlear (MOC) activation and click-and-speech auditory brainstem response to speech stimuli were measured in both ears separately. The ID in sensory processing was derived by calculating the difference between the right and left ears for each auditory measure. The mobile device app version for iPhone of the Bergen Dichotic Listening test, the iDichotic, was used to evaluate DL. In addition, SIN performance was evaluated with the hearing-in-noise test (HINT). With the aim to control for cognitive function, cognitive abilities such as speed of processing, cognitive flexibility and working memory were also evaluated. Bivariate and multivariate regression models were performed, and cognitive measures were accounted for in the regression models. Results revealed that ID in pure-tone thresholds and ID in MOC-induced TEOAE suppression were significantly associated with the magnitude of the REA for DL among older adults. Similarly, ID in TEOAE and ID in speech-ABR measures explained SIN performance in older adults. In addition, results revealed that cognitive measures significantly contributed to the magnitude of the REA for DL and SIN performance in older adults. The present thesis provides evidence indicating that ID in sensory processing at lower levels of the auditory system partially explain the magnitude of the REA for DL as well as SIN performance among older adults.

Bilateral cochlear implantation is accepted medical practice since 2008 in clinically suitable adults and children to enhance bilateral processing benefits. Bilateral implantation may lead to the restoration of some bilateral hearing advantages, such as improved speech recognition in noise, localisation, head shadow effect, summation, and squelch. The majority of the advantages stated in literature, though, are characteristic of the simultaneously implanted cochlear implant population. Simultaneous implantation is not yet a reality in South Africa due to funding constraints, therefore determining the bilateral processing abilities in sequentially implanted adults is essential. Determining bilateral processing benefits achievable with sequential implantation could result in evidence-based recommendations in terms of candidacy considerations, surgery protocols, motivations for medical aid funding for simultaneous cochlear implantation, and relevant measures to determine the bilateral processing benefit attainable. Furthermore, it might enhance audiologists‟ insight regarding post-implantation performance of sequentially implanted patients and enable them to counsel prospective candidates realistically. The aaim of this study was to determine the bilateral benefit attained by sequentially implanted adults. A quantitative, cross-sectional research approach was followed in a one group post-test-only exploratory research design. A purposive convenient sampling method with specified selection criteria was used to select 11 adult clients of an established cochlear implant programme in Pretoria. Tests of sound localisation in the horizontal plane and speech perception in noise were performed. During the test of sound localisation, performance with only the first or only the second implant was found to be very similar. For the majority of participants the second cochlear implant (CI 2) was the superior performing implant during xviii speech perception in noise testing, in spatially separated speech and noise conditions where noise was directed to the first implant, as well as in spatially coincident speech and noise. A statistical significant bilateral benefit (p < 0.05) was attained by sequentially implanted adults for sound localisation. A bilateral benefit for speech perception in noise was observed when noise was directed to the first implant and in the diotic listening condition with average benefits of 1.69 dB and 0.78 dB, respectively. It was not statistically significant (p > 0.05), however, and was smaller than bilateral benefit values achieved by simultaneously implanted adults in previous studies. The head shadow effect at 180° was found to be the strongest and most robust bilateral spatial benefit. Squelch and summation benefit values ranged from negative values to 2 dB and 6 dB, respectively. This corresponded with values found in previous studies. The improvement in speech perception in spatially distinct speech and noise from adding the ear with a better SNR (signal to noise ratio) indicated that the contribution of CI 2 seems to be greater than that of CI 1 for bilateral spatial benefit. It can be concluded that adults with sequential implants may achieve some extent of bilateral benefit even with many years of unilateral implant use, when speech processors differ, when the second implant is done ≥ 10 years after the first implant, and in cases of prelingual deafness. A key benefit of sequential implantation appears to be related to the advantage of having hearing on both sides so that the ear with the more favourable environmental signalto-noise ratio is always available. AFRIKAANS : Bilaterale kogleêre inplanting is sedert 2008 aanvaarde mediese praktyk vir klinies geskikte volwassenes en kinders, ten einde bilaterale prosesseringsvoordeel te verhoog. Bilaterale inplanting kan lei tot die herstel van sommige van die voordele van bilaterale gehoor, soos verbeterde spraakherkenning in lawaai, klanklokalisering, die kopskadueffek, sommering en selektiewe onderdrukking (“squelch”). Die meeste van die voordele wat in die literatuur bespreek word, is egter kenmerkend van dié persone by wie twee kogleêre inplantings gelyktydig gedoen is. Gelyktydige inplanting is as gevolg van beperkte befondsing nog nie in Suid-Afrika 'n werklikheid nie, daarom is dit noodsaaklik om te bepaal watter bilaterale prosesseringsvoordele by opeenvolgend-geïnplanteerde volwassenes voorkom. Die bepaling van watter bilaterale prosesseringsvoordele met opeenvolgende inplanting bereik kan word, sou kon lei tot getuienis-gebaseerde aanbevelings met betrekking tot besluite oor die geskiktheid van kandidate, protokol vir sjirurgie, motiverings vir die befondsing van gelyktydige kogleêre inplantings deur mediese voorsorgfondse, en toepaslike maatstawwe om te bepaal watter mate van bilaterale prosesseringsvoordeel haalbaar sou wees. Dit sou verder oudioloë se insig kon verbreed met betrekking tot die na-operatiewe prestasie van opeenvolgend-geïnplanteerde persone en hulle sodoende in staat stel om voornemende kandidate van realistiese raad te bedien. Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal wat die bilaterale prosesseringsvoordele is wat deur opeenvolgend-geïnplanteerde volwassenes verkry kan word. 'n Kwantitatiewe navorsingsbenadering met 'n dwarsprofiel van „n enkelgroep is gevolg, met 'n post-toets verkennende navorsingsontwerp. 'n Doelgerigte gerieflikheidssteekproef met 'n gespesifiseerde seleksiekriteria is gebruik om 11 volwasse kliënte van 'n gevestigde kogleêre inplantprogram in Pretoria te selekteer. Klanklokalisering in die horisontale vlak en die waarneming van spraak in lawaai is getoets. Tydens die toets vir klanklokalisering is gevind dat prestasie met slegs die eerste of slegs die tweede inplanting soortgelyk was. Vir die meeste deelnemers aan die studie het die tweede kogleêre inplanting (KI 2) die beste prestasie gelewer tydens spraakwaarneming in lawaai, in omstandighede waar spraak en lawaai ruimtelik geskei is en die lawaai op die eerste inplanting gerig is, asook in omstandighede waar spraak en lawaai ruimtelik saamvoorkomend aangebied is. 'n Statisties beduidende bilaterale voordeel (p < 0.05) is deur opeenvolgend-geïnplanteerde volwassenes vir klanklokalisering behaal. 'n Bilaterale voordeel vir spraakwaarneming in lawaai is waargeneem waar lawaai op die eerste inplanting gerig is en ook in diotiese luistertoestande, met 'n gemiddelde voordeel van 1.69 dB en 0.78 dB, onderskeidelik. Dit was egter nie statisties beduidend nie en was ook kleiner as die bilaterale voordeelwaardes wat in vorige studies deur gelyktydig-geïnplanteerde volwassenes behaal is. Die kopskadu-effek by 180° was die sterkste en mees robuuste bilaterale ruimtelike voordeel. Voordeelwaardes vir selektiewe onderdrukking en sommering het gewissel van negatiewe waardes tot 2 dB en 6 dB onderskeidelik. Dit stem ooreen met waardes wat in vorige studies gevind is. Die verbetering in spraakwaarneming in ruimtelik geskeide spraak en lawaai wat verkry is deur die oor met 'n beter STR (sein-tot-ruis ratio) by te voeg, het daarop gedui dat die bydrae van KI 2 tot bilaterale ruimtelike voordeel waarskynlik groter as die bydrae van KI 1 is. Die gevolgtrekking kan gemaak word dat volwassenes met opeenvolgende inplantings 'n mate van bilaterale voordeel verkry selfs na vele jare van unilaterale inplantingsgebruik, wanneer die spraakprosesseerders in die twee inplantings van mekaar verskil, wanneer die tweede inplanting ≥ 10 jaar na die eerste plaasvind, en in gevalle van prelinguale doofheid. 'n Sleutelvoordeel van opeenvolgende inplanting hou klaarblyklik verband met die voordeel van gehoor aan albei kante te hê sodat die oor met die gunstigste sein-tot-lawaai ratio altyd beskikbaar is. / Dissertation (MCommunication Pathology)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / Unrestricted